考虑降雨影响的非饱和土基坑边坡突变失稳分析

降雨入渗往往是非饱和土基坑边坡失稳的主要诱发因素之一,同时边坡失稳又具有突发性。基于突变理论提出了考虑降雨入渗影响的非饱和土基坑边坡稳定性分析方法。根据分析边坡稳定性的塑性极限方法的上限理论建立了边坡失稳尖点突变模型,并得出边坡突发式滑坡的特征关系式,用突变理论对非饱和土边坡稳定进行了初步研究。研究表明,基坑边坡失稳是一种突发性的破坏,外界环境的变化(如降雨入渗导致土体抗剪强度的降低)是基坑边坡发生突发性破坏的决定性因素。     

室内吸力量测与上海软土土水特征

0 引 言 土–水特征曲线表征了非饱和土中吸力与含水率或饱和度间的关系,其实质是以含水率形式表示的、与土中吸力变化相关的非饱和土的持水（即储水）能力。土水特征曲线是解释非饱和土工程现象的一项基本的本构关系,它将理论、实验测试与预测方法有机地联系起来[1]。同时,在工程实践中,由于非饱和土的试验研究既费时又费钱,非饱和土的工程性质是通过非饱和土的土水特征曲线与相应的饱和土参数来加以预测[2⁷]。因此,土水特征研究在非饱和土力学研究中,具有重要的作用[8¹0]。 上海地区分布有大量的软土地层。尽管其地下水位埋藏较浅,年平均水位埋深一般为 0.5 0.7 m(上海     

非饱和膨胀土的结构模型和力学性质的研究

 博士学位论文摘要　主要研究了膨胀土的结构模型和力学性质, 取得了以下几方面的成果:(1) 建立了膨胀土微结构的数学模型, 运用分形几何理论研究膨胀土的粒度分布和膨胀土微孔隙表面的特征; 建立粒度分布的分维与膨胀土的成因类型、膨胀特性、力学特性的相关关系; 研究了粒度分布的分维与压力(围压) 的关系, 随着围压增加, 粒度分布的分维增大。(2) 根据非饱和膨胀土微结构的分形模型, 导出了其水份特征曲线方程, 并由此得到了非饱和膨胀土的导水规律与含水量的相关公式。(3) 建立了膨胀土的结构性强度理论。根据工程实践提出了结构性凝聚力和结构性内摩擦角的概念,结构性内摩擦角和结构性凝聚力是指原状非饱和膨胀土的内摩擦角和凝聚力。对于膨胀性不强的膨胀土,结构性内摩擦角与饱和膨胀土的有效内摩擦角相等; 结构性强度是由非饱和土的溶质吸力和基质吸力引起的强度。根据非饱和膨胀土的结构模型, 建立非饱和膨胀土的结构性强度理论; 用非饱和土三轴仪研究了非饱和膨胀土的强度特征, 并用试验结果证实了非饱和土的结构性强度理论。(4) 分析了膨胀力与含水量和干密度的相关性, 讨论膨胀力对地基承载力的影响, 修正了太沙基承载力公式, 使之适用于膨胀土地基。(5) 建立了膨胀土的膨胀变形的相关公式。用压缩仪研究了宁夏膨胀变形特征, 建立了膨胀量与压力和初始含水量的相关公式; 膨胀变形的机制是膨胀矿物与水之间的相互作用, 运用这个机制解释了膨胀变形的试验结果; 建立了膨胀变形的物理模型, 很好地解释了膨胀变形的试验结果。(6) 建立了膨胀土的弹塑性本构模型。在饱和土的弹塑性本构关系中增加吸力作为独立的应力状态变量, 从而得到非饱和土的通用弹塑性本构关系; 用椭圆2抛物线双屈服面研究了非饱和膨胀土的应力2应变关系; 用非饱和土的三轴试验研究了非饱和膨胀土的本构模型, 得到非饱和膨胀土的LC 屈服面, P r～ us 屈服面, 用数值模拟方法计算了宁夏膨胀土的应力应变关系曲线, 与试验结果一致。     

