模压工艺对玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯复合材料层合板力学性能的影响

利用热模压工艺制备玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯（GF/PP）复合材料层合板,通过差示扫描量热（DSC）法试验分析,确定相变参数,运用ANSYS有限元分析,将复合材料热力学参数与温度的非线性关系定义到材料特性中,研究模压成型过程中温度场变化情况,为模压成型工艺制度的确立提供理论指导和依据。以压缩强度、层间剪切强度和冲击韧性作为力学性能评价指标,采用响应曲面法探讨和分析制备工艺对GF/PP复合材料层合板力学性能的影响,得到最优模压工艺制备参数,获得最高复合材料层合板力学性能,为GF/PP复合材料自动铺放奠定铺放工艺基础。试验结果表明:模压加热工艺参数对复合材料层合板力学性能的影响度（从大到小）依次为:热压温度、热压时间、热压压力。较优的模压加热工艺参数为:热压温度228℃、热压时间6 min、热压压力1.1 MPa,在此工艺条件下制备的GF/PP复合材料层合板,层间剪切强度为31.12 MPa,压缩强度为100.96 MPa,冲击韧性为2.27 kJ/cm2。      

红外辅助自动纤维铺放工艺对连续玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯复合材料结构与性能影响

与激光、热风加热相比，红外加热具有低成本、低污染等突出优势，是低熔点热塑性复合材料自动纤维铺放(Automated fiber placement,AFP)成形的理想热源。但是，红外辅助AFP工艺参数耦合性强，对成形精度、缺陷形成与宏观性能的影响尚不清晰，缺乏相关工艺的数据积累。本文针对红外辅助AFP原位成形工艺，通过调控铺放压力和速度制备了连续玻璃纤维增强聚丙烯复合材料单向层合板，研究了铺放温度与压力对减薄效应、翘曲变形、结晶度和孔隙率的影响，进一步探究了结构和缺陷对弯曲强度、层间剪切强度等宏观力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明：温度过高会导致严重的减薄效应，过低则会导致高孔隙率；成形压力过高会造成严重的翘曲和纤维变形，降低层间剪切强度。通过对温度和压力的合理控制，可使孔隙率降至1%，满足民机复合材料构件2%阈值的要求；试样弯曲强度高达466 MPa，与热压成形相比仅降低6%。     

热塑性复合材料自动纤维铺放装备技术

基于热塑性复合材料(TPC)自动纤维铺放(AFP)原位固结技术,开展热塑性复合材料AFP装备技术研究,分析AFP平台的功能需求,提出平台总体规划方案,设计开发热塑性复合材料自动铺丝头,并提出预浸纱张力控制方案、精确送纱及温度闭环控制方案。在此基础上,设计AFP系统可行性验证实验,证明方案的可行性和平台的实用价值。结果表明:本实验平台针对热塑性复合材料铺放特点,优化张力与铺放速度匹配,实现预浸纱动态恒张力铺放,确保成型构件质量;实验平台调控铺放速度与送纱协调,实现精确定位,保障成型构件尺寸;建立了铺放速度与加热功率、热流分布关系,实现高精度温度场分布控制。虽AFP成型构件的力学性能比热模压成型构件的力学性能低约20%,但为热塑性复合材料AFP装备技术的广泛应用奠定了基础。     

