公路桥梁限载标准的可靠性分析方法

基于结构可靠度理论,建立了公路桥梁不同可靠水平下的车辆荷载限载标准。根据公路桥梁抗力及荷载效应概率分布函数与统计参数,采用最基本荷载组合形式与不同的活恒载标准值效应比值,从设计可靠水平与最低容许可靠水平两个层次,分别计算了按新老规范设计桥梁的超载影响系数。在此基础上,以三轴载重汽车和五轴载重汽车为不同汽车运行状态下的标准限载车辆模式,提出了基于典型限载车辆模式的公路桥梁安全限载标准与最大容许限载标准。最后,考虑实际抗力水平的差异,给出了基于不同规范设计桥梁限载标准的分析方法。研究结果表明,该文提出的基于可靠性的公路桥梁限载标准,与现行规范衔接紧密,可作为公路桥梁限载与超重运输通行审核的依据。     

基于贝叶斯更新和逆高斯过程的在役钢筋混凝土桥梁构件可靠度动态预测方法

在役钢筋混凝土桥梁在服役环境和车辆荷载的耦合作用下,其服役性能随时间不断退化,采用确定性的性能退化模型无法准确描述退化过程中的不确定性和时间变异性。该文采用逆高斯随机过程描述其抗力退化过程,同时采用复合泊松过程描述车辆荷载效应,建立了基于抗力-车辆荷载效应双随机过程的在役钢筋混凝土桥梁构件时变可靠度分析方法。结合检测数据,采用贝叶斯分析和期望最大化算法,对逆高斯过程抗力退化模型参数进行更新,提出了在役钢筋混凝土桥梁构件可靠度的动态预测方法。以一座钢筋混凝土T梁桥为例,采用其40年服役期的抗力退化数据,分别在四个服役时刻对逆高斯过程抗力退化模型参数进行了更新,演示了提出的可靠度动态预测方法。研究表明:逆高斯随机过程可更合理地描述钢筋混凝土桥梁构件抗力退化过程中的不确定性和时间变异性;融入桥梁服役期间检测的抗力退化信息,采用贝叶斯更新逆高斯过程抗力退化模型参数后,可更准确地预测桥梁未来的可靠度服役状况和估计桥梁的剩余使用寿命。     

考虑非平稳因素的混凝土桥梁概率极限状态评估

为建立混凝土桥梁构件的概率极限状态评估方法,借助等超概率原则分析我国在役桥梁构件评估周期及评估基准期,引入个体风险准则、社会风险准则、生命质量指标及成本优化方法确定构件运营阶段目标可靠指标,分别考虑非平稳及平稳概率模型进行荷载效应及抗力评估值确定,基于可靠度理论开展运营阶段评估分项系数校准,并以一座在役桥梁为例进行算例分析。结果发现:考虑我国在役桥梁运维实际情况,构件评估周期、评估基准期可分别取为6年、10年;对于一级、二级、三级延性破坏构件,评估目标可靠指标分别建议为3.37、3.13及2.85;采用一般运行状态或密集运行状态下平稳车辆荷载效应模型进行评估时,评估标准值可分别取为设计汽车荷载效应的0.705倍及0.805倍,考虑非平稳车载过程进行评估时,可在连续非平稳过程离散化的基础上,引入动态广义极值模型确定评估基准期内荷载效应最大值分布,并以0.95分位值作为评估标准值;对于重要性等级为一级的延性构件,恒载效应及抗力评估分项系数分别建议为1.056与1.194,一般运行状态与密集运行状态汽车荷载效应评估分项系数建议值分别为1.081与1.054,研究成果可为现行桥梁构件安全评估方法修订提供参考。     