非饱和土统一强度理论及真三轴试验结果验证

 非饱和土的真三轴强度准则及三向应力状态预测是实现非饱和土理论工程应用的重要问题,依据非饱和土的双应力状态变量及吸附强度特性,构建适用于非饱和土的双剪单元体模型,继而建立分段线性的非饱和土统一强度理论,分析其特例、平面极限线和空间极限面的特性,并用已有的非饱和粉砂的刚性与柔性真三轴试验结果进行验证。研究结果表明：本文非饱和土统一强度理论的极限线覆盖了所有外凸区域,饱和土的统一强度理论以及非饱和土的Mohr-Coulomb强度准则均为其特例,而且还包括很多新的强度准则;非饱和粉砂的所有真三轴试验数据均落在非饱和土统一强度理论的极限线范围内,并与统一强度理论参数b = 1/2时的预测值吻合较好;外接圆Drucker-Prager准则不能反映非饱和土的真实强度特性,b = 1/2时非饱和土统一强度理论可线性逼近拓展的非线性SMP准则。     

不同初始孔隙比土体进气值及土–水特征曲线预测

建立不同初始孔隙比条件下土–水特征曲线预测方法是进行非饱和土水–力耦合研究的基础,因而具有重要的研究意义。为此,以分形理论为基础建立了不同初始孔隙比下进气值预测方法,分析了不同初始孔隙比条件下分维数近似不变的规律,在此基础之上,利用土–水特征曲线分形模型给出了不同初始孔隙条件的土–水特征曲线预测方法,试验结果表明提出的预测方法较为合理。     

非饱和土有效应力公式验证

非饱和土有效应力原理对于非饱和土力学具有奠基性的意义。虽然现有的非饱和土有效应力公式种类很多,但是同时具有一定理论基础和明确物理意义的非饱和土力有效应力公式并不多,而且其适用性有待进一步的验证。为此,笔者首先简要概述了非饱和土有效应力公式的演化历程,并对几种典型的非饱和土有效应力公式的理论依据及物理意义进行了讨论,通过比较发现,邵龙潭采用连续介质力学理论推导得到的饱和与非饱和土统一的有效应力公式与1996年Vanapalli所提出的半经验公式在形式上相似,但是前者却阐明了非饱和土有效应力的物理意义即不包含孔隙流体压强作用的土骨架应力。将该公式与四参数Van Genuchten模型进行结合分别对膨胀土、粉质粘土、粘质砂土以及灰质粘土4种不同种类的非饱和土的抗剪强度进行了预测。结果表明,在试验精度范围内,理论预测值与试验值吻合较好,从而验证了该公式在试验和工程中具有良好的适用性。     

非饱和土强度公式的比较研究

 非饱和土力学的基本理论已经确认了基质吸力的存在有利于非饱和土的强度提高,但是对于强度提高的机制到目前为止没有统一的结论,非饱和土强度理论中存在着单应力状态变量公式和双应力状态变量公式2种基本的理论表达式,并在此基础上产生了许多实用的强度公式。通过珞珈山土样的土–水特征曲线试验和非饱和三轴剪切试验对非饱和土强度公式进行比较研究。结果表明,珞珈山土样的进气值和残余含水量分别为237.7 kPa和4%;珞珈山土样非饱和强度在低吸力范围内,与吸力基本成线性增长关系,验证了非饱和土双变量强度公式的适用性;珞珈山土样的非饱和抗剪强度参数约为20.7°;现有的非饱和土实用公式精确性较差,非饱和土抗剪强度理论的应用有待进一步的研究与完善。     

考虑微观孔隙结构的非饱和土水–力耦合本构模型

非饱和土在应力和水力路径的作用下均会产生微观孔隙结构的变化,同时,不同的孔隙类型和结构也会对非饱和土宏观水力、力学特性产生不同的影响,尤其是在膨胀土、压实黏土等双孔结构土中,这种影响尤为显著。以Wheeler建立的非饱和土水–力全耦合模型(GCM)为理论框架,引入有效饱和度来描述土体内部宏观和微观孔隙对水–力特性的不同影响,提出考虑孔隙结构影响的Bishop有效应力表达式,建立了各向等压状态下考虑微观结构的非饱和土水–力耦合本构模型,并实现了模型的预测功能。通过与非饱和土等向压缩试验结果的对比,初步验证了所建立模型的合理性和有效性。     

上海软土的非饱和三轴强度

由于吸力的影响,非饱和土的力学性状与饱和土有着很大的差异,饱和土的有关强度理论无法简单地运用于解决非饱和土问题。本文通过室内吸力控制的非饱和土三轴剪切试验,研究上海地区软土的强度特征。结果表明:上海软土(④层灰色淤泥质粘土)非饱和强度在低吸力范围内,与吸力基本呈线性增长关系,验证了非饱和土的双变量强度理论的适用性;上海地区第④层灰色淤泥质粘土的非饱和土抗剪强度参数?b约为10.6°。随着非饱和土问题的研究的逐步深入,非饱和土强度理论在上海地区软土地层中的应用,还有待进一步研究和完善。     