基于自动铺放技术的热塑性复合材料原位固化成型研究进展:热传导行为及层间性能

纤维增强复合材料具有轻质、高强、性能可设计等特性,在减重、抗疲劳、耐腐蚀、维修性等方面明显优于传统金属材料,在航空航天、交通运输、国防等领域的应用越来越广泛,其中热塑性复合材料具有高韧性、高冲击性、无限储存周期、可回收利用等众多优点。复合材料自动铺放技术成型效率高、自动化程度高,特别适用于大尺寸和复杂构件的制造。同时,热塑性复合材料原位固化技术不断发展和进步,生产效率显著提高,生产成本降低,构件质量得以提升。因此,基于自动铺放技术的热塑性复合材料原位固化成型将会是未来大飞机主承力部件的重要成型方法。然而,热塑性复合材料铺放成型过程经历高温制造,伴随着热力学耦合等相关问题。对于原位固化方法,热源的选择颇为关键,将直接影响铺放成型的效果和效率。在铺放成型过程中,热塑性聚合物分子链受热发生流动,宏观上则是热塑性树脂发生从固态到熔融态再到固态的物理变化。整个成型过程持续时间较短,但又涉及一系列的物理变化,是一个非常复杂的过程,目前已成为国际上高性能热塑性复合材料的研究热点之一。热塑性复合材料纤维铺放成型常用的热源主要包括热空气、激光、超声波、电子束等。其中针对热空气的研究较早,建立了铺层内的热传导理论模型,就铺层基层中温度场展开了许多工作并取得了相应的成果。对激光加热成型获得的铺放构件的诸多研究表明,激光作为热源相比于热空气可以大幅提升层间性能。此外,学者们还提出了不同的理论模型来预测最终的熔合强度,但测试结果显示铺放构件的力学性能不及热压罐固化的构件,进一步的理论和实践探索仍然很有必要。本文主要聚焦基于预浸料自动铺放技术的热塑性复合材料原位固化成型工艺,从工艺过程中的热传导行为、铺层的性能指标两方面介绍或探讨了铺放工艺过程、热传递模型、原位固化热源、铺层间紧密接触度、熔合度及熔合强度等的研究现状。     

热塑性纤维铺放构件的层间剪切强度及孔隙率

热塑性纤维(AS4/PEEK,熔点温度343℃)铺放采用的是原位固化工艺技术,铺放成型后热塑性纤维铺放构件层间性能直接影响构件的力学性能.本工作根据均匀试验法原理设计并进行铺放试验,得到构件的剪切强度和孔隙率,分析铺放工艺参数对铺放构件的层间剪切强度和孔隙率的影响规律,采用SEM对构件的断面层间进行观测,同时优化热塑性纤维铺放构件的剪切强度和孔隙率.结果表明:在铺放试件性能检测数据的基础上,随着加热温度和铺放压力的升高和增大,层间剪切强度也增大,而随着铺放速度的加快,层间剪切强度反之降低;孔隙率与铺放速度及加热温度呈正相关,随铺放压力的增大而降低.当铺放速度为6.00 mm/s、加热温度为699.35℃、铺放压力为539.94 N时,预测构件层间剪切强度最高为52.15 MPa;当铺放速度为6.00 mm/s、加热温度为630.04℃、铺放压力为530.00 N时,预测构件孔隙率最小为1.98％,最后试验测试得到的结果与预测结果基本一致.本工作的研究结果在我国制造业领域中热塑性纤维的应用方面具有一定的实用价值.     

热塑性复合材料自动铺放过程中温度场研究

自动铺放成型技术可以实现热塑性复合材料逐层"原位固结",在加工制造大型零部件、提高生产率、降低制造成本方面具有巨大的潜力。由于温度历程对复合材料构件成型质量有较大影响,本工作通过ANSYS软件模拟热源随铺放头移动、铺放过程中预浸料不断被铺叠到底层预浸料上,获得复合材料铺层的温度场分布情况。同时构建基于WinCC flexible的温度场在线测量系统,对铺层温度进行在线采集和存储。实验结果表明,在铺放成型过程中,每一层预浸料的温度曲线出现多个峰值,且随着热气温度的升高,每层峰值温度逐渐增加,热气温度越高,铺层间峰值温度差越大,热电偶测量结果与仿真结果相差越小。通过对实验结果中的峰值温度与有限元模拟结果进行对比,证明了有限元仿真模型的正确性。研究结果表明,随着铺放速率的加快,每层峰值温度逐渐降低,为满足成型要求,当热风枪出口处热气温度最高为600℃时,最大铺放速率为1.2m/min。     

