工艺路径对多层多道激光熔覆残余应力的影响

采用盲孔法测量Q345钢块表面多层多道激光熔覆Co基涂层的残余应力,研究了熔覆工艺路径对激光熔覆残余应力的影响.结果表明,平行焊道方向的残余应力远大于垂直焊道方向的应力,且均为拉应力;增加激光熔覆层单层厚度,熔覆层及试板背部基材残余应力明显增大.与两层熔覆层激光焊道平行叠加的熔覆路径相比,采用两层熔覆层垂直交叉的熔覆工艺路径,降低了熔覆层的残余应力,采用分区熔覆且每个区域各熔覆层垂直交叉堆焊的熔覆工艺路径,熔覆层残余应力水平最低;熔覆前对试板进行2 mm的预弯变形对涂层残余应力影响不明显,但显著降低了试件背面的残余应力.     

The effect of localized dynamic surface preheating in laser cladding of Stellite 1

In laser cladding, high cooling rates create outcomes with superior mechanical and metallurgical properties. However, this characteristic along with the additive nature of the process significantly contributes to the formation of thermal stresses which are the main cause of any potential delamination and crack formation across the deposited layers. This drawback is more prominent for additive materials such as Stellite 1 which are by nature crack-sensitive during the hardfacing process. In this work, parallel to the experimental investigation, a numerical model is used to study the temperature distributions and thermal stresses throughout the deposition of Stellite 1 for hardfacing application. To manage the thermal stresses, the effect of preheating the substrate in a localized dynamic fashion is investigated. The numerical and experimental analyses are conducted by the deposition of Stellite 1 powder on the substrate of AISI-SAE 4340 alloy steel using a 1.1 kW fiber laser. Experimental results confirm that by preheating the substrate a crack-free coating layer of Stellite 1 well-bonded to the substrate with a uniform dendritic structure, well-distributed throughout the deposited layer, can be obtained contrary to non-uniform structures formed in the coating of the non-preheated substrate with several cracks.     

Microhardness and Stress Analysis of Laser-Cladded AISI 420 Martensitic Stainless Steel

Laser cladding is a surface treatment process which is starting to be employed as a novel additive manufacturing. Rapid cooling during the non-equilibrium solidification process generates non-equilibrium microstructures and significant amounts of internal residual stresses. This paper investigates the laser cladding of 420 martensitic stainless steel of two single beads produced by different process parameters (e.g., laser power, laser speed, and powder feed rate). Metallographic sample preparation from the cross section revealed three distinct zones: the bead zone, the dilution zone, and the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The tensile residual stresses were in the range of 310–486 MPa on the surface and the upper part of the bead zone. The compressive stresses were in the range of 420–1000 MPa for the rest of the bead zone and the dilution zone. The HAZ also showed tensile residual stresses in the range of 140–320 MPa for both samples. The post-cladding heat treatment performed at 565 °C for an hour had significantly reduced the tensile stresses at the surface and in the subsurface and homogenized the compressive stress throughout the bead and dilution zones. The microstructures, residual stresses, and microhardness profiles were correlated for better understanding of the laser-cladding process.     

Residual stress development in cold sprayed Al,Cu and Ti coatings

Residual stresses play an important role in the formation and performance of thermal spray coatings. A curvature-based approach where the substrate–coating system deflection and temperature are monitored throughout the coating deposition process was used to determine residual stress formation during cold spray deposition of Al, Cu and Ti coatings. The effect of substrate material (carbon steel, stainless steel and aluminium) and substrate pre-treatment (normal grit blasting, grit blasting with the cold spray system and grinding for carbon steel substrate) were studied for all coating materials with optimized deposition parameters. Mainly compressive stresses were expected because of the nature of cold spraying, but also neutral as well as tensile stresses were formed for studied coatings. The magnitudes of the residual stresses were mainly dependent on the substrate/coating material combination, but the surface preparation was also found to have an effect on the final stress stage of the coating.     

