燃气轮机动叶片断裂故障振动特征及其识别方法研究

针对燃气轮机动叶片典型故障模式断裂故障的诊断问题,对动叶片断裂激励下的敏感振动特征及识别方法进行了研究。首先,以机匣-静叶为研究对象,基于动叶片断裂故障机理,并结合燃机叶片结构特点和载荷特征,建立了其断裂激励下的动力学模型及运动方程;通过对其振动响应进行求解及响应分析,研究了便于工程中监测分析的叶片断裂故障的机理特征。然后,提出了一种基于小波变换的叶片断裂故障识别方法。最后,利用某型燃气轮机叶片断裂故障实际案例,对所提出的振动特征及故障识别方法进行了可行性验证。研究结果表明:作为系统主要激振频率,在动叶片断裂后,叶片通过频率的幅值具有阶跃式突降特性,结合小波变换算法可实现对叶片断裂故障的有效识别;该研究成果可为燃气轮机动叶片断裂故障的诊断提供一定的参考。     

K18合金增压器涡轮叶片断裂故障分析

采用体视显微镜、扫描电镜等分析手段对K18合金增压器涡轮铸造叶片的断裂形貌与断裂机制等进行了分析.结果表明:涡轮中有一断裂破坏面最为明显的叶片是先断裂的,然后造成其它叶片不同程度的碰伤;从叶片断口特征判定,先断裂叶片在高转速、高燃气温度下首先发生疲劳断裂,其裂纹源起始于距叶根约1 am处次表皮下面的一处铸造缺陷--冷隔.     

汽轮机末级叶片断裂分析

采用扫描电镜观察、能谱分析、显微组织分析、硬度和拉伸试验等方法对断裂叶片进行了检验分析。结果表明:叶片断裂是因为叶片在热处理后力学性能没有达到标准技术要求;叶片工作时表面缺陷在交变应力作用下扩展,最终导致叶片的疲劳断裂。     

烟气轮机叶片断裂原因分析

采用化学成分分析、硬度测试、断口形貌观察以及金相检验对某炼油厂烟气轮机叶片断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:叶片断裂性质为早期疲劳断裂,失效原因是锻造工艺不当;断裂起源于叶片排气边晶界处;叶片材料晶粒粗大并有大量的混晶存在以及沿晶界析出的链状连续碳化物,降低了叶片材料的强度和韧性,促进了裂纹萌生与扩展,导致叶片在交变应力的作用下疲劳断裂。     

催化裂化轴流压缩机叶片疲劳断裂原因分析

介绍了某催化裂化轴流压缩机叶片断裂的情况,并通过对可能导致叶片疲劳失效的几个因素进行分析,得出叶片断裂失效的原因是叶片共振。     

某超临界空冷机组中压末级叶片失效分析

对某超临界空冷机组中压末级叶片断裂故障现场和运行记录进行调查分析,对断裂叶片的材料和断口进行了理化检验和实验分析,采用三维有限元方法对叶片的静应力进行了精确的计算,并综合分析了叶片断裂的故障原因.     

合成气压缩机高压透平103JAT叶片断裂原因分析

根据合成氨装置合成气压缩机高压透平103JAT振动突然上升的现象,判断叶片发生断裂。通过对叶片断裂原因的分析,确定造成叶片断裂的原因是由于叶片中非金属夹杂物超过了国标规定,同时钛合金拉筋脆化发生了早期断裂,并提出了问题的解决方案,使生产问题得到了解决。     

风电机组叶片螺栓断裂原因分析

国内某风电场机组投运短期内频繁发生叶片螺栓断裂问题,从叶片螺栓设计、叶片螺栓质量、叶片螺栓安装等方面进行问题排查,通过理论分析和试验研究,确定叶片螺栓断裂是由于叶根端面与叶片法兰之间存在间隙导致的。     

汽轮机末级叶片断裂分析

采用扫描电镜观察、能谱分析、显微组织分析、硬度和拉伸试验等方法对断裂叶片进行了检验分析。结果表明：叶片断裂是因为叶片在热处理后力学性能没有达到标准技术要求；叶片工作时表面缺陷在交变应力作用下扩展，最终导致叶片的疲劳断裂。     