自动铺放工艺制备罐外固化复合材料的力学行为

针对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料IM7/CYCOM5230-1罐外固化预浸料,研究了自动铺放（AFP）罐外固化（OOA）预浸料的制备过程并优化了铺放工艺参数,采用热分析手段研究了CYCOM5230-1树脂固化动力学及黏度特性,在此基础上开发了一种短时固化工艺,并评价了基于此工艺制备的OOA复合材料力学性能。结果表明,AFP铺放过程中预浸料间缝隙会影响OOA复合材料的成型质量,采用铺放压力为180 N、加热温度为50℃、铺放速率为0.20 m/s的铺放参数,可获得表面平整、成型质量优异的复合材料样件。热分析结果表明,罐外固化CYCOM5230-1树脂室温黏度大,满足OOA工艺中真空压实排气需求。短时固化工艺可达到与典型固化工艺相同水平固化度,提升了固化效率,且制备的复合材料可以达到59%的纤维体积分数及低于0.5%的孔隙率,其力学性能与典型固化工艺制备的复合材料相当,并且能够达到热压罐复合材料的水平。     

连续碳纤维复合材料热压成型工艺条件优化研究

以连续碳纤维为增强体,以聚酰胺(PA)为基体,运用平板硫化机热压成型的方法制备连续碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料。对热压温度、热压压力、热压时间和保温时间等成型工艺参数进行考察,通过正交试验设计,研究热压成型工艺参数对复合材料力学性能的影响并分析各参数的影响程度,确定了较优的生产工艺条件,从而具备制得高性能碳纤维复合材料的热压成型工艺条件。     

碳纤维增强聚苯硫醚复合材料激光加热原位成型过程中的温度场

连续纤维增强热塑性复合材料（Thermoplastic Composite,TPC）自动铺放（Automated Fiber Placement,AFP）可以实现铺层原位成型,因此在制造大型结构件、降低加工成本及提升生产效率方面潜力巨大。原位成型过程中铺层温度场分布对复合材料构件成型质量具有较大影响,且激光加热过程中又涉及激光能量场与预浸料吸收光能后产生的温度场之间相互耦联,机理复杂,因此结合传热模型,通过有限元模拟仿真研究激光辅助加热自动铺放成型连续碳纤维增强聚苯硫醚（CF/PPS）复合材料过程中铺层经历的温度历程。同时构建铺层温度场测量系统,对铺层经历的温度历程进行实时采集和存储。研究结果表明,铺放过程中黏合区域前方存在激光辐照阴影区,使压辊下方黏合区域的温度急剧下降;随着铺放速度的增加,黏合区域峰值温度逐渐降低,且成型速度越快,铺层间黏合区域峰值温度差越小,而热电偶测量结果与仿真结果相差越大;随着激光输出功率的增大,铺层峰值温度逐渐升高;为提高原位成型效率,当激光输出功率选择最大6kW时,最大铺放速度为0.75 m/s。通过对比,试验结果中的峰值温度与仿真模拟结果变化趋势相近,证明了有限元仿真模型的正确性。      

热塑性复合材料自动铺放过程中红外加热技术研究

为保证热塑性预浸料树脂基体在自动铺放(automated fiber placement, AFP)过程中充分熔融,实现热塑性复合材料(thermoplastic composites,TPC)逐层"原位固结"成型,自动铺放成型过程中需精确控制预浸料的加热温度。针对自动铺放过程中铺放速率会在较大范围内变动的特点,本工作提出一种高速率响应的红外线辐射加热技术。通过对红外热源与铺层间能量传输过程的分析,提出红外加热过程中动态恒温控制方程,建立热源辐射强度与铺放速率之间的匹配关系。基于热塑性复合材料自动铺放实验平台,构建红外加热恒温控制系统,该系统采用前馈控制方式,根据动态恒温控制方程,制定相应控制策略,实现对预浸料加热过程中温度的精确控制。实验结果表明自动铺放过程中使用红外加热恒温控制系统满足变速工况下恒温加热要求,且铺放成型实验件的压缩强度及层间剪切强度均接近模压成型实验件。     