在合成车流运行基础上的桥梁荷载最大值探讨

在公路桥梁设计和评估中,车辆荷载是主要的问题之一,现有车辆荷载取值规范只对一般的设计适应,如果是精度要求比较高的桥梁关键构件设计或桥梁评估,则要与实际车辆荷载的特征相结合,建立模型。由于目前我国交通流数据的特点是存在大量静态车辆,因此采用合成车流方法对交通流进行模拟,确定荷载效应预测的有效方法。本文主要对合成车流的车辆荷载模拟方法进行详细描述,并对Rice方法在合成车流运行的桥梁荷载最大值进行预测的适用性进行研究。基于此,建立合成车流的车辆荷载效应模拟与最大值预测过程。     

基于实际运营车辆荷载效应的既有桥梁可靠度研究

基于京珠、粤赣、渝湛三条高速公路车辆荷载动态称重实测数据,采用蒙特卡罗法生成随机车流。将此随机车流加载于虚拟简支梁上,通过自编Matlab程序计算车辆荷载效应,并采用GPD分布拟合车辆荷载效应的尾部分布,结合极值理论、超越概率理论,构建了现实运营车辆荷载条件下剩余服役期内的荷载效应最大值分布函数。根据既有桥梁承载能力现状,分析了现实运营车辆荷载情况下既有桥梁结构的可靠度。得出目前既有桥梁在剩余服役期内可靠度偏低,致其安全性不足的结论。     

基于GPD模型的车辆荷载效应极值估计

桥梁的服役安全问题一直广为人们关注。过去由于缺少实地通行车辆数据,新桥设计和旧桥评估都采用规范中的荷载模型。动态称重系统(WIM)能够提供准确的车辆信息,但利用WIM数据进行设计基准期内最大荷载效应估计时,又面临着概率模型在高分位点上不准确的问题。为解决这个问题,该文提出基于GPD模型的尾部拟合方法,以实现对基准期内车辆荷载效应极值较为准确的估计。该方法首先依据车辆荷载过程的特点对GPD模型的表达形式进行改进,然后利用最小均方差准则(MSE)对GPD模型中的参数进行估计,并对截尾GPD模型进行合理修正,从而得到修正的GPD模型。利用该模型,该文对国内某大桥实测车流量数据进行了系统分析和车辆荷载效应极值估计,并与规范方法进行了比较。结果表明:该文提出的基于GPD模型的计算方法能够合理预测未来车辆荷载效应的极值,而规范方法在中短评估期内对车辆荷载效应的估计存在偏低的风险。     

考虑安全性与正常使用性能的大件车辆过桥评估方法

为支撑近年来国内各省份大件运输车辆过桥智能评估管理系统建立工作,同时考虑安全性与正常使用性能的要求建立车辆过桥评估方法。基于安全性与正常使用性能要求形成了大件运输车辆过桥评估方法框架,并依托可靠度理论对评估目标可靠指标、分项系数校准、临界荷载效应比值确定等问题展开研究;选用高速公路典型中小跨径梁式桥进行案例分析;针对评估结果显示不具备可通行性的车辆,形成了系统的通行保障策略,以满足大件运输车辆的强制通行属性。研究发现,当大件运输交通量增大时,应通过评估目标可靠指标提升实现对评估方法适当收紧,考虑年均大件运输交通量为50辆~200辆时,恒载效应、大件运输车载效应及抗力分项系数取值范围分别为[1.069, 1.077]、[1.115, 1.131]及[1.165, 1.225],桥梁构件安全性评估结果受构件技术状况等级影响显著,年均大件运输交通量对正常使用性能评估结果影响比较明显。     