一个考虑结构性的非饱和土边界面本构模型及其验证

天然土体大都兼具非饱和特性和结构性,建立考虑结构性的非饱和土本构模型,对于分析非饱和土力学特性具有重要意义。基于饱和结构性土的体变方程,在结构性参数中引入基质吸力的影响,结合BBM模型的LC屈服曲线,建立了结构性非饱和土体变方程,引入解构规律来考虑常吸力下各向同性压缩过程中结构性的衰减,引入结构强度及其衰减规律来考虑结构性对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响,采用边界面塑性理论对三维状态下非饱和土的变形特性进行描述。利用Gorgan地区的非饱和原状黄土和西安Q₂非饱和原状黄土的试验数据,进行了模型的参数标定和验证,结果表明,所建立模型能够有效预测结构性非饱和土的变形特性。     

9种土样高吸力下的持水特征

持水特征曲线(SWRC)是非饱和土重要的本构关系.大部分SWRC由轴平移方法获得,其所能控制的吸力范围较小;然而工程实践中相对湿度常低于95％(吸力高于7.1 MPa);因此采用动态露点法测定Wyoming膨润土、宁明膨胀土、荆门黄褐色膨胀土、Denver黏土岩、荆门棕褐色膨胀土、武汉黏土、三门峡粉质黏土、郑州粉土、开...     

Effect of temperature on the soil–water retention characteristics in unsaturated soils: Analytical and experimental approaches

In unsaturated soil mechanics, the soil–water retention curve (SWRC) continues to play an important role, since it provides the necessary links between the properties and behaviour of unsaturated soils with a variety of engineering challenges. The temperature has been identified as the main factor influencing SWRC as compared to a variety of other parameters. The goal of this research is to describe theoretical and experimental aspects of the temperature effect on unsaturated soil water retention phenomena. Theoretically, a brief review of the constitutive laws governing the thermal-hydro-mechanical (THM) behaviour of unsaturated soils is presented, along with links between variations in suction with water content, temperature, and void ratio. It also provides a broad framework that would to be well adapted to describing many specific circumstances. Through a closed-form predictive relationship that is developed in this framework, the effect of temperature is examined. By using this relationship, the soil–water retention curve at arbitrary temperature could be determined from one at a reference temperature, therefore significantly decreasing the number of tests necessary to describe the thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of a soil. Besides, the SWRC of kaolinite clay was also measured at three different temperatures in an experimental program. The test findings reveal that when the temperature rises, the SWRC decreases significantly. The experimental results were then integrated with sixteen other available data sets covering a wide range of soil types, densities, and suction to create a complete verification program for analytical models. The proposed model has a good performance and reliability in forecasting the fluctuation of non-isothermal SWRC than any existing model, according to statistical assessment results. The analytical model can be used to examine the thermo-hydro-mechanical characteristics of unsaturated soils in numerical simulations.     

Determining the soil-water retention curve using mercury intrusion porosimetry test in consideration of soil volume change

It is well-known that a close link exists between soil-water retention curve (SWRC) and pore size distribution (PSD). Theoretically, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test simulates a soil drying path and the test results can be used to deduce the SWRC (termed SWRC_MIP). However, SWRC_MIP does not include the effect of volume change, compared with the conventional SWRC that is directly determined by suction measurement or suction control techniques. For deformable soils, there is a significant difference between conventional SWRC and SWRC_MIP. In this study, drying test was carried out on a reconstituted silty soil, and the volume change, suction, and PSD were measured on samples with different water contents. The change in the deduced SWRC_MIP and its relationship with the conventional SWRC were analyzed. The results showed that the volume change of soil is the main reason accounting for the difference between conventional SWRC and SWRC_MIP. Based on the test results, a transformation model was then proposed for conventional SWRC and SWRC_MIP, for which the soil state with no volume change is taken as a reference. Comparison between the experimental and predicted SWRCs showed that the proposed model can well consider the influence of soil volume change on its water retention property.     

Determination of strain-dependent soil water retention characteristics from gradation curve

The importance of soil water retention characteristics in modelling the hydro-mechanical response of unsaturated soils has been well recognised by many investigators in recent years. Determination of strain-dependent soil water retention curve (SWRC) is likely to be extraordinarily difficult. The first two authors have recently shown that SWRC can be computed from the gradation curve and the calculation result is consistent with the experimental results obtained from pressure plate tests. In this paper, based on a hypothesis related to change in the pore size distribution (POSD) due to volumetric strain of soil skeleton, a method to compute strain-dependent SWRC is presented. It is found that at initial degrees of saturation higher than 0.8, the influence of volumetric strain may be marginal whilst at initial degrees of saturation lower than 0.8, its influence is likely to be substantial. In all cases, the gradation curve of the soil affects the SWRC.     

