影响风电场电能质量的因素研究

风电场并网时产生的电压波动和闪变、电压偏差以及谐波,直接影响电网运行的稳定性。本文以某风电场为例,探讨以上影响风电场电能质量的因素。通过对相关因素的阐述、计算及分析,结合国家标准规范,明确电场电能质量的分析评估方法。结果表明,风电并网前需进行电能质量评估,对相关参数进行详细计算,其结果必须满足国标要求,才可实现电网稳定运行。     

风电场并网对电力系统稳定性影响

稳定性是影响大电网区域互联的关键性因素。随着风电场规模的不断扩大,其接入电网会对电力系统的稳定性带来一定影响。介绍了风力发电系统建模方法及风力发电机模型,分析了风电场并网对电力系统无功电压、潮流分布、电能质量、系统短路容量、调峰调频等方面的影响,并对电力发电技术发展新动向作了展望。     

混合三端直流输电系统应用于风电场并网的研究

电压源型换流器的高压直流输电系统在风电场并网中可以提高其电能质量,但两端均为电压源型变换器换流器,其建设成本高。文章基于电流源型换流器的传统两端双极直流输电基础上,在直流端并联一电压源型整流器,构成混合三端双极直流输电系统,将电压源型整流器用于实现风电场并网。在仿真程序PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建该三端系统模型,并用一双馈感应风力发电机等效风电场出力,仿真结果表明,该混合三端双极直流输电系统可以实现风电场的并网,对风速变化响应特性好,可保证风电场出力的电能质量。     

基于前馈电压与Crowbar协调的直驱型风电系统 低电压穿越控制策略研究

摘要： 当电网电压下降或短暂波动时,为了避免风机与电网断开,给电网带来干扰,影响电能质量,要求风电场具备低电压穿越能力。文章对直驱型风电系统低电压穿越技术进行了研究,提出了一种基于电网电压信息前馈与Crowbar电路协调的控制方法。该方法将硬件卸荷的思想和改进的控制策略相结合,两者协调共同维持直流母线电压稳定。基于Matlab/Simulink的仿真结果表明,该方法在电网电压跌落期间既可提高直流母线电压的稳定性和动态调节能力,又能降低发电机侧输出功率,并且减少了Crowbar电路的作用时间,有效地提高了机组的低电压穿越能力。     

风力发电并网后需要关注的主要问题

电能质量 根据国家标准,对电能质量的要求有5个方面：电网高次谐波、电压闪变与电压波动、三相电压及电流不平衡、电压偏差、频率偏差。风电机组对电网产生影响的主要有高次谐波和电压闪变与电压波动。     

大型风电场运行的特点及并网运行的问题

随着国家能源结构的调整,并网运行的风电规模迅速增加,大规模风电集中并网相应安全问题如何评估和解决,是风电发展过程中急需解决的问题。文章分析了大规模风电场集中接入后对电网调频能力、无功电压控制、电能质量等方面的影响,并提出相应的对策建议。     

电网稳定性

在风电领域,经常遇到的一个的难题是：薄弱的电网短路容量、电网电压的波动和风力发电机的频繁掉线。尤其是越来越多的大型风电机组并网后,对电网的影响更大。在过去的20年间,风电场的主要特点是采用感应发电机,装机规模较小,与配电网直接相连,对系统的影响主要表现为电能质量。随着电力电子技术的发展,大量新型大容量风力发电机组开始投入运行,     

风电场无功补偿装置的优化配置分析

正大规模风电场并入电网将对电力系统的安全性及稳定性造成较大的影响。其中,风电场公共连接点(PCC,Point of Common Coupling)区域的电压质量下降问题尤为突出。由于风电场并网后,系统无功潮流将发生变化,系统电压也会受到相应的影响。     

大规模风电对电力系统的影响和应对策略

综述了大规模风电接入电网对电力系统带来的影响。阐述了当前风力发电的特点和与风电相关的无功电压问题、暂态稳定性问题、频率问题、电能质量问题。针对不同问题总结了可行的解决方法和研究热点。论述了风力发电2个重要的研究方向：风电场综合控制技术和风电功率预测技术。     

电网电压不对称故障下DVR在风电场中的应用

针对180 MW的风电场在电网电压不对称故障下,对整个风电场群组各电气量造成的影响,提出了将三、单相动态电压恢复器(DVR)串联在风电场35 k V等级上的解决方案。对电网电压不对称时DFIG数学模型的暂态特性进行了理论分析,并且利用DVR对风电场35 k V出口电压进行补偿,可使风电场群组的定子电压、转子电流和直流侧电压恢复至正常状态。采用正弦幅值积分器(SAI)作为电网电压的检测电路为DVR提供触发信号。在MATLAB/Simulink中建立了风电场和DVR仿真模型,仿真结果表明,在电网电压不对称故障时,投入DVR可以有效提升风电场不脱网运行能力。     

Applying power quality characteristics of wind turbines for assessing impact on voltage quality