基于可靠度理论的中小跨径桥梁卡车载重限值研究

卡车载重限值标准直接影响实际汽车荷载水平及其分布特性以及桥梁等基础设施的服役性能。为分析中小跨径桥梁的卡车载重限值问题,该文首先基于可靠度理论建立卡车载重限值分析模型;其次,基于长期记录的WIM（Weigh in Motion）数据分析我国典型公路路段卡车荷载特性并确定需要进行载重限值研究的重载卡车车型,并根据我国当前中小跨径桥梁建设现状选择对卡车载重限值起控制作用的桥梁结构类型;最后,建立结构关键截面抗弯功能函数,选择多层次目标可靠指标,对各类型卡车的载重限值进行反向迭代分析,基于分析结果分别讨论目标可靠指标、区域荷载特性对卡车载重限值的影响,以及现行公路治超标准对中小跨径桥梁车辆限载的适用性。分析结果显示:各类型卡车载重限值随着目标可靠指标的增大有明显线性下降趋势;区域卡车荷载特性的差异对卡车载重限值有着不可忽略的影响;现行国家治超标准对中小跨径桥梁车辆限载具有较好的适用性,但建议各地区根据自身实际情况在国家公路治超标准的基础上进行微调。     

对公路桥梁剩余寿命评估时可变荷载取值的研究

文章以现行公路桥梁设计荷载为基础，采用后继服役期超越评估荷载的概率等于设计使用期超越设计荷载概率的原则，给出了现有公路桥梁结构可靠性评估时可变荷载取值的修正系数；利用时变安全可靠度理论，对现有结构的剩余寿命进行评估，提出了对可变荷载取值进行修正的方法。     

实际车流荷载作用的混凝土梁桥可靠度评估

为了对在役混凝土梁桥在未来服役期的承载力失效概率进行评估,首先,基于实测随机车流数据,采用蒙特卡罗随机抽样的方法建立随机车流荷载模型;然后,基于经典Rice公式,建立桥梁车致荷载效应极值的概率分布模型;最后,考虑桥梁抗力的逐年退化,基于结构可靠度理论,详细给出了在役混凝土梁桥在未来服役时间内的可靠度评估方法及步骤。实际工程的应用结果表明：(1)经典Rice公式对桥梁车致弯矩界限跨阈率的拟合效果很好,依此建立的桥梁车致弯矩极值概率分布模型有效可靠;该研究给出的在役混凝土梁桥可靠度评估方法在实际工程中应用方便,可获取在役混凝土梁桥在未来服役期的承载力失效概率、承载力达到目标可靠指标的时间节点及桥梁可靠性能冗余度;(2)中小跨径混凝土梁桥在随机车流荷载作用下的弯矩界限跨阈率取决于过桥车辆数量,而受车辆间距的影响较小;(3)随着桥梁服役时间的增加,桥梁车致荷载效应极值的均值增大,标准差逐渐减小;桥梁抗力的均值和标准差随着桥梁服役时间的增加而逐渐减小;(4)混凝土梁桥中直接承受车辆荷载作用的主梁,其承载力失效概率大于非直接承受车辆荷载作用的主梁,其中边梁承载力失效概率最大;(5)混凝土梁桥的承载...     

Estimation of cable safety factors of suspension bridges using artificial neural network‐based inverse reliability method

The design of the main cables of suspension bridges is based on the verification of the rules defined by standard specifications, where cable safety factors are introduced to ensure safety. However, the current bridge design standards have been developed to ensure structural safety by defining a target reliability index. In other words, the structural reliability level is specified as a target to be satisfied by the designer. Thus, calibration of cable safety factors is needed to guarantee the specified reliability of main cables. This study proposes an efficient and accurate algorithm to solve the calibration problem of cable safety factors of suspension bridges. Uncertainties of the structure and load parameters are incorporated in the calculation model. The proposed algorithm integrates the concepts of the inverse reliability method, non‐linear finite element method, and artificial neural networks method. The accuracy and efficiency of this method with reference to an example long‐span suspension bridge are studied and numerical results have validated its superiority over the conventional deterministic method or inverse reliability method with Gimsing's simplified approach. Finally, some important parameters in the proposed method are also discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Strengthening of Garudchatti bridge after failure of Chauras bridge

