The effect of sodium prasterone sulfate on lactation

To study the relationship between sodium prasterone sulfate and lactation, blood samples were collected from 120 cases. Sixty cases were in study group (at different periods: during the 3rd trimester, and 1st, 3rd day postpartum) including 30 cases using 100mg sodium prasterone sulfate, 30 cases (using 200mg sodium prasterone sulfate), 60 cases were in control group. The serum levels of estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL) and plasma levels of oxytocin (OT) were measured by radioimmunoassay, and the production of breast milk was observed. The results showed no statistically significant difference of serum E2, PRL and plasma OT between (sodium prasterone sulfate) study groups and control groups, and the production of breast milk indicated also no significant difference between the 2 groups. The conclusion is that low-dose sodium prasterone sulfate (200mg/day, 600mg/week) did not affect the production of breast milk.     

Sodium appetite in lactating rats.

Lactating rats that were given free access to sodium-deficient food, water, and 0.51 M NaCl solution showed no evidence of sodium appetite. The estimated daily loss of 1–2 mEq Na in milk was replaced by basal daily intake of 2–5 ml of saline. Sodium loss in urine was minimal, but milk sodium concentration was unchanged, and pups grew normally. Saline intake was enhanced when lactating rats that had been maintained on standard laboratory chow were injected with 30% polyethylene glycol solution to reduce plasma volume but no more so than when virgin female rats or male rats were similarly colloid-treated. Lactating rats markedly increased their intake of NaCl solution after simply depriving them of dietary sodium for 4 days, whereas male and virgin female rats did not. These findings indicate that pronounced sodium appetite does not invariably accompany lactation in rats, although it can occur whenever such animals become hypovolemic or sodium deficient. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Serum and milk iron levels during sheep intramammary infection caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci

The concentration of iron (Fe) in the milk and serum of sheep was determined before and during experimental intramammary infection (IMI) by coagulase-negative staphylococci (C-NS). Fe concentration of normal milk and serum samples was 0.24 microgram/mL and 1.56 micrograms/mL respectively. Presence of C-NS in the mammary gland resulted in a significant increase in milk-iron concentration (p < 0.001) and a decrease in the serum-iron concentration. Serum-iron concentration was significantly decreased (p = 0.04) one d after the intramammary introduction of C-NS and 29 d later (p = 0.03).     

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentrations in lambs fed milk or milk constituents

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) concentrations were determined in plasma obtained from lambs before and after feeding milk or milk constituents. Plasma GIP increased after feeding whole milk or cream but was unchanged after the skimmed milk or lactose solution meal. Serum insulin concentrations increased after whole or skimmed milk or lactose solution was fed but were unchanged after the cream meal. Changes in plasma GIP concentrations correlated with changes in plasma triglycerides but not with plasma glucose or serum insulin. Triglyceride but not glucose absorption appears to be the stimulus for GIP secretion in lambs, and GIP does not appear to augment the glucose-induced secretion of insulin.     

微粉氢氧化铝用粗液常压脱硅工艺研究

介绍了用石灰乳和液态脱硅剂对粗液进行常压脱硅试验,结果表明,液态脱硅剂脱硅过程中溶液氧化铝损失小,α1降低幅度小.经过脱硅剂脱硅后溶液的A/S最高能达到230左右.随后对脱硅溶液进行了分解氢氧化铝微粉试验,数据表明,用液态脱硅剂将溶液A/S脱到200左右可以满足微粉氢氧化铝分解的指标要求.     

