一种高W单晶镍基合金的组织演化与蠕变行为

通过蠕变曲线测定及组织形貌观察,研究了一种9％W单晶镍基合金的组织演化与蠕变行为.结果表明,当在1040℃施加应力大于160MPa时,合金表现出明显的施加应力敏感性,在试验的温度范围内,合金具有较低的应变速率和较长的蠕变寿命,测定出合金的表观蠕变激活能为465kJ/mol.在蠕变初期,合金中γ'相沿垂直于应力轴方向,转变成N-型筏状结构,在稳态蠕变期间合金的变形机制是位错攀移越过筏状γ'相,而蠕变后期合金的变形机制是位错剪切进入筏状γ'相.蠕变断裂后,在试样不同区域筏状γ'相具有不同的形貌,在远离断口区域,筏状γ'相与应力轴方向垂直,而在近断口区域筏状γ'相尺寸及扭曲程度增加的原因是承受的应力及变形程度增大所致.     

一种含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru的单晶镍基合金的高温蠕变行为

通过对含4.5%Re/3.0%Ru单晶镍基合金进行高温蠕变性能测试,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)对不同蠕变期间的试样进行组织形貌观察,研究了该合金的高温蠕变行为。结果表明,本实验所选用的单晶合金在高温蠕变期间具有良好的蠕变抗力,在1040℃/160MPa的蠕变寿命达到725h。高温蠕变初期,合金中γ′相沿垂直于应力轴方向转变成筏状结构,其稳态蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相。高温蠕变后期,合金的变形机制是位错在基体中滑移和剪切筏状γ′相。位错的交替滑移使筏形γ′相扭曲,并在γ/γ′两相界面发生裂纹的萌生与扩展直至断裂,是合金在高温蠕变后期的断裂机制。     

[110]取向DD3镍基单晶合金的组织结构及蠕变行为

通过蠕变曲线的测定及微观组织观察,研究了[110]取向镍基单晶合金的组织结构与蠕变行为。结果表明,经完全热处理后,合金中立方γ′相沿〈100〉取向规则排列;蠕变期间合金中形成筏状γ′相的取向与应力轴方向成45°角,蠕变后期在近断口区域筏状γ′相发生扭折。在1040℃、137MPa条件下,合金在稳态蠕变期间具有较高的应变速率和较短的蠕变寿命,而蠕变期间的变形特征是位错在γ基体通道中滑移和剪切筏状γ′相;其中,γ′相形成筏状结构后,沿与应力轴成45°角的基体通道承受最大剪切应力,使蠕变位错易于在基体通道中滑移,是使合金具有较大应变速率的主要原因。     

一种4.5%Re镍基单晶合金在980℃蠕变期间的变形与损伤机制

通过蠕变性能测试和组织形貌观察,研究了一种Re含量为4.5%Re(质量分数,下同)的镍基单晶合金的高温蠕变行为、变形和损伤机制。结果表明,4.5%Re合金在980℃/300MPa的蠕变寿命为169h。蠕变初期,合金中立方γ′相转变为垂直于应力轴的N型筏状结构。稳态蠕变期间,合金的变形机制为位错在基体中滑移和攀移越过筏状γ′相。蠕变后期,合金的变形机制为位错在基体中滑移和剪切进入筏状γ′相。由于γ基体通道较窄,位错在基体通道中滑移所需的阻力较大。剪切进入γ′相的110超位错可由{111}面交滑移至{100}面,形成K-W锁,从而抑制位错的滑移和交滑移,这是合金具有较好蠕变抗力的主要原因。主/次滑移位错的交替开动,可致使筏状γ′相扭曲,并促使裂纹在筏状γ/γ′两相界面萌生;裂纹沿垂直于应力轴方向扩展,直至断裂,这是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

一种含Re单晶镍基合金的蠕变行为

通过组织形貌观察及蠕变曲线测定,研究了一种含Re镍基单晶合金的高温蠕变行为.结果表明,4.2％Re单晶合金在1060～1100℃温度区间具有较好的承温能力,但表现出较强的施加应力敏感性.经高温蠕变断裂后,在试样不同区域γ'相具有不同的组织形貌,在远离断口区域γ'相形成的筏状组织与施加应力轴方向垂直,而在近断口区域,筏状γ'相的粗化及扭曲程度增加为该区域发生较大塑性变形所致.在蠕变后期,合金的变形机制是迹线方向为[011]和[011]的滑移位错切入筏状γ'相,主次滑移系交替开动,使筏状γ '相发生扭折形成不规则的扭曲形态,直至发生断裂是合金的蠕变断裂机制.     