压缩机供液泵叶片失效分析

采用化学成分分析、力学性能测试、断口扫描电镜观察和金相观察等失效分析手段,对压缩机供液泵的叶片断裂原因进行分析,并对未断裂叶片根部进行表面着色探伤和金相组织观察。结果表明:叶片断裂原因是因为根部存在应力腐蚀裂纹,这些裂纹成为疲劳断裂的起源位置。     

CURING PROCESS OF PHOTOPOLYMER RESIN BOND DIAMOND TOOLS

Analytical simulation and corresponding proof-test are adopted to study the principle of the curing process of photopolymer resin diamond tools. The influence of the diamond as abrasives in photopolymer resin owing to the absorptivity of the diamond for the UV light on the photopolymer resin curing process is discussed. Based on the above, a kind of diamond tool—dicing blade is selected to analyze the curing process of photopolymer bond diamond tools. An analytical model of curing process is developed and a correlation curve between the depth of polymerization of the photopolymer resin diamond tools and the exposure time to represent the curing process of photopolymer bond dicing blade. A test is done to proof-test the validity of the analytical model and the correlation curve. The simulated data fit the experimental results, which demonstrates the analytical models and numerical algorithm are of high reliability. The analytical simulation method could possibly be used to optimize the curing cycle and improve the quality of the photopolymers resin bond diamond tools.     

Research on key techniques of expendable conductivity temperature depth measuring system

This paper analysis the developing of expendable conductivity temperature depth measuring system(XCTD)and introduce its principle of measuring about temperature,salinity and depth of ocean.Some key techniques are put forward.According to the real needs of XCTD,conductivity sensor with high sensitivity is designed by principle of electromagnetic induce,the ocean conductivity from induced electromotive force has been calculated.Adding temperature correction circuit would help to reduce error of conductivity measurement because of sharply changing temperature.Advanced temperature measuring circuit of high precision and the constant current source is used to weaken effect of self-heating of resistance and fluctuation of the source.On respect of remote data transmission,LVDS is a good choice for the purpose of guarantee the quality of data transmitted and the transmission distance is reaching to thousand meters in the seawater.Modular programming method is also brought into this research aimed at improve the stability,reliability and maintainability of the whole measuring system.In February,2015,the trials in South China Sea demonstrate that the developed XCTD realize effective measurement at a speed of 6 knots and detection depth at 800 m.The consistency coefficient of the acquired data is greater than 0.99 and the success rate of probe launching is above 90%.     

Research on the calibration method of precipitation micro- physical characteristics sensor

In order to diminish the effect of the ambient light and CCD pixel non-uniformity to the Precipitation Micro-physical Characteristics Sensor,a modified calibration scheme was designed and calibration experiments in sunny,cloudy,night,different location of sample space were carried out. Firstly,the characteristics of particle images which affected by ambient light and different location of sample space were analyzed. Secondly,the relevance betw een particle image features and parameters of image processing were discussed. Finally,the parameter setting scheme were determined,the radium of median filtering algorithm is 3 pixels,the defocusing radius of point spread function( PSF) is 7 pixels,the radium of erosion is 3 pixels,and the binary threshold is obtained from the Area-thresh relationship. The results show that the new scheme could deal with the image calibration well,the average errors of equivolumetric diameter was 0. 041 mm with standard deviation of 0. 115 mm,and the average errors of the axis ratio was 0. 011 with standard deviation of 0. 085. The new scheme works well in the field observation too,the observed axis ratio is consistent with the empirical relationship that proposed by Beard. The relative error of accumulation precipitation is-3. 06% after calibration,w hich is improved 1. 94% low er than the initial one without calibration.     