Two continuous lattice steel truss bridges spanning 190 m with subdivided top chord members were constructed on the same design across river Alaknanda at Dugadda and Srinagar, respectively, in Uttarakhand, India. Both bridges were similar in design and geometry having middle span of 110.0 m and two end spans of 40.0 m. Garudchatti bridge at Dugadda was constructed first and opened to traffic, but excessive vibrations and lifting of end supports under live load condition were observed. Construction of Chauras bridge at Srinagar started later, but it collapsed during casting of the deck slab due to buckling of one of its top chord compression members. Failure of Chauras bridge led to the serious concerns in the minds of people and technocrats about the safety of Garudchatti bridge also, because it was constructed using the same design of Chauras bridge. Therefore, it was decided to strengthen and carry out load testing of Garudchatti bridge before reopening to the traffic.In the present work analyses of Garudchatti bridge are presented to identify structurally unsafe members for most severe live loads given in IRC:6-2010 code, and recommendations for strengthening of the critical members. Finite element space frame analyses of the bridge were carried out using STAAD Pro. v8i software to find excessively stressed members beyond their permissible stress limit. The critical compression members were strengthened by welding additional channel sections. RCC anchor blocks were constructed to restrict lifting of end supports under live load. After strengthening, load testing of the bridge was performed to ensure the safety of the bridge. The bridge is now reopened for traffic.In the past a number of bridges have collapsed during load testing. In case of any shortcoming in the design or overloading during load testing, compression members of the truss may suddenly buckle and cause collapse of the bridge. Therefore, it is not advisable to load test steel truss bridges which do not have adequate margin beyond the service load condition.     

既有预应力空心板桥加宽设计的荷载横向分布计算方法

既有预应力空心板桥加宽时,一般将新旧空心板连接起来共同工作,荷载横向分布系数是该类型桥加宽设计的关键问题之一.该文根据铰接板法的基本假定,应用力法原理推导出了铰接板法的一般力法方程,可用于空心板截面、间距和材料属性等均不同的任意铰接空心板桥的荷载横向分布影响线计算.编制程序求解了荷载横向分布影响线、横向分布最不利位置和横向分布系数,对一座普通空心板桥和一座加宽空心板桥进行了计算分析.通过对比原规范与现行规范中相应汽车荷载,提出了旧桥加宽后各板最大横向分布系数允许值,以该值为标准校核各板横向分布系数计算值可以确定需要加固的空心板.通过对比各板横向分布系数值的变化,确定了需要增强横向联系的空心板.     

Impact factors for a composite steel bridge using non-linear dynamic simulation

Traditionally, bridges are designed using static loads that are increased by the dynamic load allowance (DLA) factor (or dynamic amplification factor). The DLA factor is a function of span or first flexural natural frequency of the bridge, and indirectly incorporates the dynamic effects of moving vehicles in the design. This article firstly reviews the literature on impact loading of bridge decks. Analytical methods published previously are evaluated and the bridge–vehicle interaction is found to be the most reliable method among them. The article then presents a 3D finite element model to study the bridge–vehicle interaction. Finite elements are developed to simulate the trucks, the road surface and the composite girder bridge itself. Truck parameters include the body, suspension and tires, with variables being the total weight and the speed. The bridge superstructure is treated as a 3D composite steel girder bridge incorporating special end springs that simulate the elastomeric bearings. A parametric study is performed to identify the effect of various parameters on DLA, such as vehicle speed, aspect ratio of steel girders, stiffness of neoprene, type of vehicle, vehicle lane eccentricity and initial bounce of the vehicle due to road surface roughness. The results indicate that the DLA is correlated well with the velocity of the truck, especially at high speed. DLA is vehicle dependent and the dynamic and static live loads can be considered uncorrelated, except when the truck weight is less than 10 percent of the total deck weight, for which a low degree of correlation is observed. The DLA is decreased as the vehicle lane eccentricity (with respect to the deck centerline) is increased, and the same relationship exists with the bridge span length. No distinctive correlation is observed between the DLA and the initial bounce of vehicle at the time of entrance to span.     

