太阳能LED杀虫灯的研究

太阳能光伏和LED照明技术是最有前景的无公害灭虫技术之一.为了开发低成本的无公害灭虫技术,设计了一种太阳能光伏LED杀虫灯系统.通过试验研究,取得了一定的效果.文章简述了害虫的趋光性、LED灯的光学特性和基于LED的杀虫技术.     

依靠科技进步推进节能降耗

2006年2月16日的《中国冶金报》刊登中国金属学会题为《谁是2005年的领跑者》的权威文章,:公布了2005年我国钢铁生产指标之最,在电炉生产一栏中,兴澄特钢以235千瓦时/吨名列全国电炉生产综合电耗最低.     

Research on an Arc Air-Lubricating Oil Radiator Equipped in Internal Surface of Air Intake for the Aero Engine

Due to huge-power aircraft development and more electronic devices applied onboard,high heat flow density and uneven thermal distribution are becoming new problems.One new try is adding an air-lubricating oil radiator as the secondary cooling component but there are still few reports on its research.Therefore,this paper proposes a newly-design plate-fin air-lubricating oil radiator different from tube-fin or shell-tube conventionally used in previous engine system.This radiator is arc,and equipped in internal surface of air intake.Numerical and experimental analyses were carried out on fin performance.Their results agreed well with average error of 13%on thermal resistance.Then heat and flow behaviors of oil side were presented with different structures and sizes of flowing passage.According to all research,optimized radiator is gained with fin spacing of 3.76 mm,fin thickness of 2 mm,single flowing path with width of 13 mm and gradient inlet and outlet.Its heat dissipation of 28.35 k W and pressure loss of 2.2 MPa can meet actual working requirements.The research proves an air-lubricating oil radiator with arc structure and layout mode of internal surface to be feasible,which is a new but efficient cooling scheme and can lead to an innovative but wide use in modern aircrafts.     

金晶出任太阳雨太阳能残奥助威团形象大使

5月6日,中国残奥委、中国残疾人事业新闻宣传促进会在人民大会堂联合举行新闻发布会宣布,我国能源行业新贵江苏太阳雨太阳能集团成为残奥助威团全程独家合作伙伴,在圣火传递中感动全球的残疾人运动员金晶成为"残奥助威团"的形象大使.     

1341材料在循环水泵上的应用

对热电厂发电机的三台循环水泵的运行状况进行了分析,并用BELZONA1341材料对水泵叶轮的表面进行了处理,减少了叶轮表面与水流的阻力和涡流的产生,降低了电机的有功电流,节约了电能,并且延长设备的寿命,效果十分明显.     

Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer for a Single-Planar-Anode-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Considering Internal Reforming

The temperature uniformity and component concentration distributions in solid oxide fuel cells during operating processes can influence the cell electrochemical and thermal characteristics.A three-dimensional thermal-fluid numerical model including electrochemical reactions and water-gas-shift(WGS)reaction for a single channel solid oxide fuel cell was developed to study the steady-state characteristics,which include distributions of the temperature(T),temperature gradient((35)T/(35)x),and fuel utilization.It was shown that the maximum temperature(Tmax)changed with operating voltage and the maximum temperature gradient(((35)T/(35)x)max)occurred at the inlet of the channel of a solid oxide fuel cell by simulation.Moreover,the natural convection condition had a great influence on T and(35)T/(35)x.The thermal stress generated by temperature differences was the key parameter and increasing the convection heat-transfer coefficient can greatly reduce the thermal stress.In addition,the results also showed that there were lower temperature gradients and lower current density at high working voltage;therefore,choosing the proper operating voltage can obtain better cell performance.     

微型燃气轮机表面式回热器的应力分析

应用ANSYS软件,对100kW高效紧凑式微型燃气轮机用表面式回热器进行了应力分析,验证了选用的换热片材料(0Cr18Ni11Nb)的可靠性.结果表明:温度载荷所产生的热应力是应力中的主要部分,温度每升高50K,应力增大6MPa;换热片设计成燃气通道截面积大于空气通道截面积时具有最高的强度.     

木醋液的精制方法及其在农林生产上的应用

木醋液的性能越来越受到人们的重视,逐渐成为人们研究的热点.文章概述了木醋液精制方法的种类、原理和现状,并对其在农林生产上的应用作了详细的介绍,对木醋液的研究提出了相应的见解.     

