我国城市贫困群体解析

城市存在贫困群体是我国面临和必须正视的一个现实而又重大的社会问题、政治问题，必须清醒地看到我国城市贫困群体的现状及城市反贫困的长期性和艰巨性；必须确立与国债相适应的城市反贫困战略和反贫困对策。     

马克思反贫困思想及其对我国当代反贫困事业的价值

马克思以无产阶级立场和唯物史观方法为支撑,深入分析了资本主义私有制下的无产阶级这一群体的贫困问题,深入阐释了消除贫困的科学社会主义道路。与马克思时代相比,我国现阶段在贫困成因甚至贫困群体上都发生了重大变化,但马克思反贫困思想在生产力和生产关系反贫困路径上仍为我国的反贫困事业提供了重要价值。在中国特色社会主义新时代,马克思反贫困思想得以创新性贯彻:实施精准脱贫方略,打赢脱贫攻坚战,农村贫困人口到2020年全部摆脱绝对贫困。在2020年之后,建立解决相对贫困的长效机制,进一步迈向共同富裕。     

西藏农村的贫困问题探析

西藏作为"特殊的集中连片贫困地区",贫困现状与反贫困措施具有典型性,值得探讨。本文阐述了贫困的定义和贫困标准等理论性问题,从贫困人口和贫困发生率方面阐述西藏农村的贫困状况改善情况;并通过将西藏农牧民人均纯收入与本地区城镇居民、全国农村平均水平进行对比分析,说明了西藏农村的相对贫困状况。在此基础上,对西藏农村的反贫困对策提出了一些建议。     

社会空间重构背景下的贫困空间固化研究

伴随着中国城市社会空间分异重构的过程,各类型人群在不同地域聚居的格局业已形成.户籍贫困人口,失地农民和流动贫困人口因为迁居能力有限,有被固化在既有居住地域和新贫困空间上的趋势.其结果是加剧城市居住空间分异.群体隔离和内卷化,最终导致贫困社区衰退地域的不利影响凸显.本文建议制定,实施反贫困的地域政策,在更大程度上发挥城市规划和城市地理学的社会影响力.     

农村发展是解决全球贫困的关键——来自国际农业发展基金会的观察报告

当今国际上的城市化趋势已经使得许多国家政府与捐助人把其减少贫困的工作转向了世界的新兴城市。现如今，虽然城市确实已经成为了世界正在兴起的一部分贫困人口的家园，但是贫穷问题仍旧遍及广大发展中国家的农村地区，比城市更为普遍。不仅如此，由于农村地区的贫困问题引发了大量涌向城市的移民，农村贫困也刺激并加剧了城市的贫穷。因此，除非我们共同努力解决农村的贫困问题，否则就不可能降低整体的贫困水平，也无法达到我们为减少全球贫困所设定的目标。     

城市“贫困聚居”现象分析及其对策探讨——以北京市为例

以北京市为例,通过对城市贫困聚居的定义、现状类型、形成原因、空间分布、形态模式、社会影响以及发展趋势的归纳分析,指出城市贫困聚居是在我国城市经济高速运转的过程中,各种客观和主观因素综合导致的部分贫困人口聚居现象,由此引发了一系列社会问题。城市规划界应该深刻理解城市规划的公共政策涵义,广泛结合社会体制、机制以及政策层面的措施,以探讨更加有效的解决途径。     

国外城市贫困问题研究

当前我国的城市贫困问题日益突出，但城市地理学者对这一社会问题的研究很少，且研究深度不够。旨在从城市贫困的含义和界定、城市贫困的特征、城市贫困产生的背景、产生原因及其应对措施等方面，对国城市贫困问题的研究做系统综述，较全面的介绍国外城市贫困问题的研究概况，以引起我国城市地理学者对这一问题的关注。     