An approach to calculate fatigue properties of laser cladded components

Regarding the fatigue strength of laser cladded components only very few investigations exist today. This situation induced an investigation whose most important technical results are presented in this paper. The final goal of this work is to predict the optimal process and material parameters for the laser cladding process regarding the fatigue strength and locations of crack initiation. With the intent of calculating the residual stresses in the coating and the adjacent substrate, a FEM-based weld simulation model was developed. On the basis of the calculated residual stresses, the mechanical load situation during cyclic bending is simulated. In order to verify the FE models, round specimens have been laser cladded and analysed regarding clad quality, dilution and hardness as well as fatigue strength during a four-point bending test. The results from simulations and experiments are used as input for calculating the fatigue strength and locations of crack initiation. The Cobalt-based alloy Stellite 21 has been cladded on two substrate materials: the austenitic steel X5CrNi18-10 and the hardened and tempered steel 42CrMo4. Experimental analyses showed that the fatigue limits of the specimens strongly depend on the core materials. The fatigue strength of the steel 42CrMo4 has been figured out to be lower compared to that of the austenitic steel. It is assumed that these results are associated with different residual stresses. A model to simulate residual stresses induced by the cladding process has successfully been set up. Possibilities of fatigue-limit calculation using two approved models for hardened steels have been investigated.     

激光功率对激光熔覆FeCoNiCr高熵合金涂层组织结构及腐蚀性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

针对激光熔覆高熵合金涂层的成分设计已有较多探究,但激光工艺参数对涂层结构与性能的影响尚缺乏系统研究。采用激光熔覆技术在316L不锈钢基体表面制备Fe Co Ni Cr高熵合金涂层,系统探究激光功率(1.2~2.0 kW)对Fe Co Ni Cr高熵合金涂层的组织结构以及耐腐蚀性能的影响规律。不同激光功率制备的Fe Co Ni Cr涂层均由典型的单一面心立方结构(FCC)组成,但随着激光功率的增大,涂层逐渐出现择优取向。Fe Co Ni Cr涂层呈现典型的双层组织结构特征,底部为柱状晶,顶部为等轴晶,但随着激光功率增加,顶部等轴晶逐渐向柱状晶转变。随着激光功率的增加,Fe Co Ni Cr涂层混合熵值逐渐下降。Fe Co Ni Cr涂层具有优异的耐腐蚀性能,但随激光功率的增加而逐渐减弱。其中,当功率为1.2 kW时,涂层的自腐蚀电流密度最小,自腐蚀电压最大且涂层表面无腐蚀坑,具有最佳的耐腐蚀性能,优于316L基体以及Stellite6和Ni60等常规激光熔覆涂层。通过优化激光功率获得具有良好耐腐蚀性能的激光熔覆Fe Co Ni Cr高熵合金涂层,可对该类涂层的开发、制备和应用提供一定的理论指导和技术支持。     

等离子喷涂热障陶瓷涂层冷却累计残余应力的有限元模拟与验证

目的 为有效预测等离子喷涂热障涂层冷却过程中累积的残余应力,降低残余应力对涂层稳定性的影响,需寻求可靠的热障涂层应力检测方法。方法 利用有限元分析软件,采用生死单元法建立了等离子喷涂ZrO₂涂层的有限元模型,高斯热源模拟等离子喷涂热源工况,研究涂层冷却至室温的残余应力及其分布。使用X射线衍射法、拉曼光谱法对等离子喷涂制备的ZrO₂涂层进行残余应力检测。结果 通过有限元模拟结果可以看出,喷涂涂层冷却到室温后其中心区域的残余应力与边缘位置相比较大,主要集中在热流中心区域;每层涂层结合界面处会产生较大应力,致使应力沿涂层厚度方向变化明显。涂层的等效应力为160～220 MPa。采用X射线衍射法检测涂层存在180～185MPa残余应力。标定ZrO₂涂层的拉曼-应力因子为8.33 (cm·GPa)^-1,计算得到涂层存在残余应力为174～180 MPa。对喷涂试样进行拉伸试验后,其残余应力有一定程度的释放。结论 使用有限元能有效模拟等离子喷涂至室温时涂层内部残余应力,与XRD、拉曼光谱检测结果具有良好的匹配性,...     