Inability of methylprednisolone sodium succinate to decrease infarct size or preserve enzyme activity measured 24 hours after coronary occlusion in the dog

Methylprednisolone sodium succinate (50 mg/kg) was given 30 minutes before or after the start of a 90 minute occlusion of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) in one group of dogs. In a second group, methylprednisolone sodium succinate was given 15 minutes after permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Infarct size was determined by dehydrogenase staining after 24 or 96 hours. Heart slices were incubated with nitro-blue tetrazolium and nonstaining infarcted tissue was dissected and weighed. Myocardial depletion of creatine phosphokinase activity (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) were determined 24 hours after temporary LCX occlusion. When measured after 24 hours, methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment did not reduce infarct size or decrease enzyme loss. After temporary LCX occlusion infarct size was 30.4 +/- 3.6% of left ventricular weight in control dogs and 30.0 +/- 2.3% in treated dogs. No significant difference in infarct size was observed in hearts examined 24 or 96 hours after myocardial infarction. After permanent LAD occlusion, infarct size in control dogs was 39.2 +/- 1.6% of left ventricular weight and 33.7 +/- 3.5% in treated dogs. CPK activity in the LCX area decreased by 26.5 +/- 7% in controls and by 28.1% +/- 7% in treated dogs. Treated dogs sustained a significantly greater fall in arterial blood pressure after LCX occlusion than did controls. During LCX occlusion and upon reperfusion, methylprednisolone sodium succinate treated dogs exhibited a significantly greater number of premature ventricular beats. Since infarct size and enzyme depletion were not reduced when measured after 24 hours, methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment does not appear to have enhanced myocardial cell viability.     

Ibuprofen treatment of endotoxin-induced mastitis in cows

Ibuprofen treatment was compared with saline solution treatment in an endotoxin-induced experimental model of bovine mastitis. Acute mastitis was induced in healthy lactating Holstein cows (n = 12) by intramammary inoculation of 1 mg of Escherichia coli 026:B6 lipopolysaccharide in a single quarter per cow. Cows were assigned at random to ibuprofen (25 mg/kg of body weight, IV, n = 6) or 0.9% sodium chloride solution control (1.25 ml/kg, IV, n = 6) treatment groups. Ibuprofen or saline solution was administered once, 2 hours after endotoxin administration. The clinical course of endotoxin-induced mastitis and hematologic, clinical biochemical, and plasma mineral changes were monitored and compared between ibuprofen-treated and control cows. Clinical monitoring and blood sample collection were performed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 hours after endotoxin challenge. Rectal temperature and heart and respiratory rates were significantly (P < or = 0.05) increased in saline treated cows, compared with cows treated with ibuprofen. Blood eosinophil count and serum phosphorus, sodium, and total carbon dioxide concentrations were significantly (P < or = 0.05) decreased in saline-treated cows, compared with cows treated with ibuprofen. Ibuprofen treatment did not significantly change ruminations per minute, electrical conductivity of milk, quarter size, or quarter inflammation. The remaining hematologic, serum biochemical, plasma mineral, and coagulation values also were not changed significantly in response to ibuprofen treatment. Untoward effects attributed to ibuprofen administration were not observed. These results indicate that ibuprofen may provide empiric relief of clinical signs of coliform-induced mastitis.     

Experimental study of the antibacterial action of levomycatin in a 40% solution of hexamethylenetetramine

Antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic activity of 2 per cent solution of levomycetin in 40 per cent solution of hexamethylentetramine was studied. The preparation was proposed as a new extemporal pharmaceutical form of levomycetin for intravenous administration. It was shown that the bacteriostatic activity of levomycetin in the above pharmaceutical form against microbial cultures sensitive to the antibiotic did not differ from that of levomycetin in the form of an aqueous solution. However, the bactericidal effect of the preparation appeared to be higher as compared to that of the levomycetin aqueous solution, which is explained by the synergistic effect of hexamethylentetramine and levomycetin. The chemotherapeutic effect of the preparation tested on albino mice with experimental infection caused by Coli bacteria was more pronounced than the effect of levomycetin sodium succinate.     

