单活性中心络合物均相聚烯烃催化剂

单活性中心络合物均相催化剂是１０多年来烯烃聚合领域研究开发的热点之一。本文综述用于烯烃聚合的单活性中心均相催化剂的研究开发状况,主要包括茂金属催化剂,后过渡金属络合物催化剂以及其他的新型催化剂体系。     

铬钒双金属催化剂乙烯聚合反应动力学模型化

双金属催化剂可催化乙烯聚合在单个反应器内制备双峰聚乙烯。考察了新型Cr-iV双金属催化剂及相应的单金属S-2和iV催化剂在不同实验条件下的乙烯均聚反应动力学。通过对Cr-iV催化剂聚合产物分子量分布曲线的解析发现铬钒活性中心之间存在相互作用,铬中心活性受到抑制,钒中心活性得到增强;聚合温度基本不改变铬钒活性中心生成的聚合物的质量分数。采用简化的单中心乙烯均聚动力学模型分别描述铬钒双活性中心的动力学行为,结合双金属催化剂的聚合实验结果确定了各个活性中心的动力学参数。相比单金属催化剂,Cr-iV催化剂中铬活性中心链增长速率常数降低,说明其聚合活性降低;而钒活性中心链失活速率常数减小,稳定性增强,活性提高。     

铬钒双金属催化剂乙烯聚合反应动力学模型化

双金属催化剂可催化乙烯聚合在单个反应器内制备双峰聚乙烯。考察了新型Cr-i V双金属催化剂及相应的单金属S-2和i V催化剂在不同实验条件下的乙烯均聚反应动力学。通过对Cr-i V催化剂聚合产物分子量分布曲线的解析发现铬钒活性中心之间存在相互作用,铬中心活性受到抑制,钒中心活性得到增强;聚合温度基本不改变铬钒活性中心生成的聚合物的质量分数。采用简化的单中心乙烯均聚动力学模型分别描述铬钒双活性中心的动力学行为,结合双金属催化剂的聚合实验结果确定了各个活性中心的动力学参数。相比单金属催化剂,Cr-i V催化剂中铬活性中心链增长速率常数降低,说明其聚合活性降低;而钒活性中心链失活速率常数减小,稳定性增强,活性提高。     

单活性中心乙烯聚合催化剂的研究进展

单活性中心乙烯聚合催化剂是近年来国内外研究的热点,也是开发聚乙烯新产品的重要手段。本文综述了近年来单活性中心催化剂用于制备功能性聚乙烯材料的研究进展,包括茂金属催化剂、非茂金属催化剂的开发应用。通过对单活性中心催化剂结构的调控,可以得到分子量及分子量分布、分子结构、构象等精确可控的功能性乙烯共聚物,或具有特殊性能的聚乙烯产品。     

茂金属烯烃聚合催化剂Ⅳ.含杂原子单活性中心催化剂及聚合研究

介绍了含氧，氮等杂原子单活性中心催化剂，包括后过渡金属催化剂，应用于乙烯，α－烯烃，环烯烃及其他极性单体的聚合。     

Fe、Co系催化剂催化丙烯聚合的研究进展

综述了Fe、Co系单活性中心催化剂的分子结构特性和催化丙烯聚合的性能特征，并探讨了聚合反应机理和控制PP分子结构的因素。Fe、Co系单活性中心催化剂含有独特三齿N配体，突破了传统的单活性中心催化剂的配体结构，是近年来单活性中心催化剂在理论研究上取得的新进展，现已成为全球范围内烯烃聚合领域的研究开发热点。     

后过渡金属烯烃聚合催化剂的研究进展

叙述了近几年α,α′-二亚胺配体的后过渡烯烃聚合催化剂的研究近况,及关于此类催化剂负载化的最新研究成果。具有α,α′-二亚胺配体的后过渡金属催化剂备受关注,这类催化剂是具有高活性的单活性中心催化剂,有良好的分子剪裁性,可以在分子层次上实现烯烃聚合的分子设计与组装。     

乙烯聚合用树枝状过渡金属催化剂研究进展

树枝状过渡金属催化剂是在树枝状大分子上负载上过渡金属活性中心,因此,此类催化剂既具有树枝状大分子特有的艺术结构,同时还具有过渡金属配合物的功能化性能,使其两者能够协同发挥作用,兼具均相和非均相催化体系的特点,在催化烯烃聚合方面具有较高的催化活性和良好的催化稳定性,近年来备受关注,催化乙烯聚合就是其中的研究热点之一。本文按其过渡金属活性中心进行分类,综述了近年来国内外树枝状过渡金属催化剂在这乙烯聚合方面的进展,阐述了多种树枝状效应产生的原因,并且对乙烯聚合用树枝状过渡金属催化剂的发展前景进行了展望。     