液氮辅助冷却激光熔覆Al基非晶涂层的组织与耐蚀性

采用激光熔覆加液氮辅助冷却技术在S355海洋钢表面制备Al基非晶涂层,运用SEM、XRD、电化学工作站等技术分析了涂层腐蚀前后表界面形貌及物相组成,研究了液氮辅助冷却对涂层性能的影响以及涂层在5%NaCl溶液中浸泡10、20、40和80 d后的腐蚀性能。结果表明:经过液氮辅助冷却后涂层中存在少量的非晶AlFeNi相;涂层与基体形成了良好的冶金结合;表面组织细小,增强相TiC均匀弥散分布,且裂纹气孔较少。涂层表面显微硬度增加15%;残余应力与自然冷却时基本持平,均为拉应力;其耐蚀性也得到了显著提升。     

激光熔覆制备高硬耐磨涂层的研究综述

高硬耐磨涂层指与基体间呈冶金结合,具有很强的局部抵抗压入能力及抵抗机械磨损能力的薄层。激光熔覆技术是一种新型、绿色、高效的表面处理技术,具有冷却速度快、稀释率小、热变形小、厚度可控等优点,在交通、矿山、石化、冶金等高端制造装备领域具有广阔的应用前景。从粉末设计、激光熔覆工艺、统计计算与仿真模拟、激光熔覆辅助技术等4个方面,综述了激光熔覆技术制备高硬耐磨涂层的研究进展。在粉末设计方面,以涂层优化结果为导向,综述了第二相强化型、细晶强化型、组织结构优化型及其他类型设计在制备高硬耐磨涂层方面的研究。在激光熔覆工艺方面,介绍了熔覆过程中工艺参数对涂层性能及质量的影响及作用机理,并提出了合理的优化建议。在统计计算和仿真模拟方面,概述了统计计算与仿真模拟在涂层制备、熔覆工艺优化、涂层组织性能优化及熔覆理论研究中的作用。在激光熔覆辅助技术方面,概述了声场、电场、磁场、热场、机械场及光谱检测等辅助技术,并介绍了辅助技术对调控涂层微观组织及性能的影响和作用机制。最后对激光熔覆制备高硬耐磨涂层及相关技术的研究进行了展望。     

Analysis of Thermal History and Residual Stress in Cold-Sprayed Coatings

Residual stress in coatings has significant effect on their performance. In cold-sprayed coatings, in which particles impact the substrate at high velocity in solid state, in-plane residual stresses are usually conceived to be compressive. In this research, analysis of residual stresses in cold-sprayed deposits is performed by analytical and numerical modeling. The influence of various parameters such as the dimensions and elastic properties of the coating and the substrate on the residual stress are analyzed. In addition, the amount of heat input as a key parameter in the build-up of the residual stress is examined. It has been found that the heat input and the associated thermal history have a major influence on the final distortion and the residual stress, to an extent that the in-plane stress can in some cases change from compressive to tensile. Based on these results, a simple model is put forward for the prediction of the final state of the stress and distortion in cold-sprayed flat components.     

AlCrN涂层的残余热应力分析

采用ANSYS有限元分析软件中的瞬态分析方法,对涂层刀具沉积过程中残余热应力进行了仿真分析。研究了AlCrN涂层残余热应力的大小、分布和影响因素。结果表明:由于涂层与基体材料的热膨胀系数不匹配,结合面区域存在严重的应力集中;基体材料、涂层厚度、沉积温度以及中间层的使用对残余应力有很大影响;基体材料为高速钢时,AlCrN涂层内残余应力大以压应力为主并随着涂层厚度的增加而减小;基体为硬质合金时,残余应力相对较小,涂层内以拉应力为主并随基体钴含量和涂层厚度的增加而减少;增加中间层可以减小残余应力。因此,通过涂层和不同基体匹配以及增加中间层可以缓和界面应力增强界面结合强度。     

Residual stress distribution in different depths of TiNi/Ti2Ni-based laser clad coating prepared at different environmental temperatures

This study aimed to effectively reduce the cracking susceptibility of the laser clad coating by enhancing the environmental temperature during laser cladding, and reveal the residual stress distribution in different depths of the coating. The TiNi/Ti₂Ni-based coatings were prepared on Ti6Al4V by laser cladding at different environmental temperatures of 25, 400, 600 and 800 °C. The changes in residual stress along the depth of the coatings were investigated in detail by the nanoindentation method. Results showed that the average residual stress of 2.90 GPa in the coating prepared at 25 °C was largest. With the increase in environmental temperature, the average residual stress was reduced to 1.34 GPa (400 °C), 0.70 GPa (600 °C) and 0 GPa (800 °C). For all the coatings, the residual stress was increased with increasing the distance from the coating surface. Enhancing the environmental temperature can effectively reduce the cracking susceptibility of the coatings.     

