1965—2013年中国用水量的时空演变

气候变暖、人口增加、经济增长过快共同加剧了我国水资源短缺问题。对我国大陆341个行政区综合运用BFAST趋势检验法和空间自相关分析法，探究了1965—2013年用水量的时空演变规律。结果表明:中国用水量不断增加，用水量趋势变化的突变点主要在1990年后，突变后增加与减少并存，使用水量增速减小。中国用水量的分布存在空间集聚特征，基本以胡焕庸线为界，用水量的集聚度东高西低（新疆除外）。中国用水量的集聚区域在1995年前与灌溉用水量相对一致，集聚度高的地区分布在新疆和长三角区域；1995年后与工业用水量较为相近。工业和城乡用水量集聚度高的地区分布在东北、华北和南方，集聚度低的地区分布在西部，其中农村用水量分布的集聚效应最为明显。探究我国用水变化的时空特征可为水资源保护及用水效率的提升提供科学依据。     

广东省生产用水结构时空变化及影响因素

基于多区域LMDI方法和信息熵原理,研究2005-2018年广东省4大区域21个城市生产用水结构时空演化机制,解构人口规模、人口分布、经济发展、产业结构和用水强度等5个驱动因素对广东省生产用水的影响。结果表明:广东省生产用水总量总体上呈现降低趋势,珠三角地区降低幅度明显,三大产业的用水强度都逐年下降,区域间差别显著;三大产业用水占比基本保持稳定,珠三角地区用水结构较为均衡,粤东西北地区用水结构趋向于单一,以第一产业用水为主;经济发展为主导正向驱动力,用水强度为第一负向驱动力,产业结构为第二负向驱动力且其驱动效应逐年下降,人口规模为正向驱动力但效应较不明显,人口分布驱动效应最不明显,但人口分布在珠三角城市中主要表现为正向驱动力,在粤东西北地区则呈现为负向驱动力。该研究结果对协调区域产业发展和水资源的关系,制定合理的水资源规划具有一定的参考价值。     

1994—2021年陕西省水资源分布演变特征

研究陕西省和城市水资源分布演变特征可为研究区水资源管理提供依据。运用经验模态分解（EMD）方法、M-K检验法、小波变换、空间自相关分析方法,探究1994—2021年研究区不同尺度下水资源的时空演变规律。结果表明：全省尺度下陕西省水资源总量和地表水资源量呈现先减少后增大的不显著增长趋势,水资源趋势变化突变点主要出现在2004年前后,主要存在6和16 a的周期,地下水资源量呈现下降趋势,存在3个周期。分区尺度下,陕北地区演变特征较为独特,其余地区与全省水资源变化特征相似。城市尺度下,延安市水资源演变规律较为独特,关中地区不同城市水资源演变规律呈现东西差异。陕西省水资源分布存在空间集聚特征,陕南地区城市间出现热点集聚,关中地区北部及陕北地区出现冷点集聚,且集聚程度呈增加趋势。研究结果可为陕西省水资源安全及黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展提供科学依据。     

珠三角城市群用水量与经济增长的脱钩状态及其驱动因素研究

减轻经济增长对水资源消耗的依赖,对实现城市的可持续发展至关重要。以珠江三角洲城市群为研究对象,从整体和城市两个维度分析其水资源负载状况,采用Tapio脱钩模型分析2009-2019年经济增长与用水量的脱钩时空变化特征,并基于LMDI分解法探究影响因素的驱动效应。结果表明：研究期内珠三角城市群水资源负载较高,除肇庆、惠州、江门3市外,其他6市水资源负载等级均达到Ⅴ级;珠三角城市群强、弱脱钩状态占比为98.9%,部分城市则呈现强、弱脱钩交替状态;技术效应、产业结构、节水能力是珠三角城市群脱钩的主要驱动因素,单位水资源效益、人口规模则抑制了脱钩。本研究可为减少城市经济增长对水资源的依赖、实现区域可持续发展提供参考。     

一体化进程中京津冀水资源利用与城市经济发展关系时空分析

京津冀位于中国的"首都圈",具有极其重要的战略地位,而水资源短缺已成为严重制约京津冀经济社会发展的因素之一。利用2000-2016年京津冀水资源利用与城市经济发展指标等数据,首先基于变异系数、锡尔系数对京津冀用水数量、用水结构与用水量效率进行时空分析;其次采用灰色关联法,探讨了水资源利用类型与城市经济发展指标之间的关联程度;在此基础上,利用二次回归模型分析了产业结构对农业、工业用水的影响,并且重点分析了城市经济发展与生活用水量之间的关系。结果表明:(1)京津冀地区受经济基础、发展条件等因素影响,各城市间用水类别空间差异较大,尤其是生活用水量与工业用水量空间不均衡度加剧,空间差异明显;(2)京津冀地区城市经济发展指标与水资源利用类型之间存在较高的关联度,产业结构对水资源利用量的关联度最大;北京市生活用水量受城市经济发展影响显著,天津市则为工业用水量,河北省为工业、农业用水量。(3)京津冀地区产业结构与各用水量之间存在较优的回归关系(p0.01),其中北京市、天津市生活用水量增速最快,而水价的提升并未起到对该地区生活用水量的抑制与减少作用。     