Changes of plasma osmotic pressure during lactation in rats

It is known that blood and plasma volume increase during lactation. The present paper examines whether an increase in plasma volume is accompanied by the change in plasma composition or attributed to hydro-dilution. Six dam-nursed pups and six dam-removed pups housed individually were designated as lactating rats and control rats, respectively. The plasma osmotic pressure and hematocrit value (Ht) were measured in the rats on days 3, 5, 7, 10, 13 and 18 of lactation. The total plasma protein (TP) and serum sodium concentration were also measured as they are factors affecting the plasma osmotic pressure. In addition, milk yield was estimated by the Morag technique. On day 5 and after day 10, the osmotic pressure of the lactating rats was found to be significantly lower than that of the control rats. The serum sodium concentration (days 5 and after day 10) and Tp values (days 3, 10 and 18) of the lactating rats were significantly lower than those of the control rats. Except on day 5, the Ht values of the lactating rats were significantly lower than those of the controls. During the period between days 3 and 10, milk yield was increased and it become steady (18 g/12 hr) on days 10 and 18. On and after day 10 when rats secreted a large amount of milk, it is considered that a decrease in the plasma osmotic pressure was mainly attributed to the reduction of sodium concentration by hydro-dilution. The Ht values indicate that an increase in blood volume is mainly through plasma volume rather than blood cell volume in lactating rats.     

Avoiding pitfalls in focus group research

The combined influence of gamma-radiation in a dose of 1 Gy and restriction stress was studied in experiments on 62 rats. The severity of gastric mucosal erosive and ulcerative lesions, the rate of lipid peroxidation, and hepatic homogenate heat generation were determined by microcalorimetry. The developing disorders were corrected by administering sodium succinate. Animal radiation resulted in modified stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions which appeared as increases in the total number of ulcerations. The use of sodium succinate was followed by less severity of erosive and ulcerative gastric mucosal lesions, lower levels of malonic dialdehyde, and decreased hepatic homogenate heat elaboration.     

Administrative issues in health team development: report of a workshop

Conventional microbiological assay procedures for cephalosporins in serum do not allow the determination of serum concentrations if more than one cephalosporin is present in a single sample. An HPLC procedure has been developed which permits the simultaneous quantitative determination of cefazolin sodium and cephalothin sodium in serum. Reverse phase chromatography using methanol in 0.2 M ammonium acetate as the mobile phase was employed to separate and quantitate the two cephalosporins in a trichloroacetic acid supernatant solution prepared from serum.     

Extrarenal factors regulating the concentration of osmotically active substances and sodium in blood

After feeding without water the concentration of osmotically active substances changed by 10--12 mosm/l in the blood serum of rabbits and rats. Bilateral section of the renal crus led to osmotic changes in serum after administration of water or sodium solution during first 15 min which disappeared within 45 min. Large concentrations of sodium solution induced considerable changes in these animals which still were lesser than could have been expected. The data obtained emphasize significance of extrarenal factors for regulation of shifts occurring in disturbances of osmotic and ion balance.     

Immunization of cows with ferric enterobactin receptor from coliform bacteria

The serum and milk immunoglobulin (Ig) G responses of lactating dairy cows were determined following immunization with ferric enterobactin receptor FepA. Escherichia coli 471 was cultured in iron-depleted medium, and outer membrane proteins were extracted by 2% N-lauroylsarcosine sodium salt and 2% Triton X-100. The FepA was isolated from the outer membrane proteins by ion-exchange chromatography. Twenty cows were assigned to four treatment groups of 5 cows blocked by breed and days in milk. Treatment groups were vaccinated with 100 micrograms of FepA, 500 micrograms of FepA, Escherichia coli J5 bacterin, or sterile phosphate-buffered saline. Primary immunization was at approximately 200 d in milk, and booster immunizations were given 14 and 28 d later. Serum and whey IgG titers to FepA in cows vaccinated with FepA were significantly higher than those from cows vaccinated with either E. coli J5 bacterin or phosphate-buffered saline. Serum and whey IgG titers to FepA were elevated by 14 d in cows vaccinated with FepA. Significant differences were not observed between doses of FepA. The degree of cross-reactivity of purified IgG from cows vaccinated with FepA to E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates was significantly higher than that to a control isolate that lacked FepA production. Immunization with FepA elicited an immunological response in serum and milk.     

