切削用量对钛合金已加工表面残余应力的影响

为了得到切削用量对钛合金加工表面残余应力的影响,本文根据金属切削有限元分析相关理论,建立了三维斜角切削有限元模型,对钛合金Ti6Al4V的铣削加工进行了模拟分析,得到了切削速度和切削深度对工件加工表面残余应力的影响。由模拟结果得出:残余应力随切削速度的增大而逐渐增加,切削速度对加工表面残余应力的影响较大,同时随着切削速度的改变,表面残余应力层的厚度有上升趋势;残余应力在已加工表面外表面表现为拉应力,沿深度方向由拉应力逐渐过渡到压应力;切削深度对残余应力及残余应力层的影响都较小。     

X80钢超声表面滚压加工残余应力场的有限元模拟

建立了超声表面滚压加工(USRP)的接触分析模型,模拟了X80钢的USRP过程,分析了等效塑性应变和残余应力的分布,并将残余应力的模拟结果与实测结果进行比较。结果表明:X80钢经USRP处理后表层发生了剧烈的塑性变形,并产生了残余压应力;随着距表面的深度增大,表层的残余压应力逐渐减小,并转变为残余拉应力;残余压应力峰值和残余压应力层厚度随位移载荷增大而增大;X80钢表面残余应力的模拟结果的与实测结果的误差约为4.8%,验证了模型的可靠性。     

Q890D高强钢中厚板焊接接头残余应力的有限元模拟

对厚度为8mm的Q890D高强钢中厚板对接焊接接头中的残余应力进行了有限元模拟,重点分析了接头中残余应力的分布和大小,并采用X射线衍射法和盲孔法进行了试验验证。结果表明:焊接接头中的纵向残余应力在起、收弧位置表现为压应力,中间部分表现为拉应力,拉应力的峰值为823.4MPa;随着距焊缝距离增大,横向残余应力逐渐减小,且表现为拉应力;模拟结果与X射线衍射法的测试结果吻合得较好,误差为17.4%,证明了有限元模型的准确性。     

钛合金切削加工表面残余应力有限元仿真

采用JobnSOn—Cook失效准则,建立了钛合金的二维正交切削热一机械应力耦合有限元仿真模型,分析计算了不同切削条件下已加工表面残余应力的分布规律。结果表明：已加工表面层残余应力为拉应力,沿着深度方向由拉应力逐渐过渡到压应力。表面残余应力随着切削速度的增大而增大,在一定的前角变化范围内,随着刀具前角的增大,表面残余拉应力先增大后减小,而随着刀具后角的增大却减小。各加工参数对残余应力层的厚度影响都很小。     

钛合金切削加工表面残余应力有限元仿真

采用Johnson- Cook失效准则,建立了钛合金的二维正交切削热-机械应力耦合有限元仿真模型,分析计算了不同切削条件下已加工表面残余应力的分布规律.结果表明:已加工表面层残余应力为拉应力,沿着深度方向由拉应力逐渐过渡到压应力.表面残余应力随着切削速度的增大而增大,在一定的前角变化范围内,随着刀具前角的增大,表面残余拉应力先增大后减小,而随着刀具后角的增大却减小.各加工参数对残余应力层的厚度影响都很小.     

水射流喷丸强化残余应力场的有限元模拟

针对水射流的高湍动特性与受喷靶体材料复杂的弹塑性形变行为,提供一种水射流喷丸强化残余应力场的有限元分析方法.基于准静态压力分布和非线性轴对称面分布载荷,采用多线性各向同性强化的Mises率不相关弹塑性模型,应用Prandtl-Reuss塑性增量理论及增量初应力法,利用线性斜坡载荷加载制度,运用ANSYS有限元软件模拟不同压力作用下水射流喷丸在2A11铝合金材料表层产生的残余应力场,获得残余应力场的分布规律及残余应力沿层深和径向的变化规律,指出残余应力沿层深分为残余压应力区和残余拉应力区,沿径向分为第Ⅰ残余压应力区、残余拉应力区和第Ⅱ残余压应力区,得到表面残余压应力、表层最大残余压应力、残余压应力层深度随着喷丸压力的增加而增大.为验证有限元模拟的正确性,对喷丸表面残余压应力进行试验验证,结果表明,有限元法计算的表面残余压应力值与试验数据近似吻合.     

石墨/Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷梯度自润滑复合材料残余应力的有限元模拟

利用有限元方法研究了组成分布指数和梯度自润滑层厚度(层厚)对石墨/Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷梯度自润滑复合材料残余应力的影响;采用层铺-烧结法制备该梯度自润滑复合材料,利用X射线衍射法测试其表面残余应力,并与模拟结果进行了对比.结果表明:径向压应力主要分布在梯度自润滑层的表层,在金属陶瓷基体与梯度自润滑层界面边缘处存在严重的应力集中;随着组成分布指数的增大,表面径向压应力增大,界面处应力减小;增大层厚可以改善界面处的应力分布,但表面径向压应力也随之降低;最佳组成分布指数为1.0～2.0,层厚为1.0～1.5 mm;试验测得的表面残余压应力随层厚的变化与模拟结果基本一致.     

