Neck/shoulder pain,habitual spinal posture and computer use in adolescents: the importance of gender

Neck/shoulder pain is a common complaint, with evidence suggesting rates in adolescence have increased in line with increased computer use. The study aimed to examine the influence of gender on relationships between computer use, habitual posture and neck/shoulder pain. Adolescents (n = 1483) participating in the 14 year follow-up of the Raine Study cohort were surveyed for computer use, habitual sitting posture and neck/shoulder pain. Females used computers less than males (52% vs. 45% used for up to 7 h per week). Females sat much more upright than males with greater anterior pelvic tilt (9.4° vs. 0.4°). Females reported a higher 1 month prevalence of neck/shoulder pain (34.7%) than males (23.1%). A multivariate model showed neck/shoulder pain risk was increased in females (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.70–4.00) and with computer use (OR 1.19, CI 1.01–1.40). Computer use is related to neck/shoulder pain and posture in adolescents but this relationship is different in boys and girls.

Statement of Relevance: This study showed the confounding effect of gender on the relationships among computer use, posture and neck/shoulder pain and thus the need to consider genders separately in research and practice aiming to optimise young people's use of computers.     

Naturalistic data collection of head posture during smartphone use

Association between smartphone use and head-down tilt posture has not yet been quantitatively evaluated in natural settings. This study aimed to objectively assess the angle and duration of head-down tilt posture of smartphone users during a typical working day via naturalistic data collection. Thirty-one college students conducted their typical school activities while their head posture and smartphone-app usage records were collected simultaneously for 8?hours. Participants spent 125.9?minutes (median usage duration) on their smartphones with significantly larger head-down tilt (p?<?.05) than when they were not using the phone. Head tilt angle greater than 30° was found to be more common when using the phone, while head tilt less than 20° was more common when they were not using the phone. Study findings provide empirical evidence that supports an association between the duration of smartphone use and the intensity of head-down tilt posture.

Practitioner Summary: Head postures of young smartphone users were quantified for 8?hours continuously during a typical workday using a wearable sensor. Participants spent more time in larger head-down tilt postures (greater than 30°) when they were using their smartphones as compared to when they were not using them.     

A field comparison of neck and shoulder postures in symptomatic and asymptomatic office workers

Poor neck and shoulder postures have been suggested to be a cause of neck and shoulder pain in computer workers. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the head, neck and shoulder postures of office workers with and without symptoms in these regions, in their actual work environments. The two all female subject groups reported significantly different discomfort scores across five trials repeated in a single working day. The results of repeated video capture and two-dimensional motion analysis showed that there were trends for increased head tilt and neck flexion postures in the symptomatic subjects (n = 8), compared to the asymptomatic subjects (n = 8). Symptomatic subjects also tended to have more protracted acromions compared with asymptomatic subjects and showed greater movement excursions in the head segment and the acromion. All subjects demonstrated an approximately 10% increase in forward head posture from their relaxed sitting postures when working with the computer display, but there were no significant changes in posture as a result of time-at-work.     

基于移动网的手机教学平台应用研究简

移动通信科技发展为人们传递信息提供了虚拟化平台,借助移动网实现了数据信息随时随地传输操作。基于远程教育理念指导下,利用手机通信工具建立微型远程教学平台具有可行性。本文分析了基于移动网的收集教学平台应用方法。     

利用MapX组件实现手机定位的研究

基于Ericsson的移动定位平台设计实现了一个在一定范围内具有广泛通用性的移动定位系统——手机定位系统,在对系统做简要介绍后详细给出了关键部分的实现方法,最后给出在Ericsson的仿真平台上的结果并对结果进行了分析.     

手机电视接收端系统层解析与实现

基于MPEG-2传输流,针对手机电视接收端系统层中节目特殊信息的作用及工作原理、传输流解复用过程和视音频信源同步实现等问题进行了解析,指出了MPEG-2系统同步机制的不足,提出了改进意见,并以韩国手机电视标准T-DMB为例,实现了手机电视系统层。     

基于NFC技术的手机支付平台设计与研究

基于NFC的手机支付作为一种新型的移动支付方式迅速发展并已投入商业应用。本文详细介绍了NFC技术以及基于NFC的手机支付平台,并在对NFC手机支付系统网络结构进行分析的基础上,提出基于NFC手机支付平台的设计方案,之后给出了基于NFC技术的手机支付平台运营模式,最后对我国NFC手机支付平台的前景进行了展望,以期能够为业内的研究和应用者提供参考和借鉴。     

基于蓝牙与智能手机的远程信息采集与控制系统

介绍了一种基于蓝牙与智能手机的远程信息采集与控制系统及蓝牙系统的无线传感网络系统架构、下位机、手机端与服务器端的相关设计,给出了相应软、硬件设计的流程图以及硬件模块的电路图。     

Technique,muscle activity and kinematic differences in young adults texting on mobile phones

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in technique between young adults with and without musculoskeletal symptoms when using a mobile phone for texting and whether there are differences in muscle activity and kinematics between different texting techniques. A total of 56 young adults performed a standardised texting task on a mobile phone. Their texting techniques were registered using an observation protocol. The muscular activity in six muscles in the right forearm/hand and both shoulders were registered by surface electromyography and the thumb abduction/adduction and flexion/extension were registered using a biaxial electrogoniometer. Differences in texting techniques were found between the symptomatic and the asymptomatic group, with a higher proportion of sitting with back support and forearm support and with a neutral head position in the asymptomatic group. Differences in muscle activity and kinematics were also found between different texting techniques. The differences in texting technique between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects cannot be explained by them having symptoms but may be a possible contribution to their symptoms.