非饱和土力学的分形理论

室内试验确定非饱和土的力学性质有许多困难,特别是非饱和土的渗透系数,非饱和土渗透系数量级小,随吸力变化幅度大。非饱和土的孔隙结构与非饱和土的力学特性有关,非饱和土的孔隙结构用分形模型表示,分形理论可以用于研究非饱和土的力学特性。本文采用分形理论描述土体孔隙特性,导出非饱和土的水份特征曲线、渗透系数、剪切强度、膨胀变形和压缩变形的表达式。非饱和土的吸力与孔隙的关系由Young-Lapalace方程表示,将孔隙与非饱和土力学性质联系起来。文中非饱和土的理论公式与试验结果符合得很好。     

On the thermo-mechanical properties of unsaturated soils

The establishment of energy balance equation is necessary to study the thermo-mechanical properties of unsaturated soils.To solve this equation,the determination of two fundamental parameters as volumetric specific parameter and thermal conductivity coefficient is essential.In this paper,the effective thermal conductivity coefficient of dry soil grain is analyzed for soils with different compositions,and the thermo-mechanical properties of porous media with water and gas are studied by considering the soil water retention curve（SWRC）.Different methods,i.e.volumetric average method,self-consistent method,Hashin-Strikman method,are employed to calculate thermal conductivity coefficients,and a new method is proposed to determine the thermo-mechanical parameters.Comparison of the results obtained by different methods shows that the proposed method is in a good agreement with the experimental results and is suitable for describing the main properties of the thermo-mechanical behaviors of soils.The relationship between the SWRC and the seepage curve is further studied by the natural proportional rule.The characteristics of the SWRC,its differential coefficient and the seepage curve,are investigated by considering the physico-mechanical mechanism;the limit scopes of the indices of the SWRC and the seepage curve are also given.     

Shear strength of an unsaturated weakly expansive soil

To study the weakly expansive clay obtained from a slope along Wuhan—Shiyan expressway in Hubei Province,soil-water property tests and some unsaturated triaxial tests with suction control were conducted,and the soil-water retention curve（SWRC） and unsaturated shear strength of this soil were obtained.Results show that the air-entry suction and the residual degree of saturation of the tested soil are 106 kPa and 8%,respectively.The boundary effect zone and the transition zone can be identified on the desorption curve,but the residual zone is not so obvious.The unsaturated shear strength increases as suction increases within the range of controlled suction in the test,and friction angle,b,in the triaxial shear test is 17.6°.Based on the results,constitutive models for predicting the unsaturated shear strength using the SWRC were evaluated,and comparisons between prediction and measurement were made.It is concluded that for engineering purpose,the constitutive model should be carefully selected based on soil properties when predicting the unsaturated shear strength using the SWRC.     

膨胀土地基承载力研究

根据非饱和膨胀土的分形结构模型,导出了非饱和膨胀土的吸力强度公式,讨论了非饱和膨胀土强度公式的有线性,根据膨胀土的强度特性提出了膨胀土地基承载力公式,运用所提出的承载力公式估算了邯郸和宁夏膨胀土地基承载力值,与实测结果一致,这种膨胀土地基承载力公式可以直接应用于工程实践中。     

盐溶液中膨润土膨胀变形的计算方法

膨润土的膨胀变形特性会受到盐溶液的渗透吸力的影响,其影响效果与在膨润土上施加外荷载产生的效果类似。因此,用与渗透吸力相关的修正有效应力来表示膨润土实际受到的总外应力。由分形理论可推导出：在双对数坐标下,修正有效应力与膨润土的最大膨胀变形间的关系可用一条直线表示;修正有效应力可利用溶液的渗透吸力和施加的外荷载求得。但不同浓度盐溶液的渗透吸力须通过较为复杂的试验获得,给工程实际应用造成了困难。基于修正的Debye-Hückel公式求得NaCl、NaNO₃、CaCl₂和Ca(NO₃)₂四种溶液在不同浓度下的渗透系数,结果经已有文献验证,计算方法可靠。以此为基础,进一步求得膨润土在不同浓度下所受到的修正有效应力。经试验数据验证,同种膨润土在不同浓度、不同种类溶液下的最大膨胀变形与修正有效应力之间在双对数坐标下存在统一的线性关系,符合理论公式。