激光熔覆铁基合金涂层的研究进展

激光熔覆技术作为一种先进的材料表面改性技术,具有加工效率高、涂层稀释率低且与基体结合强度高、自动化程度高、环境友好等优点。在各类熔覆材料中,铁基合金在成分上与钢铁材料最为接近,且其成本相对较低,近年来在设备零部件表面强化和再制造领域得到广泛应用。结合国内外最新相关研究成果,从材料体系、工艺参数、外场辅助技术等方面对激光熔覆铁基合金涂层的研究进展进行了综述。总结了熔覆材料的选材依据以及铁基自熔性合金粉末、不锈钢粉末、铁基非晶合金粉末、铁基复合粉末等各类材料的特点和应用。系统讨论了激光功率、扫描速度、光斑直径、送粉速率等工艺参数对铁基涂层成形质量和微观组织及性能的影响机制,并介绍了工艺参数优化在高质量熔覆层制备中的应用。同时,论述了超声振动、电磁场、温度场等外场辅助技术在激光熔覆铁基合金涂层中的应用,阐明了外加能场对激光熔覆过程中熔池及凝固组织的作用机理。最后对激光熔覆铁基合金涂层未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

Effect of substrate on the 3 body abrasion wear of HVOF WC-17 wt.% Co coatings

WC-17 wt.% Co coatings were deposited using high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying onto four different substrate materials, namely aluminium, brass, 304 stainless steel and super-invar. These substrates have different coefficients of thermal expansion which have been shown to influence the final coating microstructural properties. The abrasive wear properties of the coatings were characterised using an ASTM-G65 three body abrasive wear machine with silica sand as the abrasive. The highest mass loss was recorded for the coating on the aluminium substrate whilst the coated 304 stainless steel showed the lowest mass loss. The coatings on brass and super invar experienced similar mass losses. SEM studies of the worn surfaces showed preferential removal of the Co binder phase as well as cracking and rounding of the carbide grains. The differences in wear behaviour may be attributed to the presence of residual stresses where the highest compressive residual stress led to the highest wear rate. The coatings deposited onto brass showed compressive stresses whilst those deposited onto super-invar had tensile stresses, yet these two coatings had similar wear rates. Thus further study is required to provide conclusive evidence of the role of residual stresses on the abrasion resistance of these coatings.     

Cross-Sectional Residual Stresses in Thermal Spray Coatings Measured by Moiré Interferometry and Nanoindentation Technique

A plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating (TBC) was deposited on a stainless steel substrate. The residual stresses were firstly measured by moiré interferometry combined with a cutting relaxation method. The fringe patterns in the cross-section of the specimen clearly demonstrate the deformation caused by the residual stress in thermal spray coatings. However, restricted by the sensitivity of moiré interferometry, there are few fringes in the top coat, and large errors may exist in evaluating the residual stress in the top coat. Then, the nanoindentation technique was used to estimate the residual stresses across the coating thickness. The stress/depth profile shows that the process-induced stresses after thermal spray are compressive in the top coat and a tendency to a more compressive state toward the interface. In addition, the stress gradient in the substrate is nonlinear, and tensile and compressive stresses appear simultaneously for self-equilibrium in the cross-section.     

Combination of coating and heat treatment processes

For a proper use of coated tools and components excellent coating properties as well as excellent substrate properties of the coating/substrate composite are necessary. A well known example is the load support of hard steel substrates for thin wear resistant coatings. Therefore coating processes must be combined with heat treatment processes of the substrates, whereby several practical processing constraints like order and compatibility of the applied treatment procedures must be considered. The combination of CVD-coating plus laser beam hardening is an example of a post coating heat treatment. Applications may be possible for large forming tools made of high alloyed tool steels, which nowadays are usually through hardened after CVD-coating. Laser beam hardening offers the possibility, to harden only the highly loaded edges of the tools. The advantages of this combination are short process time, less distortion and compressive residual stresses in the substrate surface. CVD-coatings can endure laser beam hardening with suitable parameters. The influence of CVD TiN-coated steel substrates and laser beam hardening parameters on microstructures and properties of coating/substrate compounds have been investigated. Special attention was paid to overlapping hardening zones, which may occur at the start and end points of a laser hardened track. In summary, the combination of coating and heat treatment processes show a high potential to produce coating/substrate compounds with excellent coating properties as well as excellent substrate properties.     