风力机塔筒抗台风设计

总结了一套计算风力机塔筒静态强度的理论方法,计算了1.5MW风力机,风速在0～75m/s变化过程中塔筒的静态挠度、弯矩、弯应力及底端连接螺栓的拉应力.从而为改进风力机的抗台风设计提供了很好的依据.计算结果表明,叶片顺桨成功后,风向突然偏转90°是一个非常危险的工况.变桨距风力机要提高抗台风能力,一方面要尽量减少变桨距传动及控制系统的响应时间,另一方面可以把桨叶设计成柔性桨叶,当台风袭来时,桨叶变形,使其受力大大减少,保护机组主体不受损坏.     

国家发展改革委、国家能源办就《能源法》立法工作公开征求意见

为应对我国日益严峻的能源形势,保障能源和经济安全,实现构建资源节约型和环境友好型社会的战略目标,促进能源、环境和经济社会的协调、和谐、可持续发展,党中央、国务院做出了尽快起草<能源法>的决定.经国务院批准,国家能源办会同国家发改委、国务院法制办、财政部等有关部门负责<能源法>起草的相关工作.为更好地体现"民主立法、开门立法"的精神,国家能源办正在通过新闻媒体和互联网等渠道向社会各界广泛征集<能源法>草案制定及相关问题的意见和建议.     

Optimization of hydrogen production by filtration combustion of methane by oxygen enrichment and depletion

Transient filtration combustion waves formed in a porous matrix of randomly arranged alumina pellets are studied experimentally for rich and ultra-rich methane/air waves with oxygen enrichment and depletion. A single filtration velocity $\text{(12}\text{cm/s}\text{)}$ was used and the mixture equivalence ratio was varied from 1 to 3.5. The air and oxidizer content were adjusted to retain the filtration velocity constant for each equivalence ratio. Six oxidizer compositions (10%, 15%, 21%, 25%, 30%, and 35% O₂) were comparatively analyzed focusing on combustion temperatures, combustion wave velocities, major and minor products of combustion. The studied range of equivalence ratios covered the underadiabatic (upstream) and superadiabatic (downstream) regimes of transient filtration waves where combustion temperatures are less than and greater than adiabatic temperatures, respectively.     

Regulation of hydrogen production by Enterobacter aerogenes by external NADH and NAD

Experiments involving the addition of external nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (NADH) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) have been designed to examine how the hydrogen in Enterobacter aerogenes is liberated by NADH or NAD⁺. The addition of external NADH or NAD⁺ was found to regulate hydrogen production by E. aerogenes in resting cells, batch cultures, and chemostat cultures. Particularly in chemostat cultivation, with the external addition of NADH, hydrogen production via the NADH pathway was decreased, while that via the formate pathway was increased; in the end, the overall hydrogen p was decreased. The addition of NAD⁺, on the other hand, gave the opposite results. The membrane-bound hydrogenase was found to play a central role in regulating hydrogen production. The occurrence of NADH oxidation (NAD⁺ reduction) on the cell membrane resulted in an electron flow across the membrane; this changed the oxidation state and metabolic pattern of the cells, which eventually affected the hydrogen evolution.     

热辐射下木材的热解与着火特性

在大量的实验基础之上,深入分析了木材热解与着火过程的机理及其中的物理与化学变化,建立了考虑水分蒸发以及表面辐射与对流热损失影响的一维湿木热解与着火微分模型。模型对木材热解与着火过程中的温度变化、失重以及着火时间进行了预测,且预测值与实验值吻合得较好,最后分别将该微分模型、一个经典的热解与着火积分模型的预测值与实验值对比,发现考虑热解与着火过程复杂物理与化学变化的微分模型的预测结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

Aircraft engine particulate matter: Macro- micro- and nanostructure by HRTEM and chemistry by XPS

Carbonaceous particulate emissions from jet aircraft are a significant source of emissions from airports near urban areas. Physical structure and surface chemistry are relevant towards assessing impacts of combustion-produced soot upon the environment and assessing health impacts. In this report high-resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) data are presented for particulate emissions from a CFM-56-3 engine aboard a DC-9 aircraft, fueled by JP-8. Engine power levels were varied from 4% to 100%. Soot aggregate macrostructure, microstructure and nanostructure are discussed with respect to combustion conditions. Ultrafine particle size distributions at idle and near full power conditions are highlighted by HRTEM and compare favorably to reported scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) measurements. Particle composition, as inferred from the XPS ratio for sp²/sp³ carbon bonding is compared to results from thermo-optical evaluation of organic and elemental carbon analysis at selected powers with excellent agreement. Across engine power levels, these ultra-fine particles appear to be remnants of oxidized larger aggregates.     