Statement of Relevance: There has been a dramatically increased use of mobile phones for texting especially among young people during the last years. A better understanding of the physical exposure associated with the intensive use is important in order to prevent the development of musculoskeletal disorders and decreased work ability related to this use.     

The importance of usability in product choice: A mobile phone case study

Usability has become established as an important aspect of product design. This paper describes an investigation that was carried out to identify the importance of usability in product choice related to other product attributes. Interviews were initially carried out to identify possible attributes that contribute to product choice. Experiments were then undertaken using the methods of active information search, structured preference elicitation, ranking and interviews in order to find out what attributes were important to people when choosing an example product – mobile phones. It was found that usability is indeed important in product choice but perhaps not as much as users themselves believe. Other attributes that were found to be more important were features, aesthetics and cost. The process of product choice was found to be complex and it may be the case that people have come to expect usability in their products. Further research is needed to understand more fully the changing role of usability in product choice and to further improve the quality of the user–product relationship.     

基于工作流和智能手机的城市综合管理平台

为适应现代城市综合管理的需要,提高城市管理水平,提出利用GIS技术的二三维一体化联动提高管理平台可视化;基于工作流的管理使事件处理更加自动化;利用智能手机的方便使管理人员与系统进行动态交互;利用模糊数学提高任务完成质量评价的科学性。整个平台在Windows7下进行开发,基于B/S(浏览器/服务器)和C/S(客户端/服务器)结合的架构,运用JavaEE、工作流、模糊数学、无线通信、视频融合等技术,实现平台对交通灯、人员、车辆、消防、事件和任务的管理。     

LTE手机充电技术的改进和实现

提出了一种应用在LTE手机中的充电技术,克服了传统手机充电方法的不足.新技术可以最大限度地延长充电电池的寿命,保证在规定时间内将电池完全充满;可以精确测算出每次实际充入电池的电量,并可据此判定电池品质下降程度及剩余使用期限.新技术实现了传统手机充电方法不能实现的新功能：在手机电池电压过低情况下,只要插入外部充电器即可打电话,甚至无需装载电池.经验证本创新性能可靠,且易于实现,有推广应用价值.     

Gravitational demand on the neck musculature during tablet computer use

Tablet computer use requires substantial head and neck flexion, which is a risk factor for neck pain. The goal of this study was to evaluate the biomechanics of the head–neck system during seated tablet computer use under a variety of conditions. A physiologically relevant variable, gravitational demand (the ratio of gravitational moment due to the weight of the head to maximal muscle moment capacity), was estimated using a musculoskeletal model incorporating subject-specific size and intervertebral postures from radiographs. Gravitational demand in postures adopted during tablet computer use was 3–5 times that of the neutral posture, with the lowest demand when the tablet was in a high propped position. Moreover, the estimated gravitational demand could be correlated to head and neck postural measures (0.48 < R ² < 0.64, p < 0.001). These findings provide quantitative data about mechanical requirements on the neck musculature during tablet computer use and are important for developing ergonomics guidelines.

Practitioner Summary: Flexed head and neck postures occur during tablet computer use and are implicated in neck pain. The mechanical demand on the neck muscles was estimated to increase 3–5 times during seated tablet computer use versus seated neutral posture, with the lowest demand in a high propped tablet position but few differences in other conditions.     

The effects of multifocal refractive lenses on occipital extension and forward head posture during a visual task

The purpose of this study was to determine if a change in forward head posture and occipital extension occurred in participants who wore multifocal lenses vs. those persons with non-multifocal lenses while performing an 8-min visual reading task on a visual display unit (VDU). Forty-two healthy human participants were recruited for this study. Thirty-three participants completed the study. Fourteen participants wore multifocal lenses and 19 wore frames with non-multifocal lenses. To evaluate the degree of change of forward head posture and occipital extension digital photographs of cervical posture were taken at four different time intervals: prior to performing the reading task and at 3, 5 and 8 min during the reading task. The digital photographs were analysed utilizing a computer program. Two one-way ANOVA were utilized to determine the degree of change of forward head posture and occipital extension between groups. A significant difference was identified between groups for changes in degrees of forward head posture while performing a visual reading task on a VDU. However, no significant difference between groups was found for occipital extension while performing the same task. Multifocal wearers exhibit greater degrees of change in forward head posture and occipital extension than non-multifocal wearers. These postural changes may place them at a greater risk for musculoskeletal disorders and headaches.     