茂金属／Z—N复合型聚乙烯催化剂

茂金属催化剂和Z—N催化剂结合在一起制成的新型复合催化剂具有双活性中心,用于乙烯聚合可得到双峰分子量分布的聚乙烯,并且聚乙烯具有优良的综合物理性能和加工性能。新型复合催化剂以氯化镁为载体,以茂金属化合物和四氯化钛为双活性中心,解决了茂金属载体化后聚合活性大幅度下降的难题,相对地减少了助催化剂甲基铝氧烷的用量,克服了由茂金属催化剂制备的聚合物分子量分布窄、加工困难的弱点,为茂金属催化剂的开发应用开辟了新途径。     

茂金属催化的丙烯气相聚合过程的单颗粒传质与传热模型

在分析负载茂金属催化的丙烯气相聚合过程中催化剂颗粒破碎行为基础上,提出了该过程聚丙烯颗粒内部传质与传热物理模型,耦合丙烯聚合本征反应建立了丙烯气相聚合过程的单颗粒模型:改进的多粒模型.采用上述模型得到了丙烯气相聚合过程中聚丙烯颗粒内部的单体浓度、平均温度、颗粒内部的温度梯度以及催化剂活性中心浓度等的变化规律.模拟结果表...     

Particle size distribution and its effect on the olefin polymer reactor dynamics over olefin polymerization catalysts with multiple active sites

Mass and energy balances in a reactor have been derived to study the effect of particle size distribution for multiple active site catalyst systems on the reactor dynamics. It was found that multiple active sites in a Ziegler-Natta catalyst affect neither the reactor dynamics nor the particle size distribution, as opposed to a system which uses single site catalysts. It was discovered that a simple reaction model with a single type of active site dominant adequately explains the reactor dynamics and the particle size distributions for a continuous stirred-bed reactor for polymerization of propylene over a Ziegler-Natta catalyst.     

乙烯聚合双功能催化剂概述

乙烯在一个以应器中同时进行齐聚和共聚反应的新工艺，是近年来乙烯聚合研究领域中的热点之一，本文以混合型有机铬／氧化铬催化剂和钛系催化剂为例，介绍了乙烯聚合双功能催化剂的制备方法，技术特点，聚合动力学以及所合成树脂的性能等，综述了该研究领域的一些新进展，并对两种不同类型的双功能催化进行了简单评述。     

茂金属烯烃聚合催化剂——Ⅴ.茂金属催化剂多相化研究

介绍了茂金属化合物及其他单活性中心催化剂负载于SiO_2、MgCl_2、沸石、高分子材料等多种不同的载体上合成载体催化剂的研究,以及茂金属催化剂用于烯烃聚合反应的特征。     

间规聚苯乙烯催化剂研究进展

间规聚苯乙烯是一种高熔点的高分子材料,具有多方面优异特性,在多个领域有广泛的应用前景。综述用于苯乙烯间规聚合的单中心过渡金属催化剂的研究进展,总结各类催化剂用于聚合的特点。简单的单茂钛催化剂(Cp’Ti X3)是最早用于有效催化苯乙烯间规聚合的催化剂,但活性和间规聚合物含量都有待提高;结构如Cp’Ti Xn L的单茂钛催化剂,通过引进非茂给电子配体,可以大大提高聚合活性,提高间规聚合物比例,某些催化剂还可以实现活性聚合;ⅢB过渡金属(钪和稀土元素)化合物作为间规聚苯乙烯聚合催化剂的研究,有助于理解苯乙烯间规聚合,乃至烯烃配位聚合机理。对间规聚苯乙烯催化剂工业现状和研发需求进行分析。     

A New Heterogenization Technique for Single‐Site Polymerization Catalysts

Summary: Silica‐supported single‐site catalysts show limitations with respect to catalyst homogeneity and maximum metal content. A novel emulsion‐based catalyst heterogenization concept is described, which allows these limitations to be overcome. The method produces catalyst particles with an inherently perfect spherical shape and unique intra‐ and inter‐particle homogeneity. The catalyst particles are very compact and have a low surface area. Video microscopic studies confirm that the improved catalyst homogeneity leads to a more uniform polymerization behavior on a single particle level. The catalysts contain significantly more complex, compared to silica‐supported catalyst systems, which leads to correspondingly higher catalyst activities. No differences, in terms of the mass‐transfer kinetics of these low‐porosity catalysts, compared to porous catalyst systems have been observed.