基于毛细力的芯片微操作方法研究

提出一种基于毛细力的芯片微操作方法,可实现微芯片的精准拾取、释放以及与尺寸匹配的基底的高精度自对齐。开发可精确模拟液桥形态的双迭代算法,求解微芯片操作过程中的拾取力与释放力,深入研究基于毛细力的微芯片的拾取以及释放的机理以及必要条件。研究液滴体积、基底接触角对微芯片拾取力和释放力的影响。结果表明,拾取力和释放力均随液滴体积的增大而增大,释放力随基底接触角的减小而增大。进一步通过试验验证基于毛细力的芯片微操作方法的可行性,研究液滴体积对微芯片操作的影响,并统计微芯片操作的成功率。基于毛细力的微操作方法在软体机器人、微机电系统、可穿戴设备的集成等领域具有潜在应用。     

Estimation of surface area and length with the orientator

The orientator is a new technique for the estimation of length and surface density and other stereological parameters using isotropic sections. It is an unbiased, design-based approach to the quantitative study of anisotropic structures such as muscle, myocardium, bone and cartilage. A simple method for the practical generation of such isotropic planes in biological specimens is described. No special technical equipment is necessary. Knowledge of an axis of anisotropy can be exploited to optimize the efficiency. To randomize directions in space, points are selected with uniform probability in a square using various combinations of simple random, stratified random, and systematic random sampling. The point patterns thus produced are mapped onto the surface of a hemisphere. The mapped points define directions of sectional planes in space. The mapping algorithm ensures that these planes arc isotropic, hence unbiased estimates of surface and length density can be obtained via the classical stereological formulae. Various implementations of the orientator are outlined: the prototype version, the orientator-gencrated ortrip, two systematic versions, and the smooth version. Orientator sections can be generated without difficulty in large specimens; we investigated human skeletal muscle, myocardium, placenta, and gut tissue. Slight practical modifications extend the applicability of the method to smaller organs like rat hearts. At the ultrastructural level, a correction procedure for the loss of anisotropic mitochondrial membranes due to oblique orientation relative to the electron beam is suggested. Other potential applications of the orientator in anisotropic structures include the estimation of individual particle surface area with isotropic nucleators, the determination of the connectivity of branching networks with isotropic disectors, and generation of isotropic sections for second-order stereology (three-dimensional pattern analysis).     

A study of electrical pitting of journal bearings with water‐contaminated lubricant

The investigations reported in this paper concern the effect of the use of a degraded lubricant on bearing life. A diagnosis of the premature failure of the hydrodynamic journal bearings of a synchronous condenser has been carried out. The surface of the failed bearings has been examined and the cause of the failure investigated. A theoretical analysis has also been undertaken to calculate the number of cycles that take place before failure occurs. The number of cycles thus established matched that of the cycles/duration of operation before the premature failure of the bearings. The process leading to the premature failure and the role of the degraded lubricant have been identified. Remedial measures have been successfully implemented to reuse the existing bearings. Measures have been suggested to avoid repeated failures. The theoretical analysis has the potential to ascertain the shaft voltage once the severity of the physical damage on the liner surface of the bearing and the duration of its operation have been established.     

FOULING DETECTION IN FOOD VESSELS USING INTERDIGITAL LAMB WAVE TRANSDUCER

Lamb waves are used to detect fouling in food vessels. The propagation of the Lamb waves in plates exhibits many modes and dispersion characteristics, which have great influence on fouling detection. The relative distribution of the in-plane and out-of-plane displacement of the mode across the thickness of the plate will determine the sensitivity of the mode to a particular loading condition. By considering the dispersion and multi-mode characteristics of guided waves, an interdigital polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) transducer is designed to realize the mode selection of guided waves, and a single a0 mode is used for guided wave detection. Fouling detection experiments are conducted in the laboratory using epoxy adhesive on a thin plate. Using the interdigital PVDF transducer, three fouled areas are detected. Using one of the time-frequency analysis methods, the waveforms are further processed. This also demonstrates the validity of this method of fouling detection.     