Injection of wind power into an electric grid affects the voltage quality. As the voltage quality must be within certain limits to comply with utility requirements, the effect should be assessed prior to installation. To assess the effect, knowledge about the electrical characteristics of the wind turbines is needed or else the result could easily be an inappropriate design of the grid connection. The electrical characteristics of wind turbines are manufacturer‐specific but not site‐specific. This means that, having the actual parameter values for a specific wind turbine, the expected impact of the wind turbine type on voltage quality when deployed at a specific site, possibly as a group of wind turbines, can be calculated. The methodology for this is explained and illustrated by case studies considering a 5 × 750 kW wind farm on a 22 kV distribution feeder. The detailed analysis suggests that the wind farm capacity can be operated at the grid without causing unacceptable voltage quality. For comparison, a simplified design criterion is considered assuming that the wind farm is only allowed to cause a voltage increment of 1%. According to this criterion, only a very limited wind power capacity would be allowed. Measurements confirm, however, the suggestion of the detailed analysis, and it is concluded that a simplified design criterion such as the ‘1% rule’ should not be used for dimensioning the grid connection of wind farms. Rather, this article suggests a systematic approach including assessment of slow voltage variations, flicker, voltage dips and harmonics, possibly supported by more detailed analyses, e.g. system stability if the wind farm is large or the grid is very weak, and impact on grid frequency in systems where wind power covers a high fraction of the load, i.e. most relevant for isolated systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Power quality impact of a sea located hybrid wind park

The power quality impact of a 2.5 MW wind park has been measured and analyzed. The turbines in the park operate at variable speed at low wind speeds and at fixed speed at higher wind speeds. The harmonic current injection is low and the calculated flicker contribution is seldom above 0.25. The wind park also has the potential to maintain the voltage on the supplying grid below a certain limit, in this case 11 kV     

风电并网的静态电压稳定性研究

应用P-V曲线法对含风电场（基于变速恒频机组构成）的电力系统的静态电压稳定问题进行研究。提出基于连续潮流法的灵敏度指标来分析风电场并网后系统的静态电压稳定裕度及与相关支路的参与程度情况。通过含有变速恒频机组的风电场并网的简化模型算例进行了仿真研究,结果表明在电压稳定极限点附近,风电功率注入使得风电场及其附近节点成为电压不稳定的关键区域。     

Flicker contribution from wind turbine installations

In this paper, the flicker emission from a wind park connected to a grid with a high wind energy penetration is evaluated. The influence of wind speed, turbulence intensity, grid voltage quality, grid types, and number of turbines operating in the same group is measured and analyzed. The investigated wind turbines are of constant-speed stall-regulated type. It is found that the voltage quality of the grid to which the turbines are connected strongly influences the flicker emission of the turbines. Moreover, it is found that the formula used in IEC-61400-21 for determining the flicker contribution from a whole wind park gives too low total flicker value.     

风机并网对电能质量影响因子研究

为了给电网控制策略提供可靠的参考依据,对电网在接入风机后电能质量的变化进行了详尽的分析。风机作为电源同时也作为非线性负载接入配电网中使得电能质量的分析更加复杂。首先对国标中着重介绍的稳态电能质量：电压偏差,三相不平衡度,谐波以及电压波动进行理论介绍,然后在Matlab／Simulink上建立了配电系统与风机并网的模型,得到风机对电能质量不同方面的影响程度,最后采用先进电力电子设备为平稳电压电流输出提供一定的方法,并进行验证。研究结果表明,电力谐波和电压波动闪变是风机对电网的最主要的影响因素。     

采用异步电机的风电场并网运行系统短路故障对电网稳定性影响的仿真分析

短路故障是电网经常遇到故障。含风力发电系统的电网发生短路故障时,电网电压降低,这时如果不采取措施,风电场仍然从电网吸收无功,则会导致电网电压继续降低。采用风力发电系统的数学模型,分析了电网发生短路故障,比较了不采取保护和采取保护后发电机功角,电压以及频率的变化,采用PSASP仿真说明了采用减小风电场功率输入的方法可以使系统达到稳定。     

基于电压稳定与限值的风/储系统容量配置

通过研究区域配网P-V曲线,分析系统电压稳定的临界指标,结合电压限值提出具有不同优先等级的电网最大可接纳风电并网容量三层判据,定量的分析其与区域电网最大接入风电能力的关联关系,确定电网最大可接入风电容量及相应满足判据的情况。在遵循电压三层判据的优先级之下,计算储能系统对提高区域电网接纳风电能力下的大致接入容量,并在此基础上,依据特定的电压裕度需求,细化储能系统容量计算,得到所需的最小储能系统接入容量,充分利用其最大可用容量。     

Wind farms connected to weak grids in India

This article describes the mutual influence between the wind turbines and the power quality in the Indian power systems. The Indian power systems are weak in general and the wind energy development has been very fast and concentrated in a few rural areas where the existing transmission and distribution grids are very weak. Therefore the mutual influence between wind turbines and power quality is particularly strong in India. The wind farms influence power quality aspects such as steady state voltage, power factor, flicker and harmonic and interharmonic distortion. The power quality of the grid influences the power performance and safety of the wind turbines and the lifetime of mechanical and electrical components. The findings presented are general for wind farms connected to weak grids, but the Indian case is pronounced concerning weakness of grid as well as wind energy penetration level. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.