Enhanced ethanol production by removal of cutin and epicuticular waxes of wheat straw by plasma assisted pretreatment

The removal of cutin and epicuticular waxes of wheat straw by PAP (plasma assisted pretreatment) was investigated. Wax removal was observed by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) as chemical change on the surface of most intensively pretreated samples as well as with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging. Compounds resulting from wax degradation were analyzed in the washing water of PAP wheat straw. The wax removal enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis yield and, consequently, the efficiency of wheat straw conversion into ethanol. In total, PAP increased the conversion rate of the raw material carbohydrate content up to 67%, compared to untreated raw material.     

Enhancement of thermal efficiency and cost effectiveness by development of melting furnace by revamping and troubleshooting fuel‐fired furnace

Technological development of furnaces over conventional melting methods of diesel or gas‐fired furnaces is necessary. These furnaces have large amount of heat losses and hence their thermal efficiency is very low. Moreover, these furnaces do not produce good quality melt because of the chances of embedment of impurities from after‐combustion gases and agitation. The time required for melting in such furnaces is more. Also, insulation is not provided and there are heat losses which increase the time of melting. An electric resistance heating furnace is developed which overcomes all the problems associated with the fuel‐fired conventional furnace. The thermal efficiency of this developed furnace is found to increase quite drastically up to 85%, which is by about 33% more than conventional furnace; while reducing the operating cost of furnace. This benefits industry overall by profit of 70% and certainly can replace the existing conventional fuel‐fired furnaces.     

大米草浓酸水解及发酵生产生物燃料的初步研究

探讨了大米草浓酸水解的影响因素,采用正交试验优化得到了大米草最佳水解条件:硫酸质量分数为50%、水解时间为60min、水浴温度为50℃、大米草粒径为10～20目、固液质量比为1:9,此时糖的得率达36%.利用基因工程菌6508-127发酵大米草水解液生产燃料酒精,产率为8.9 g/100 g(乙醇/大米草);利用圆红冬孢酵母As2.1389发酵大米草水解液生产生物油脂,产率为6.4 g/100 g(油脂/大米草).     

Hydrogen production from biopolymers by Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus and stabilization of the system by immobilization

The biopolymers agarose and alginic acid, and hemicellulose-rich pine tree wood shavings, frequently discarded as waste, proved to be utilized as energy sources for hydrogen production by the extreme thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. The addition of 0.5% (w/v) pine wood shavings to the growth medium yielded a 14-fold increase in hydrogen production over a period of 55 days relative to cultures grown in the same medium without wood shavings (average rate was about 0.45 ml H₂ ml culture⁻¹ day⁻¹). The shavings were also shown to be degraded by C. saccharolyticus in the absence of any other carbohydrate source.     

Ethanol production by Mucor indicus and Rhizopus oryzae from rice straw by separate hydrolysis and fermentation

Rice straw was successfully converted to ethanol by separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation by Mucor indicus, Rhizopus oryzae, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The hydrolysis temperature and pH of commercial cellulase and β-glucosidase enzymes were first investigated and their best performance obtained at 45 °C and pH 5.0. The pretreatment of the straw with dilute-acid hydrolysis resulted in 0.72 g g^?1 sugar yield during 48 h enzymatic hydrolysis, which was higher than steam-pretreated (0.60 g g^?1) and untreated straw (0.46 g g^?1). Furthermore, increasing the concentration of the dilute-acid pretreated straw from 20 to 50 and 100 g L^?1 resulted in 13% and 16% lower sugar yield, respectively. Anaerobic cultivation of the hydrolyzates with M. indicus resulted in 0.36–0.43 g g^?1 ethanol, 0.11–0.17 g g^?1 biomass, and 0.04–0.06 g g^?1 glycerol, which is comparable with the corresponding yields by S. cerevisiae (0.37–0.45 g g^?1 ethanol, 0.04–0.10 g g^?1 biomass and 0.05–0.07 glycerol). These two fungi produced no other major metabolite from the straw and completed the cultivation in less than 25 h. However, R. oryzae produced lactic acid as the major by-product with yield of 0.05–0.09 g g^?1. This fungus had ethanol, biomass and glycerol yields of 0.33–0.41, 0.06–0.12, and 0.03–0.04 g g^?1, respectively.