大跨度钢拱桥结构极限承载力分析

随着拱桥跨径的不断增大,拱桥的极限承载力问题已引起了人们的广泛重视。回顾了三种分析大跨度拱桥极限承载力方法,然后,以上海在建的主跨550m的中承式钢拱桥为例,运用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS详细分析了该桥的极限承载力。计算结果表明,只有采用综合考虑结构几何和材料非线性的方法才能准确评估出结构的极限承载力。最后,探讨了不同荷载分布方式对结构极限承载力的影响。     

基于费用最小原则的矮塔斜拉桥索力优化研究

针对矮塔斜拉桥的特点,提出了基于拉索和预应力钢筋费用最小的索力优化方法。该方法的思路是以设计强度减去活载及其他荷载效应的应力区间,作为主梁上下缘恒载应力可行区域,引入索力和预应力的影响矩阵,利用调值原理,以拉索和预应力筋的综合费用最小为目标,来解决拉索和预应力筋的优化配置问题。用大型有限元软件ANSYS APDL 语言实现了这一功能并进行了实桥验算。研究表明:采用该方法确定的索力和预应力,与原设计相比,其费用约为原设计费用的47.9%。     

基于性能的桥梁抗震设计中考虑持时的实际地震波优化选择方法

在基于性能的桥梁抗震设计(PBSD)中,是否考虑持时的效应会显著影响到分析结果的精确性。为了将持时与幅值、频谱的影响进行解耦,选择多组匹配同一目标谱的实际地震波和人工波,并使各组地震波的5-95%显著持时服从不同的概率分布,对一座钢筋混凝土连续梁桥进行IDA分析。对比持时与桥梁结构地震需求的相关性表明:持时的均值、离散度及其概率分布对于位移工程需求参数(EDP)影响较小,但对能量EDP以及包含能量项的疲劳破坏和累积损伤参数的概率预计(均值)、离散度及其概率分布影响显著。因此,在PBSD中如采用能量EDP,则必须考虑到所选地震波的持时均值、离散度及其概率分布均要符合工程场地实际的地震危险性。在此基础上,针对基于全概率理论的PBSD,提出一种能够考虑持时均值、离散度及其概率分布影响的实际地震波优化选择方法,能够显著提高分析结果的精确性和计算效率。     

Framework for sensitivity and uncertainty quantification in the flutter assessment of bridges

The phenomenon of aerodynamic instability caused by wind is usually a major design criterion for long-span cable-supported bridges. If the wind speed exceeds the critical flutter speed of the bridge, this constitutes an Ultimate Limit State. The prediction of the flutter boundary therefore requires accurate and robust models. The state-of-the-art theory concerning determination of the flutter stability limit is presented. Usually bridge decks are bluff and therefore the aeroelastic forces under wind action have to be experimentally evaluated in wind tunnels or numerically computed through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The self-excited forces are modelled using aerodynamic derivatives obtained through CFD forced vibration simulations on a section model. The two-degree-of-freedom flutter limit is computed by solving the Eigenvalue problem.A probabilistic flutter analysis utilizing a meta-modelling technique is used to evaluate the effect of parameter uncertainty. A bridge section is numerically modelled in the CFD simulations. Here flutter derivatives are considered as random variables. A methodology for carrying out sensitivity analysis of the flutter phenomenon is developed. The sensitivity with respect to the uncertainty of flutter derivatives and structural parameters is considered by taking into account the probability distribution of the flutter limit. A significant influence on the flutter limit is found by including uncertainties of the flutter derivatives due to different interpretations of scatter in the CFD simulations. The results indicate that the proposed probabilistic flutter analysis provides extended information concerning the accuracy in the prediction of flutter limits.The final aim is to set up a method to estimate the flutter limit with probabilistic input parameters. Such a tool could be useful for bridge engineers at early design stages. This study shows the difficulties in this regard which have to be overcome but also highlights some interesting and promising results.