2024铝合金随机多弹丸喷丸后残余应力场的有限元模拟

基于有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立了2024铝合金随机多弹丸喷丸的三维有限元模型,首先模拟了不同弹丸数量下残余应力场的变化特征,然后分析了弹丸速度和直径对残余应力场的影响;最后进行了试验验证。结果表明:弹丸数量大于80颗后,残余应力基本不再变化;增加弹丸速度可显著提高残余压应力层的深度、各深度残余压应力值以及残余压应力的峰值,但对残余压应力峰值的深度影响不大;增大弹丸直径对0~0.1 mm深度内的残余压应力值影响不大,对残余压应力层的深度、0.1mm深度以下的残余压应力值、残余压应力峰值及残余压应力峰值的深度提高明显;有限元模拟结果与试验结果接近,说明模拟结果准确。     

等离子喷涂热障涂层中应力分布的有限元模拟

采用热弹性有限元方法研究了热载荷条件下由数值模拟方法生成的热障涂层冷却至室温后的应力分布,分析了热生长氧化物(TGO)层及其厚度对热障涂层应力分布的影响,并与文献的试验结果进行了对比。结果表明:不含TGO层的热障涂层,陶瓷层和粘结层的凸起处为拉应力,凹陷处为压应力;TGO层形成后,陶瓷层凸起处表现为压应力,凹陷处表现为拉应力;界面附近的陶瓷层在TGO层达到一定厚度时出现应力反转现象,且该现象的出现随着界面粗糙度的增大而延迟;模拟预测的应力与文献报道的结果相近,证明了模拟结果的正确性。     

热源偏移对钢/铝异种材料等离子弧焊接接头温度场和残余应力的影响

采用有限元模拟方法研究了热源偏离钢铝界面的距离(热源偏移距离)对钢/铝异种材料等离子弧焊接接头温度场和残余应力的影响,并进行了试验验证。结果表明:钢/铝异种材料焊接接头温度场呈非对称分布,钢侧温度梯度小于铝侧的;随着热源偏移距离的增加,接头钢侧温度升高、熔宽增大,铝侧则相反;接头铝侧残余应力主要为拉应力,钢侧近界面处的残余拉应力随着热源偏移距离的增大而减小,最后变为压应力,远离界面处的残余应力主要为压应力;实测残余应力与模拟结果的相对误差小于8%,且残余应力状态与模拟结果相符。     

铝合金7050-T7451直角切削表面的残余应力研究

采用单因素直角切削试验,对硬质合金刀具切削铝合金7050-T7451加工过程中形成的已加工表面残余应力进行了研究。使用X射线衍射应力测试技术对残余应力进行测量,得到了不同切削参数对应的残余应力值。通过考虑刃口半径的存在,阐述了已加工表面残余拉应力和压应力的产生机理,同时分析了切削速度、切削深度等参数对残余应力值的影响规律。     

Effects of Cutting Angles in Ti-6al-4v Milling Process on Surface Integrity: Influence of Roughness and Residual Stresses on Fatigue Limit

□ The influence of the milling process on the fatigue behavior of a titanium alloy was investigated. The effect of cutting conditions such as the cutting angles (axial and radial rake angle) on the surface integrity (roughness and the residual stresses) was observed. The results indicated that the cutting angles have a limited influence on roughness parameters, whereas the effects on residual stresses were greater. A negative axial rake angle induced compressive residual stresses regardless of the radial rake angle. In contrast, a positive axial rake angle combined with negative radial rake angle induced tensile residual stresses. To evaluate the fatigue limit, the four point fatigue tests were carried out. Result showed the fatigue limit is sensitive to the surface integrity. The fatigue limit was also evaluated by analytical method (Arola model). A good correlation was found between the analytical results and the experimental results when cutting angles induced compressive residual stress. However the Arola model was less accurate for tensile residual stress surface condition. To improve the prediction precision, the residual stress was considered as a sensitivity parameter and added to Arola model.     

Effects of micro-stresses from machining and shot-peening processes on fatigue life

An investigation of the effects of tensile machining and compressive shot-peening residual stresses on fatigue life is presented. The paper is focused on fatigue life modelling using the finite element method (FEM). A representative broached notched specimen under three-point bending is modelled as a 2D plane stress geometry using the FEM. Inconel 718 mechanical and fatigue material properties at 600°C are used. Machining and shot-peening residual stresses are mapped to the macro FE models using mathematical algorithms around the notched area of the specimen and their influence on the fatigue life experiencing high cycle fatigue (HCF) and low cycle fatigue (LCF) is investigated. The results show that the compressive shot-peening residual stresses significantly increase the life at HCF compared to the LCF.     