Electron microscopy image of self‐supported single‐site catalyst prepared by the emulsion‐based method.     

Modeling of the propylene polymerization catalyzed by single‐/multi‐active site catalyst: A Monte Carlo study

In the present study, a model is established to describe the propylene polymerization kinetics catalyzed by the typical catalysts with single‐/multi‐active site type in a liquid phase stirred‐tank reactor using the Monte Carlo simulation method, regardless of the mass and heat diffusion effects within the polymer particles. Many kinetic data, including polypropylene yield, concentration transformation of catalyst active sites, number–average molecular weight, etc., are obtained by the model. The simulated kinetic results are found to be in agreement with the reference ones obtained in a population balance model. Furthermore, the comparisons of the kinetic data between the polymerization catalyzed by the catalyst with single‐active site type (typically silica‐supported metallocene) and the catalyst with multi‐active site type (typically MgCl₂‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalyst) have been studied using the model. Especially, the effects of hydrogen on the polymerization are studied using the model. The studied results show that the theory of catalyst active site can be used to explain the different propylene polymerization kinetics catalyzed by the typical catalyst with single‐/multi‐active site type. In addition, the role of hydrogen in the propylene polymerization needs to be emphasized. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Influence of supported vanadium catalyst on ethylene polymerization reactions

BACKGROUND: In the research area of homogeneous Ziegler–Natta olefin polymerization, classic vanadium catalyst systems have shown a number of favourable performances. These catalysts are useful for (i) the preparation of high molecular weight polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions, (ii) the preparation of ethylene/R‐olefin copolymers with high R‐olefin incorporation and (iii) the preparation of syndiotactic polypropylenes. In view of the above merits of vanadium‐based catalysts for polymerization reactions, the development of well‐defined single‐site vanadium catalysts for polymerization reactions is presently an extremely important industrial goal. The main aim of this work was the synthesis and characterization of a heterogeneous low‐coordinate non‐metallocene (phenyl)imido vanadium catalyst, V(NAr)Cl₃, and its utility for ethylene polymerization. RESULTS: Imido vanadium complex V(NAr)Cl₃ was synthesized and immobilized onto a series of inorganic supports: SiO₂, methylaluminoxane (MAO)‐modified SiO₂ (4.5 and 23 wt% Al/SiO₂), SiO₂? Al₂O₃, MgCl₂, MCM‐41 and MgO. Metal contents on the supported catalysts determined by X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy remained between 0.050 and 0.100 mmol V g^?1 support. Thermal stability of the catalysts was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Characterization of polyethylene was done by gel permeation chromatography and DSC. All catalyst systems were found to be active in ethylene polymerization in the presence of MAO or triisobutylaluminium/MAO mixture (Al/V = 1000). Catalyst activity was found to depend on the support nature, being between 7.5 and 80.0 kg PE (mol V)^?1 h^?1. Finally, all catalyst systems were found to be reusable for up to three cycles. CONCLUSION: Best results were observed in the case of silica as support. Acid or basic supports afforded less active systems. In situ immobilization led to higher catalyst activity. The resulting polyethylenes in all experiments had ultrahigh molecular weight. Finally, this work explains the synthesis and characterization of reusable supported novel vanadium catalysts, which are useful in the synthesis of very high molecular weight ethylene polymers. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

近年来国外催化剂新产品新技术介绍

评述了国外催化剂市场上近年来出现的新型催化剂的特点和使用效果,包括加氢脱硫炼油催化剂、炼油催化添加剂、链烯烃聚合催化剂以及尾气净化催化剂。并对世界催化剂市场上的新技术,如混相催化技术、Popy lur工艺、OATS技术、Unipol单反应器技术平台等进行了简要的介绍。环保法规的严厉也推动了相关催化剂和催化技术的发展。     

不同钛催化体系引发异戊二烯聚合

初步考察了不同的催化体系以及聚合条件对异戊二烯聚合催化效率的影响,并通过红外和核磁共振谱图表征了聚合产物的微观结构。结果表明,采用负载钛和钛酸酯催化剂并用双组分体系引发异戊二烯聚合时,聚合产物中3,4-结构含量较高。其它3种负载催化剂引发生成的聚异戊二烯大部分为1,4-结构,3,4-结构含量甚微。