柔性非织造布和玻璃纤维布叠层热压制备玻璃纤维布/聚苯硫醚复合板材

为改善玻璃纤维增强聚苯硫醚（PPS）复合板材的力学性能,分别以柔性的玻璃纤维布和PPS非织造布作为增强体和基体,采用叠层热压成型法制备出刚性的复合板材,采用力学性能测试、XRD、PLM、SEM研究了热压温度、热压时间、玻璃纤维含量和处理玻璃纤维布的硅烷偶联剂种类对复合板材的力学性能、结晶度、结晶形态和微观形貌的影响。结果表明,在无硅烷偶联剂处理玻璃纤维布时,控制热压温度为320℃,热压时间为30 min,压力为30 MPa,玻璃纤维质量分数为50%,复合板材的拉伸强度和弯曲强度最佳,分别为286.0 MPa和175.0 MPa,缺口冲击强度达到61.6 MPa。使用硅烷偶联剂KH560处理玻璃纤维布,在最佳成型工艺条件下,复合板材力学性能改善最明显,其弯曲强度为394.9 MPa,弯曲模量为23.6 GPa,层间剪切强度为16.4 MPa,缺口冲击强度为81.0 MPa。通过优化实验条件和使用硅烷偶联剂处理玻璃纤维表面,复合板材的力学性能得到了明显提高。     

Mechanical Properties of Date Palm Fiber Reinforced Composites

Mechanical properties of several laminates of date palm leave (DPL) reinforced composites are investigated. Three different processes to construct these composite laminates are assessed. These are wet lay-up with simple vacuum bagging, autoclaving with vacuum bagging and Vulcan press moulding. Several fiber orientation and dimensions are tested. Two types of resins are selected. The first is a high temperature curing Phenolic (phenol formaldehyde) resin. The second is a two-component Bisphenol resin with amine-based slow curing agent. The average tensile strength ranged between 127.4 and 152.3 MPa for long unidirectional fibers and 8.4 to 62.6 MPa for short and medium length fibers respectively (depending on process and resin type). The Bisphenol laminates have better mechanical properties. These laminates have consistently 25 to 50% higher tensile strength than Phenolic laminates. The bending strength ranged between 120.6 and 342.3 MPa (at 500 mm/min loading speed) depending on fiber length. Short fiber Bisphenol laminates have excellent fatigue life characteristics (over 466,000 and 653,000 cycles at 70% and 60% of maximum stress loads respectively). The process parameters and resin types have significant effects on the laminate properties. The water absorption of the laminates ranged between 2.3 to 5.8% for the Phenolic laminates (depending on the test method and manufacturing process used). The water absorption of Bisphenol laminates ranged between 10 and 40%. The produced laminates were very stable to handle all required machining processes as construction panels. They were successfully subjected to several machining processes such as milling, end milling, hack sawing and drilling.     

L形层板真空袋成型缺陷的实验研究

采用真空袋阳模成型法在不同条件下制备了90°的L形玻纤单向布/环氧树脂层板, 对层板不同位置处纤维密实和缺陷状况进行了研究, 考察了成型过程主要工艺条件对缺陷的影响规律。结果表明, 富树脂、 孔隙、 厚度分布不均和纤维屈曲变形是L形层板中主要的缺陷类型, 加压时机、 层板尺寸、 铺层方式以及边界条件对纤维密实和缺陷的形成都有重要的影响。对以上各种缺陷的产生机制进行了初步分析: 剪切流动的存在导致层板厚度分布不均匀而且出现富树脂区; 纤维的屈曲变形是由于轴向受压缩力; 本文实验条件下孔隙的主要来源是夹杂空气。研究结果对热压工艺中缺陷的预测与控制以及工艺参数的优化具有重要的指导意义。      

Damping properties of thermoplastic-elastomer interleaved carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites

The aim of this study is to characterize the damping properties of carbon fiber-reinforced interleaved epoxy composites. Several types of thermoplastic-elastomer films, such as polyurethane elastomers, polyethylene-based ionomers and polyamide elastomers were used as the interleaving materials. The damping properties of the composite laminates with/without the interleaf films were evaluated by the mechanical impedance method. Also, the effects of the lay-up arrangements of the carbon-fiber prepregs on the damping properties of the interleaved laminates were examined. The viscoelastic properties of interleaved polymer films were reflected in the damping properties of the corresponding interleaved laminates. The loss tangent of the interleaf films at the test temperature played an important roll in the loss factor of the interleaved laminates. Also, the stiffness of the films at the resonant frequency of the laminates was another important parameter that controlled the loss factor of the interleaved laminates.     