Improvement of Lubrication for Cam and Follower

In order to improve the lubrication between cam and follower of internal combustion engines, the influences of materials or oil viscosity and additives on the friction and scuffing characteristics have been examined with a test rig by increasing the contact load at a constant revolution speed. Also the effects of oil supply through the oil-hole of the camshaft on the reduction of friction and the prevention of scuffing have been examined. From the experiments the following results were made obvious.

Firstly, the effect of the material on the reduction of friction or the prevention of scuffing is dependent upon the combination of cam and follower materials. The follower material of hard sintered metal or silicon nitride ceramics is superior in both effects to chilled cast iron when mating with the cam material of hardened S48C steel cam.

Secondly, as the viscosity of base-oil becomes low, the friction increases or decreases depending on oil additives, but the scuffing resistance always becomes small. The organo-molybdenum compounds, MoDTP and MoDTC, decrease the friction and the zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphates are effective in preventing scuffing. In the case of mixed additive with such Molybdenum friction modifiers, primary ZnDTP and secondary ZnDTP enhance the effect to modif' the friction. when mixed with MoDTP, however primary ZnDTP becomes inferior in scuffing resistance to secondary ZnDTP. Specifically the mixed additive of MoDTC and primary ZnDTP improves the lubrication in both respects of the friction and the anti-scuffing.

Lastly, the oil supply from cam surface oil-hole is an effective means of improving the lubrication. The effect becomes largest when the oil-hole is arranged between the flank and shoulder of the cam-lobe corresponding to the valve opening.     

Effects of prebuckling deformations on the elastic flexural-torsional buckling of laterally fixed arches

The effect of the prebuckling in-plane deformations on the elastic flexural-torsional buckling of laterally fixed circular arches is studied in this paper. The finite strains and the energy equation for the flexural-torsional buckling of arches have been derived based on an accurate orthogonal rotation matrix. A closed form solution for the elastic flexural-torsional buckling resistance of laterally fixed arches in uniform bending, including the effects of the prebuckling deformations, is obtained. It is found that the notion that the prebuckling deformations increase the flexural-torsional buckling moment of an arch or of a beam is not necessarily correct for a laterally fixed arch or beam in uniform bending, in deference to a laterally pinned arch. When a laterally fixed arch is subjected to positive uniform bending, the effects of the prebuckling deformations decrease the buckling moment, and the reduction of the buckling moment increases with an increase of the included angle and of the out-of-plane slenderness ratio of the arch. When a laterally fixed arch is subjected to negative uniform bending, the effects of the prebuckling deformations decrease the absolute value of its buckling moment when the included angle is very small, but increase the absolute value of the buckling moment when the included angle exceeds a certain value. The increase in the absolute value of the buckling moment increases with an increase of the included angle and of the out-of-plane slenderness ratio of the arch. When the ratio of the out-of-plane to the in-plane second moments of area of the cross-section is not small, both the reduction of the buckling moment of a laterally fixed arch in positive uniform bending and the increase of the buckling moment of a laterally fixed arch in negative uniform bending, are substantial.     

基于FPGA的FTIR光谱仪采集系统的设计

为了满足人们对于食品药品安全检测快速便携的需要,团队设计一种高速便携,延时低、精度高的新型FTIR光谱仪。光谱采集系统分为上位机和下位机2部分,系统的上位机软件设计是采用跨平台的C++图形用户界面应用程序,该框架(QT Creator)是由编程实现的,下位机的光电部分采用了MEMS微镜使仪器小型化,而下位机采集部分控制主板使用了ZYBO。使用了DAC驱动动镜移动以及ADC用于参考光和样本光数据的同步采集,进而利用多个串口实现了与上位机的完成指令控制以及采集数据传输。低波特率串口用于接收上位机控制指令。2个高波特率串口发送FIFO缓存的光谱数据。经试验验证采集系统的ADC、DAC及UART的时序控制满足了高速高效的需求。但是在便携上可进一步提高,下一步考虑通过利用Linux将上位机部分移植ZYBO内。采集控制设计完全使用了verilog代码进行了仿真与实测,发挥了FPGA的灵活特性,利用例化法提高了采集速率。