拜耳法氧化铝生产中有机物去除的试验研究

针对拜耳法氧化铝生产流程中有机物杂质的富集对生产的诸多不利影响,进行了大量实验研究来探究解决方法。去除草酸根方面提出在氢氧化铝洗液中加入一定量的石灰乳,也可以将氢氧化铝洗液蒸发到NT120g／L左右,加有效钙30～40g／L,搅拌2h,去除液不分离进入赤泥洗槽。去除碳酸钠方面采用结晶析盐,在蒸发后期将液碱加入蒸发种分母液来提高母液ακ,改善碳酸钠结晶形态,解决生产上出现的结硬堵塞管道的问题。     

Sodium and lithium interactions with the Na+/Dicarboxylate cotransporter

The two-electrode voltage clamp was used to study the currents associated with transport of succinate by the cloned Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter, NaDC-1, expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The presence of succinate induced inward currents which were dependent on the concentrations of succinate and sodium, and on the membrane potential. At -50 mV, the K0.5succinate was 180 microM and the K0.5Na+ was 19 mM. The Hill coefficient was 2.3, which is consistent with a transport stoichiometry of 3 Na+:1 divalent anion substrate. Currents were induced in NaDC-1 by a range of di- and tricarboxylates, including citrate, methylsuccinate, fumarate, and tricarballylate. Although Na+ is the preferred cation, Li+ was also able to support transport. The K0.5succinate was approximately 10-fold higher in Li+ compared with Na+. In the presence of Na+, however, Li+ was a potent inhibitor of transport. Millimolar concentrations of Li+ resulted in decreases in apparent succinate affinity and in the Imaxsuccinate. Furthermore, lithium inhibition under saturating sodium concentrations showed hyperbolic kinetics, suggesting that one of the three cation binding sites in NaDC-1 has a higher affinity for Li+ than Na+. We conclude that NaDC-1 is an electrogenic anion transporter that accepts either Na+ or Li+ as coupling cations. However, NaDC-1 contains a single high affinity binding site for Li+ that, when occupied, results in transport inhibition, which may account for its potent inhibitory effects on renal dicarboxylate transport.     

Calcium absorption by the rat from various milks in relation to their total phosphorus and lactose contents

The absorption of calcium corresponds to a strictly determined mechanism inhibited by phosphates and activited by carbohydrates. We investigate in what extent the absorption of milk calcium from various species has the same proceeding. 4 months old rats are given orally solutions of CaCl2 alone or in combination with sodium dihydrogen phosphate or lactose or these both compounds. We compare calcium absorption of these solutions to that of milk from woman, cow or sow, or to dilutions of these two latter milks. All these fluids are dosed so that they correspond each other by their respective content in total calcium, total phosphorus and lactose. Each solution contains 45Ca. Blood samples 1,30, 4, 6 and 24 hours after ingestion allow establishing the variations of plasma radioactivity. Rats are sacrified after 24 hours. In certain cases, samples from digestive tube contents and feces provide a coefficient of calcium absorption. The osseous retention is obtained from femur radioactivity. In breif, we may consider that milks from cow and sow provide calcium the absorption of which is settled after their respective content of total phosphorus and lactose. Opposed effects of these inhibitors and activators of calcium absorption compensate so that calcium from these milks is just a little better utilized by adult rat than calcium from an isocalcic solution of CaCl2. Calcium from woman milk, rich in carbohydrates, poor in total phosphorus is better absorbed than that from the two latters, however less than we might expect from its high lactose content. We may wonder that calcium utilization from cow milk is as moderate as that of a solution of CaCl2. But skeleton mineralization which may be fulfilled by milk is made better because of that: it is not chloride but calcium phosphate which ensures this mineralization, a phosphate which alone would impair this mineralization without the compensative role of lactose.     