注塑制品残余应力数值模拟的研究

通过预测和优化注塑成形中的残余应力，可以提高注塑制品最终形状的尺寸稳定性和力学性能。采用线性粘弹性模型，计算了无定形热塑性材料在成形过程中由温度和压力引起的残余应力。该模型可以较好地反映成形过程中的应力松弛现象和保压压力对残余应力的影响。通过采用在时间上进行差分和在厚度方向进行分层处理的方法，结合注塑成形中的特定边界条件，建立了残余应力的数值计算方法，并采用该方法模拟计算了典型注塑件的残余应力。结果表明：在脱模时刻，制品的表层有着较大的拉应力，袁层以下存在着一个应力低谷，在制品中间区域存在着抛物线形的应力分布。     

塑性变形T8碳素钢中渗碳体相的残余应力

运用X射线残余应力测量法分析了含有球状渗碳体的碳素钢在拉伸塑性变形后铁素体相及渗碳体相的残余应力情况.结果表明:在经过拉伸塑性变形后,铁素体相呈现残余压应力状态,而渗碳体相呈现残余拉应力状态;当施加的塑性应变在边界应变点之前,渗碳体的残余应力随应变值的增加而增大,而在边界应变点之后,残余应力呈下降趋势.观察发现渗碳体颗粒内部的断裂及渗碳体与铁素体结合边界部分的分离是引起渗碳体残余应力下降的原因.为了更好地理解渗碳体相和铁素体相之间的相互作用,在Eshelby/Mori-Tanaka模型的基础上分析了两相各自的塑性应变及两相间的塑性应变失配.     

金属表面改性的预应力磨削机理研究

本文提出了利用预张应力磨削来提高磨削加工的表面质量问题。建立了预应力磨削的理论分析模型,较透彻地阐述了预应力磨削对表面残余应力的影响。还就各种磨削条件和装恶化条件对磨削加工中表面残余应力的存在与分布,以及对工件几何精度的影响进行了试验研究。并探讨了这种对金属表面改性有利的新磨削工艺的可行性与实用性。     

The role of stacking fault energy and induced residual stresses on the sliding wear of aluminum bronze

An analysis was made of the residual stresses induced during sliding contact of a series of Cu-Al alloys of various stacking fault energies (SFEs) using the conventional two-exposure X-ray technique. Compressive residual stresses were found in all alloys which increased with decreasing SFE in a manner analogous to the strain-hardening behavior. The macroscopic wear rate was found to be linearly related to the compressive stresses induced during the wear process. The increase in wear rate associated with increasing hardness and residual compressive stresses is attributed to the presence of a residual tensile stress normal to the surface.     

喷丸强化残余应力对疲劳性能和变形控制影响研究进展

作为机械表面强化技术之一,喷丸强化使工件表层发生形变硬化,引入较高的残余压应力,减少了疲劳应力作用下微裂纹的萌生并抑制其扩展,从而显著提高零件的抗疲劳断裂和抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力。基于喷丸残余应力解析计算模型,从余弦函数模型、接触应力模型和球腔膨胀模型三个方面介绍喷丸强化残余应力的产生,进而对喷丸残余应力的仿真预测及影响规律进行论述。为了提高试件疲劳强度而引入的残余压应力会带来影响形位精度的变形,基于此阐述了喷丸残余应力对疲劳性能的影响及其在疲劳过程中的演化,同时论述了喷丸残余应力变形预测及控制的研究现状,最后对喷丸残余应力未来的研究内容与发展方向进行展望。     

压缩载荷对冷胀孔残余应力的影响

用考虑组合强化、增量理论的有限元法计算了２１２４－Ｔ８５１ 板件开缝衬套冷胀孔的残余应力场及其在压缩载荷作用下的变化情况。结果表明冷胀之后的压载循环将引起冷胀残余应力的衰减。一个足够大的压缩载荷能够使冷胀工艺给疲劳寿命带来的增益完全丧失。文中说明压缩载荷对冷胀的作用可以和超载后半周压载对裂纹的作用相比拟,建议在确定合理胀孔量时应当把它对所承受的载荷谱中压缩载荷的敏感性考虑在内,应当加强有关的疲劳对比试验研究及残余应力场测量研究。     

Autofrettage of thick-walled pipe bends

The bending of a thick-walled cylinder to a given radius involves an elastic–plastic deformation that results in a residual, axial stress distribution. The latter alternates from maximum tension to maximum compression between top and bottom halves of the cross-section. The residual stress levels depend upon the depth of plastic penetration and may be determined as a closed solution when they arise from a bending moment applied to either a non-hardening or linearly-hardening material. When the bent pipe receives an autofrettage treatment without an intermediate heat treatment, this produces a further residual, triaxial stress state. The interaction between the residual states from bending and autofrettage has an important effect upon the net axial stress and the equivalent stress. It is shown that large plastic penetrations arising from bending and autofrettage can residually stress the section beyond its yield point: in tension and in compression across both its halves. With the unloading from each process, a Bauschinger effect reduces the yield point to assist with the onset of reversed plasticity. The latter is far less beneficial than when unloading is elastic. It is shown how a nonlinear kinematic hardening model can be employed to avoid unloading plasticity at the inner and outer diameters. The consequence of interacting residual stresses is that axial stress can play as important a role as hoop stress when designing for safe service loadings. In general, an enhanced residual stress state is beneficial when compressive but detrimental when tensile. Pre-compression is often employed in practice to reduce tensile stress arising from internal pressure, axial force and self-weight. Here, the compressive residuals arising from an autofrettage treatment have long been exploited to enhance the fatigue life of process piping and weaponry.