一种含Re/Ru镍基单晶合金的蠕变行为及其机理

针对含Re/Ru单晶合金共晶组织中的高熔点元素和高推重比发动机材料的高承温能力等问题,研究了固溶温度和组织演化对其高温蠕变行为的影响。结果表明,在1328℃固溶处理的合金中仍存在粒状残余共晶,在1332℃固溶处理可将其消除,使合金在1100℃/140 MPa的蠕变寿命由321 h延长到476 h。在蠕变初期的合金中γ′相转变为N-型筏状组织,在蠕变后期位错剪切进入γ′相形成的位错锁,可抑制位错运动,使合金的蠕变抗力提高。但是高应变速率下位错的交替滑移使筏状γ′相扭折和形成亚晶,可降低合金的蠕变抗力,特别是筏状γ′相转变成“类块状”形态的逆向组织演化提高了应变速率,是合金高温蠕变较后期间的变形和损伤特征。其中,合金在1140℃寿命的大幅度降低,归因于γ′相的溶解使其尺寸减小和体积分数降低。     

一种单晶镍基合金蠕变期间位错网的形成与作用

对「００１」取向单晶镍基合金的恒温拉伸蠕变组织形貌的ＴＥＭ观察表明，蠕变初期，基体γ相八面体滑系中两组１／２〈１１０〉位错运动至同一晶面相遇，发生反应形成三维节点的位错网络；稳态期间，其体中运动位错可通过界面位错网攀移过筱状γ’相；蠕变形变的特征是运动位错在位错网损坏处切处筏状γ’相内。     

Ni基单晶高温合金的强化特点

本文研究一种在热腐蚀环境下工作的 Ni 基单晶高温合金错配度以及γ′筏状形成与性能的关系;通过蠕变和持久试验,研究合金的变形组织和强化特点。在变形过程中,基体运动位错遇γ′相受阻而在γ′相表面形成位错网络,这种位错结构在变形中形成了新的强化机制,提高了合金的蠕变抗力。     

单晶镍基合金高温蠕变期间的组织结构及演化

通过测定［００１］取向单晶镍基合金的蠕变曲线，结合ＳＥＭ、ＴＥＭ观察表明，合金中组织结构的变化对蠕变抗力有明显影响。蠕变Ⅰ、Ⅱ阶段，蠕变的微观机制是位错的攀移；蠕变第三阶段，位错大量切入筏状γ相中，降低了合金的蠕变抗力，发现交替滑移使筏状γ相扭曲，致使γ／γ两相界面产生空穴或微裂纹，是蠕变断裂的直接原因。     

TLP连接对一种镍基单晶高温合金高温蠕变变形组织的影响EI北大核心

采用Ni-Cr-B非晶中间层瞬态液相连接(Transient Liquid Phase bonding,TLP bonding)了一种镍基单晶高温合金DD98。着重研究了1010℃/248MPa和982℃/248MPa条件下,蠕变变形过程中TLP接头与母材样品的显微组织变化,并分析了二者之间差别的产生原因。实验结果表明,在两种蠕变条件下,接头与母材的蠕变寿命相当,但接头的蠕变塑性低于母材。高温蠕变变形后,接头与母材的立方体γ′相均已形筏,但二者的筏型形貌存在明显差别。接头样品纵截面上γ′相筏型形貌基本相同,没有发生明显粗化;母材样品纵截面上筏型形貌变化明显,距离断口越近,筏型厚度越大,在断口附近,筏型的γ′相不再与应力轴垂直,发生了倾斜。二者组织不同的原因是接头与母材蠕变变形能力不同,接头的塑性变形量小,筏型γ′相粗化不明显。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.