SiC纤维增强钛基复合材料空心结构成形研究

采用箔材刻槽法制备连续纤维增强钛基复合材料(SiC/Ti)面板,通过分析不同复合工艺参数条件下的纤维/基体界面和基体微观组织,获得了优化的制备工艺:925℃/100 MPa/1 h.利用SiCf/Ti复合材料沿垂直纤维方向具有大变形的能力,将超塑成形/扩散连接技术(SPF/DB)与SiCf/Ti复合材料的复合技术相结合...     

Mechanical and thermal behaviour of flexible food packaging polymeric films materials under high pressure/temperature treatments

The effect of high‐pressure processing on mechanical and thermal properties of four complex packaging materials (polyethylene/ethylene vinyl alcohol/ polyethylene: PE/EVOH/PE; metallized polyester/polyethylene: PETmet/PE; polyester/polyethylene: PET/PE; polypropylene SiOx recovered: PPSiOx) was studied. Pouches of the different materials containing distilled water or olive oil as food simulants, as well as empty ones, were subjected to 400 MPa for 30 min, at temperatures of 20 or 60°C. Delamination and wrinkling were a general consequence of the high‐pressure processing of multilayer polymeric systems. However, no significant changes were observed regarding the mechanical properties of PE containing laminates after pressurization. PPSiOx underwent significant modifications as SiOx completely broke down. Neither thermal property was affected by pressure, as it was the processing temperature that induced tempering effects on the crystallization behaviour of polymeric components. Only PE/EVOH/PE, when in contact with water as a simulant, presented a decrease in the melting point temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of the interfacial properties of polypropylene composite laminates,reinforced with paper sheets

Laminates, composed of different papers and polypropylene (PP), were fabricated by a manual stacking and hot pressing. The laminates were characterized by mechanical testing and the results were compared to glass fiber reinforced PP. Furthermore, a detailed evaluation of the interfacial properties and the paper structures was carried out by means of data modeling via rule of mixtures (ROM), as well as electron microscope (SEM) analysis. For investigating the influence of the laminate’s composition on the water adsorption behavior, water diffusion coefficients were determined. As a result, laminates with a tensile modulus up to 6 GPa and a tensile strength of 80 MPa were obtained. The property changes of the papers upon processing were successfully modeled, revealing a significant increase of the paper’s mechanical properties after fiber embedding. In general, the obtained results indicate a high potential of paper as a suitable reinforcement material for low to middle strained applications.     

3-D stamp forming of thermoplastic matrix composites

In this investigation a mould with hemispherical cavity and 80 kN hydraulic press, allowing variable stamping speeds, are employed for experimentally studying of the 3-D stamp forming process of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic laminates. In particular, glass fiber (GF) reinforced polyetherimide (PEI) woven fabric made of sheath surrounded, polymer powder impregnated fiber bundles manufactured by Enichem, Italy, is used. Pre-consolidated laminates are heated by contact heating in an external heater up to about 120°C above the glass transition temperature (T _g) of the polymer matrix; they are then stamp formed in a cold matched metal tool. Typical cycle times (including preheating time of the preconsolidated laminates) are in the range of 3 min. Useful processing conditions, such as stamping temperature, stamping velocity and hold-down pressure required for stamp forming of this composite are determined. In addition the effect of die geometries (deformation radian) and original laminate dimensions are studied. The results describe the correlations between processing parameters and fiber buckling. Finally the thickness distribution in stamped parts are investigated in relation to different directions of fiber orientation.