基于聚类线性回归法的区域用水量影响因素分析

阐述了区域用水量内涵及其影响因素分析方法,把区域用水量影响归纳为区域经济发展驱动和水资源禀赋约束两方面;根据聚类线性回归计算原理,建立了区域用水量影响因素分析模型及其计算方法步骤。针对太湖流域的水资源利用影响因素,从人口规模、生产总值、产业结构等方面入手,利用聚类线性回归模型对太湖流域区域用水量的影响因素进行评价研究;从相关分析看,区域经济发展的用水刚性需求是太湖流域区域用水量的主要驱动因素,区域产业结构对太湖流域的用水形成显著的抑制效应;而在水资源禀赋约束方面,太湖流域受水资源短缺胁迫较小,区域用水量还存在增长的空间。     

黄河九省(区)水资源绿色效率时空格局与影响因素研究

为探索黄河九省(区)水资源绿色效率,采用SBM-DEA模型和Tobit模型对黄河九省(区)99个地级市水资源绿色效率的时空分布及影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明：1)黄河九省(区)水资源绿色效率整体呈上升趋势,下游的中原城市群和山东半岛城市群水资源绿色效率较高,上游的兰西城市群和宁夏沿黄城市群相对较低;2)黄河九省(区)水资源绿色效率空间集聚分布显著,“高-高”型城市主要集聚在下游经济较发达的省份,水资源绿色效率呈显著的正向空间自相关,并存在集聚现象和溢出效应;3)第一产业和第三产业规模、水资源禀赋和节水水平对水资源绿色效率提升具有显著积极影响,外商直接投资对水资源绿色效率的影响较为消极。     

区域水资源代谢效率时空变化及驱动因素

针对当前水资源短缺的重大问题和现有研究的薄弱环节,从异质性资源禀赋的角度揭示了1990—2015年中国京津冀、中部地区、西部地区9省(市、区)水资源代谢效率时空演变规律和驱动因素。结果表明:时间尺度上1990—1995年水资源代谢效率变化不大,自2000年以后总体呈明显提高的趋势;从空间分布看,在早期阶段,水资源代谢效率较低,空间分布区域差异不明显,2005年以后,京津冀和中部地区明显高于西部地区;综合京津冀、中部地区、西部地区来看,废弃虚拟水回用率、单位用水社会消费品零售额、森林覆盖率以及淡水回用率是影响区域水资源代谢效率的主要驱动因素。     

基于因素分解与总量控制的区域社会经济用水分析

考虑到经济产业结构调整和用水效率控制对社会水循环过程调控的重要性,以江苏沿海开发区域内的盐城市为研究区,根据其社会经济现状与发展计划、水资源开发利用战略与目标、节水型社会建设规划方案等实际情况,采用水资源利用驱动因素分析法和数学规划解析法相结合的手段,建立了纳入驱动因素分解效应量化值的非线性规划模型,计算了2010-2015年研究区基于用水总量控制的社会经济发展规模、产业结构比例及其用水效率的合理方案。最后,根据计算成果,分析了研究区产业结构、用水定额、经济水平与人口规模四个因素对区域用水总量变化的影响。     

基于洛伦兹曲线的甘肃省用水结构分析

辨析区域用水结构特征,对于优化区域水资源配置、社会经济与生态环境协同发展具有重要意义。利用洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数、洛伦兹不对称系数等方法,对甘肃省各区域近10 a来用水结构时空分布特征、均衡差异性、主要用水指标(万元GDP用水量、万元工业增加值用水量、人均综合用水量和净灌溉用水量)进行研究,并对研究结果进行定量分析。结果表明:甘肃省用水结构存在显著差异,工业用水、城镇公共用水、居民生活用水基尼系数均＞40%,超过了“警戒线”,空间分布极不均匀;生态环境用水、农业用水空间分布相对合理,但仍未达到“空间均衡”的治水目标;工业用水、城镇公共用水、居民生活用水具有明显的空间分布不均匀性,总体呈现出由类型用水量较大区域主导的非对称性特征。研究结果与实际情况基本吻合,表明该研究思路和研究方法可为区域水资源优化配置、用水结构分析提供一定的参考。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.