Analysis of penicillin G in milk by liquid chromatography

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method that was previously developed for penicillin G residues in animal tissues has been adapted to milk and milk products. After protein precipitation with sodium tungstate, samples are applied to a C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge, from which penicillin is eluted, derivatized with 1,2,4-triazole-mercuric chloride solution, and analyzed by isocratic liquid chromatography (LC) on a C18 column with UV detection at 325 nm. Quantitation is done with reference to penicillin V as an internal standard. Penicillin G recoveries were determined to be > 70% on standards fortified at 3-60 ppb. Accuracy approached 100% using the penicillin V internal standard. The detection limit for penicillin G residues was 3 ppb in fluid milk. Samples may be confirmed by thermospray/LC at concentrations approaching the detection limit of the UV method.     

Clinical evaluation of cimetidine, sucralfate, and misoprostol for prevention of gastrointestinal tract bleeding in dogs undergoing spinal surgery

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) tract bleeding in dogs undergoing spinal surgery with adjunct corticosteroid treatment, and to determine the protective efficacy of cimetidine, sucralfate, and misoprostol against such bleeding in these dogs. ANIMALS: 40 dogs that underwent spinal surgery. PROCEDURES: Myelography and surgery were performed on the first or second day of hospitalization. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate was given at a dosage of 30 mg/kg of body weight prior to myelography, followed by a second full or half dose 2 to 4 hours later at clinician discretion. Spinal surgery was performed in conventional manner, postoperative administration of analgesics was done, and dogs were fed a diet lacking red meat. Dogs were assigned at random to 1 of the 3 treatment groups or to the control group. Dogs of the treatment groups received cimetidine, sucralfate, or misoprostol. Physical examination and determination of PCV and serum total protein values were performed daily. A fecal sample was examined daily for gross and occult blood. RESULTS: 36 of 40 dogs had GI tract bleeding during a hospitalization period of 3 to 6 days. There was no significant difference in development of bleeding between the control group and any of the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Gastrointestinal tract bleeding occurred in 90% of dogs undergoing spinal surgery combined with administration of methylprednisilone sodium succinate, a higher rate than that found in previous studies. This bleeding was not life-threatening. Prophylactic benefit from any of the GI protectants tested was not found.     

Diagnosis of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in milk

An ELISA containing lipoarabinomannan (LAM) antigen was used to detect antibodies in milk and serum for diagnosis of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in dairy cattle. In experiment 1, milk and serum samples were obtained from 25 cows, and subjected to LAM ELISA testing immediately, and after 1 year of storage at -70 C. Milk samples, with and without a commonly used chemical preservative, were tested. There was no significant difference in LAM ELISA results between fresh and frozen samples or between preserved and unpreserved milk samples. In experiment 2, milk samples were collected daily from 30 cows over a 14-day period. The day-to-day coefficient of variation was 0.19 for milk LAM ELISA and was 0.15 for serum LAM ELISA, with no statistically significant time effect detected. In experiment 3, single milk, serum, and fecal samples were obtained from 764 cows. The fecal samples were cultured for M paratuberculosis to identify infected cows, and the serum and milk samples were subjected to LAM ELISA testing. Results were compared, using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves. The milk LAM ELISA had specificity (+/- 95% confidence limits) of 87 +/- 8.1% when the cutoff was set at 50% sensitivity, and specificity of 83 +/- 9.1% when sensitivity was set at 60%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.85 +/- 0.03 for the milk ELISA and 0.75 +/- 0.02 for the serum ELISA. In this population of cattle, the milk LAM ELISA had comparable accuracy to serum LAM ELISA, although the milk LAM ELISA was slightly less reproducible (higher coefficient of variation).     

Kennedy/Kassebaum: what physicians should know about this new law

Pretreatment of milk with either sodium or calcium polystyrene sulfonate resins is useful in limiting potassium dietary intake in children with renal failure. We therefore studied the in vitro effects of Kayexalate and Calcium Sorbisterit on potassium, sodium and calcium concentrations in 3 standard formulas and in human milk. It is concluded that wide variations in the final potassium, sodium and calcium concentrations can be observed according to the resin but also to the formula.