现代性视角下的中国西部民族地区贫困化的社会问题探究

贫困已经成为一个引起世界各国的普遍关注和高度重视的全球性普遍问题。在我国现代化转型过程中,与贫困有关的问题更是层出不迭,尤其是在西部民族地区的广大农村,贫困问题的解决与否关乎我国现代化和全面小康社会目标的可否实现。本文试从现代性的角度来分析、探索当前我国西部民族地区贫困化的社会问题,以期对西部民族地区的广大农村贫困群体新生的相对贫困、生态贫困等进行探讨,从根本上消除贫困,从而实现全面的社会主义现代化建设,构建社会主义和谐社会。     

中国城市贫困问题的国际研究新进展

近来,诸多海外学者对中国的城市贫困问题日益关注。基于一系列全国范围内的大型城市家庭户调查数据,学者们对城市贫困的发生率、分布和区域差异进行了详尽研究。研究表明,社会底层的人口很少从市场经济改革中获益。反之,福利制度的改革和社会服务的商品化使得这些人口承受更高的经济压力,因而更容易陷入贫困危机。目前,下岗失业人员和进城农民工已成为中国城市新贫困的两个主要群体。同时,中国城市出现了三种类型的贫困邻里：老城区衰败邻里、衰落的单位大院、城中村。一些国外学者基于小型的社会调查和个案研究分别对这些贫困群体和贫困邻里进行了具体研究,对深入了解和探讨中国城市贫困的现状、成因、后果及对策作出了重要贡献。本文将对这些研究按照不同的主题进行评述,具体包括家庭户调查和贫困研究、下岗失业人员贫困研究、农民工贫困研究、贫困人口住房研究、制度变迁与贫困成因探讨等。最后,本文对这些研究进行总结,并探讨其未来的主要研究方向。     

中国城市贫困问题的国际研究新进展

近来,诸多海外学者对中国的城市贫困问题日益关注.基于一系列全国范围内的大型城市家庭户调查数据,学者们对城市贫困的发生率、分布和区域差异进行了详尽研究.研究表明,社会底层的人口很少从市场经济改革中获益.反之,福利制度的改革和社会服务的商品化使得这些人口承受更高的经济压力,因而更容易陷入贫困危机.目前,下岗失业人员和进域农民工已成为中国城市新贫困的两个主要群体.同时,中国城市出现了三种类型的贫困邻里:老城区衰败邻里、衰落的单位大院、城中村.一些国外学者基于小型的社会调查和个案研究分别对这些贫困群体和贫困邻里进行了具体研究,对深入了解和探讨中国城市贫困的现状、成因、后果及对策作出了重要贡献.本文将对这些研究按照不同的主题进行评述,具体包括家庭户调查和贫困研究、下岗失业人员贫困研究、农民工贫困研究、贫困人口住房研究、制度变迁与贫困成因探讨等.最后,本文对这些研究进行总结,并探讨其未来的主要研究方向.     

从城市规划角度看消除贫穷

从城市规划和消除贫穷问题展开初步讨论,对城市规划未来的新思维及方向提出建议。文章概述了城市规划专业的历史因由、其为公共政策手段及其和城市问题的渊源,讨论近数十年来城市规划理念及方法的进化,及近年针对城市贫穷问题的新发展,再进一步提出新角度去改进当前城市规划思维、手段及过程,以供城市规划决策者作进一步参考和探讨。     

The impact of fuel poverty upon self-reported health status among the low-income population in Europe

Abstract

This article examines the relationship between fuel poverty and poor health among the population in the two lower income quintiles in Europe using the 2012 EU-SILC dataset. Results confirm that fuel poverty is a key determinant of health among the low-income population: the probability of being fuel poor is substantially higher among the low-income population; fuel poverty among the low-income population is a prevalent problem across European countries, particularly in southern and transition countries, and among renters; the low-income population in fuel poverty is more likely to report poor health than the whole low-income population; and the low-income population in severe fuel poverty has a higher likelihood of reporting poor health than the whole fuel poor low-income population. In addition, variations between countries in prevalence ratios of poor health by fuel poverty indicator and housing tenure suggest that there are different types of fuel poverty in terms of health-related outcomes.     