Residual stresses in high-velocity oxy-fuel thermally sprayed coatings – Modelling the effect of particle velocity and temperature during the spraying process

The application of thick thermally sprayed coatings on metallic parts has been widely accepted as a solution to improve their corrosion and wear resistance. Key attributes of these coatings, such as adherence to the substrate, are strongly influenced by the residual stresses generated during the coating deposition process. In high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying, due to the relatively low temperature of the particle, significant peening stresses are generated during the impact of molten and semi-molten particles on the substrate. Whilst models exist for residual stress generation in plasma-based thermal spray processes, finite element (FE) prediction of residual stress generation for the HVOF process has not been possible due to the increased complexities associated with modelling the particle impact. A hybrid non-linear explicit–implicit FE methodology is developed here to study the thermomechanical processes associated with particle impingement and layer deposition. Attention is focused on the prediction of residual stresses for an SS 316 HVOF sprayed coating on an SS 316 substrate.     

可计及温度与层状结构影响的超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层残余热应力理论表征模型

目的创建可计及温度与层状结构共同影响的超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层与基体层因热不匹配导致的残余热应力的理论表征模型。方法基于经典的层合板理论与超高温陶瓷基复合材料热物理性能参数对温度的敏感性研究,引入温度和层状结构对涂层与基体层所受残余热应力的影响,形成各层残余热应力温度相关性的理论表征方法,并以ZrB_2-SiC复合材料涂层为例,利用该理论方法系统地研究了各种控制机制对残余热应力的影响及其随温度的演化规律。结果超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层与基体层所受的残余热应力随着温度的变化而变化,涂层热膨胀系数与基体层热膨胀系数差别越大,变化幅度越大。当涂层材料热膨胀系数大于基体层材料热膨胀系数时,涂层材料遭受残余拉应力,基体层材料遭受残余压应力;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层所受拉应力减小,而基体层所受压应力增大;当涂层材料热膨胀系数小于基体层材料热膨胀系数时,涂层材料遭受残余压应力,基体层材料遭受残余拉应力;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层所受压应力减小,而基体层所受拉应力增大。低温下,各层所受残余热应力对层厚与每层材料组成的变化比较敏感,随着温度的升高,敏感性降低。结论对于涂层材料,应设计涂层材料的热膨胀系数小于基体层材料的热膨胀系数,使涂层遭受残余压应力,这不仅能够降低材料表面产生裂纹的危险,同时可以抑制表面已有缺陷的扩展。同时应当设计相对较小的涂层厚度,以增大涂层所受的残余压应力,降低基体层所受的残余拉应力,有效提高整体材料在不同温度下的强度性能。     

Residual stress modeling of thin wall by laser cladding forming*

The residual stress generated in the laser cladding could lead to undesirable distortions or even crack formation.In order to better understand the evolution/yielding process of stress field,a 3D finite-element thermo-mechanical model was established for the laser cladding formation of thin wall with the 17 －4PH powder on the FV520(B)steel.The temperature field was firstly analyzed,based on which the stress field and strain field of the laser cladding forming process were analyzed.In order to validate the prediction,the final residual stress field in the obtained thin wall was tested by X－ray diffraction in comparison with the predicted results.     

激光熔覆原位自生TiB_2/Ni金属陶瓷复合涂层的裂纹研究

用激光熔覆技术在45钢表面制备了不同成分配比的原位自生TiB_2/Ni金属陶瓷复合涂层,研究了涂层的残余应力分布和开裂行为.结果表明:裂纹源产生的部位主要是熔敷层中的硬质相央杂物、熔覆层中共晶团问显微孔和熔覆层与基材界面间的微孔洞.