基于BREW MP平台的手机触摸屏游戏的实现

随着手机无线增值业务的不断发展,手机游戏也越来越受到大众的追捧.BREW是高通推出的基于CDMA网络的“无限互联网发射平台”上增值业务开发运行的基本平台.针对以往BREW仅在功能机上的应用程序,通过一个简单的贪吃蛇的例子,利用Brew API中的IDISPLAY接口和timer定时器定时描画和更新游戏画面,和EVT_PEN触摸屏事件来完成触摸屏效果的贪吃蛇游戏.由于贪吃蛇游戏的画面简单和图形简单不需要加载图片.本系统采用的是BREW技术,用C语言代码进行编写,该项目具有贪吃蛇的基本功能,在整个贪吃蛇游戏中,很好地完成了触摸屏的结果.     

Problematic Internet and mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in college students: The role of emotional intelligence

This study deals with maladaptive use of the Internet and the mobile phone and its relationship to symptoms of psychological distress and mental disorder, as well as to the possible role of Perceived Emotional Intelligence in this relationship. Three hundred and sixty-five undergraduate university freshmen at Ramon Llull University, Barcelona (Spain), majoring in four different studies (Psychology, Education, Journalism and Broadcasting, and Health Studies) replied to scales assessing the negative consequences of maladaptive use of both the Internet (CERI) and the mobile phone (CERM), a self-report scale on Perceived Emotional Intelligence (TMMS-24), and a clinical instrument to check for complaints related to the presence of psychological distress (Symptom Checklist-90-R; SCL-90-R). Results indicate that psychological distress is related to maladaptive use of both the Internet and the mobile phone; females scored higher than males on the mobile phone questionnaire, showing more negative consequences of its maladaptive use. With respect to major study, students of Journalism and Broadcasting showed a more maladaptive pattern of Internet use than students of other majors. The components of Perceived Emotional Intelligence contributed to the explanation of the variance of the general indicators of psychological distress, but to a lesser degree than maladaptive use of Internet and mobile phone.     

Exploring the logic of mobile search

After more than a decade of development work and hopes, the usage of mobile Internet has finally taken off. Now, we are witnessing the first signs of evidence of what might become the explosion of mobile content and applications that will be shaping the (mobile) Internet of the future. Similar to the wired Internet, search will become very relevant for the usage of mobile Internet. Current research on mobile search has applied a limited set of methodologies and has also generated a narrow outcome of meaningful results. This article covers new ground, exploring the use and visions of mobile search with a users' interview-based qualitative study. Its main conclusion builds upon the hypothesis that mobile search is sensitive to a mobile logic different than today's one. First, (advanced) users ask for accessing with their mobile devices the entire Internet, rather than subsections of it. Second, success is based on new added-value applications that exploit unique mobile functionalities. The authors interpret that such mobile logic involves fundamentally the use of personalised and context-based services.     

Influence of smartphone use styles on typing performance and biomechanical exposure

Twenty-seven subjects completed 2-min typing tasks using four typing styles: right-hand holding/typing (S-thumb) and two-hand typing at three heights (B-low, B-mid and B-high). The styles had significant effects on typing performance, neck and elbow flexion and muscle activities of the right trapezius and several muscles of the right upper limb (p < 0.0001 by repeated-measure analysis of variance). The subjects typed the fewest words (error-adjusted characters per minute: 78) with the S-thumb style. S-thumb style resulted in similar flexion angles of the neck, elbow and wrist, but significantly increased muscle activities in all tested muscles compared with the B-mid style. Holding the phone high or low reduced the flexion angles of the neck and right elbow compared with the B-mid style, but the former styles increased the muscle activity of the right trapezius. Right-hand holding/typing was not a preferable posture due to high muscle activities and slow typing speed.

Practitioner Summary: Right-hand holding/typing was not favoured, due to increased muscle activities and slower typing speed. Holding the phone high or low reduced the flexion angles of the neck and right elbow, but the former styles increased the muscle activity of the right trapezius compared with holding the phone at chest level.     

A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics,mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students

While many researches have analyzed the psychological antecedents of mobile phone addiction and mobile phone usage behavior, their relationship with psychological characteristics remains mixed. We investigated the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones for 269 Taiwanese female university students who were administered Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale, Lai’s personality inventory, and a mobile phone usage questionnaire and mobile phone addiction scale. The result showing that: (1) social extraversion and anxiety have positive effects on mobile phone addiction, and self-esteem has negative effects on mobile phone addiction. (2) Mobile phone addiction has a positive predictive effect on mobile phone usage behavior. The results of this study identify personal psychological characteristics of Taiwanese female university students which can significantly predict mobile phone addiction; female university students with mobile phone addiction will make more phone calls and send more text messages. These results are discussed and suggestions for future research for school and university students are provided.     

基于TTCN-3的手机网络应用软件测试方法研究

介绍了手机网络应用软件的主要开发技术,概述了TTCN-3标准规范中的TTCN-3核心语言、TTCN-3运行时接口和TTCN-3控制接口的基本概念,并在对手机网络应用软件网络连接方式分析的基础上,提出了基于TTCN-3的手机网络应用软件测试方法,说明了使用TTCN-3测试手机网络应用软件的测试流程.通过给出一个手机网络应用软件的测试实例,展示了这种测试方法的可行性.