Urbanisation,Poverty and Subjective Well-Being: Empirical Evidence from Thailand

This article uses multivariate analyses to investigate whether urban settings have effects on four well-being measures, namely, life satisfaction, happiness level, mental score and illness in the previous month. The results show that after controlling for individual socio-economic factors, urban settings still have negative effects on life satisfaction while urban settings have no statistically significant effects on happiness level, mental score and the likelihood of being ill. In addition, the article suggests that being poor has statistically significant negative effects on all of the four measures of well-being, with stronger effects of poverty in rural settings. The article also suggests that individual factors may serve as moderators of urban–rural poverty differences as some of the effects of urban settings disappear after controlling for individual socio-economic backgrounds.     

Pro-poorness of planning policies in Bangladesh: the case of Khulna city

The numbers of urban poor are increasing in the cities of Bangladesh. Formal urban planning approaches derived from experience in the global North have largely failed to tackle the consequent poverty challenges in the global South. This study provides new policy directions for pro-poor planning in Bangladesh through a case study of Khulna city. The study analyses secondary data on urban poverty in the city and interviews representatives of the urban poor, politicians, city administrators, academics, and planning professionals to gain a deeper and more nuanced understanding about the pro-poorness of current planning policies. The Khulna case reveals a continued poverty crisis in Bangladeshi cities, manifested by the limited access to income opportunities for the poor, lack of access to decent housing and urban services for the poor and spatial exclusion of the poverty-stricken areas in cities. Existing planning policies in the city fail to tackle poverty issues. Thus, to be pro-poor, planning policies should limit the over-emphasis on economic growth, and explicitly focus upon addressing the needs of the poor rather than over-concentrating on citywide demands. At the same time, planning practice should emphasize the needs of the poor and recognize the contribution of the informal economic and housing sectors.     

从衰败到再生:城市社区衰退的理论思考

我国自改革开放以来,随着社会极化的加剧,城市贫困群体开始涌现,城市贫困空间逐步形成。为了加深对这一现象的理解,本文通过引入城市"社区衰退"这一概念,把城市贫困空间植入一个动态的过程之中进行研究。首先,对城市社区衰退现象加以界定,指出社区衰退与贫困空间及城市再生之间的联系;进而,结合国内的相关研究成果,揭示中国当前的城市社区衰退的现状;最后,对国外有关社区衰退的理论成果展开评析和综合,并以此为基础,提出一个城市社区衰退的解释模型,试图为开展中国的城市社区衰退和城市再生研究奠定理论基础。     

Curitiba

The city of Curitiba, Brazil, has gained international acclaim for its planning initiatives. This profile addresses the successes achieved by urban planning and the challenges of growth and development in Curitiba. A historical account of Curitiba’s planning and development is presented. A discussion of urban and regional development follows, establishing the relationship between the city itself and the areas surrounding it. Three issues are discussed in detail: urban poverty, housing and transportation. A critical review of these topics is offered, along with the current conditions and hopes for each one of them, and for the city as a whole.     

Growing Out of Poverty: Does Urban Agriculture Contribute to Household Food Security in Southern African Cities?

The literature on urban agriculture (UA) as a food security and poverty alleviation strategy is bifurcating into two distinct positions. The first is that UA is a viable and effective pro-poor development strategy, and the second is that UA has demonstrated limited positive outcomes on either food security or poverty. These two positions are tested against data generated by the African Urban Food Security Network’s (AFSUN) baseline food security survey undertaken in 11 Southern African cities. At the aggregate level, the analysis shows that (1) urban context is an important predictor of rates of household engagement in UA—the economic, political, and historical circumstances and conditions of a city are key factors that either promote or hinder UA activity and scale; (2) UA is not an effective household food security strategy for poor urban households—the analysis found few significant relationships between UA participation and food security; and (3) household levels of earnings and land holdings may mediate UA impacts on food security—wealthier households derive greater net food security benefits from UA than poor households do. These findings call into question the potential benefits of UA as a broad urban development strategy and lend support to the position that UA has limited poverty alleviation benefits under current modes of practice and regulation.