混流式水轮机上冠空腔结构内部流场及单向流固耦合分析

为研究上冠空腔结构对混流式水轮机水力性能与结构特性的影响,建立了不含上冠空腔结构（No UpperCrown Cavity Structure,NUCCS）和含上冠空腔结构（Upper Crown Cavity Structure,UCCS）的两种混流式水轮机全流道几何模型,基于SST湍流模型、顺序耦合法、预应力模态分析,对NUCCS与UCCS的两种混流式水轮机展开数值模拟和单向瞬态流固耦合计算,发现泄水锥处上冠空腔结构可减少转轮内部二次流动损失。在0.8Q_d、Q_d和1.2Q_d的3种流量工况点,分别对混流式水轮机展开瞬态流固耦合计算,对比研究转轮结构的应力应变特性。研究发现含UCCS时,转轮等效应力和变形量均有减小。在小流量0.8Q_d工况点,转轮结构等效应力及应变较小,其最大变形点位于下环附近。在设计流量Q_d和大流量1.2Q_d工况点,转轮等效应力及应变较大,其最大变形点位于上冠附近。在NUCCS与UCCS的转轮进行预应力模态分析时,发现上冠空腔结构对转轮的模态影响很小。本文研究内容可为提升混流式水轮机设计水平提供一定参考依据。     

基于温度信息和历史阈值的蒸散发预报及修正

蒸散发（ET_c）是陆面和大气之间物质与能量交换的关键要素,其精准预报对于制定合理的灌溉计划和提高水分利用效率至关重要。本文以华北平原冬小麦和夏玉米为研究对象,在作物充分供水条件下,重点考虑了温度对作物生长的影响,发展了基于温度效应的作物系数（K_c）和参考作物蒸散发（ET_o）估算模型,构建了ET_c预报模型（简称：M_T）;考虑极端天气情况的不确定性影响,通过构建历史阈值修正函数进一步发展了M_T模型,形成了M_T-threshold模型,并以涡度相关法实测值为依据,验证了M_T-threshold模型在1~15 d预见期的适用性。结果表明：基于温度效应的K_c预报值与实测值拟合效果较好,1~15 d预见期内具有较好的适用性;率定后Hargreaves-Samani模型的ET_o估算效果较好,1~15 d预见期的预报准确率均在72%以上,且冬小麦生长季的预报效果优于夏玉米生长季;M_T模型在1~7 d预见期具有较好的适用性（预报准确率>83%）;M_T-threshold模型在1~15 d预见期的预报效果有明显提升,1~7 d预见期的预报精度提高2%以上,预报精度均在86%以上;8~15 d预见期预报准确率提高8%以上,预报精度均在80%以上。因此,基于温度预报信息及作物生长历史阈值能够较好的实现ET_c短中期预报。     

2000—2020年黄河下游河岸带生态系统服务价值与碳储分析

为了促进黄河下游生态脆弱河岸带土地资源的合理配置,助力河岸带生态可持续发展,采用野外调查、ArcGIS、InVEST模型、当量因子法等方法,通过分析2000—2020年黄河下游河岸带土地利用动态变化,揭示其生态系统服务总价值（ESV）和碳储量（C_t）的变化。结果表明：2000—2020年黄河下游河岸带湿地和建设用地面积持续增加,湿地主要来源于耕地和水域,建设用地主要来源于耕地;耕地和建设用地面积占比随着距河道距离的增大而增大,而草地面积占比随着距河道距离的增大而减小,林地面积占比随河道距离变化不明显,2000—2010年湿地面积占比随河道距离减少,而2010—2020年远岸湿地增加,且主要位于距河道200~500 m区间。2000—2020年,黄河下游河岸带ESV呈先增加后减少的变化趋势。其中,水域对ESV的贡献率最大,湿地次之,耕地、林地和草地的贡献率低,且不稳定。2000—2020年,黄河下游河岸带碳储量逐渐提高,湿地碳储量逐渐上升,然而林地、草地和水域碳汇能力则先增加后降低。水沙状况、人类活动以及国家政策是影响黄河下游河岸带生态系统服务价值与碳储量的重要因素。为减缓黄河下游人为调水调沙引发的河岸带生态功能减退,亟待提升湿地质量,适当退耕还林、还草和还水,以提高河岸带生态系统的服务价值和碳储量。     

水库运行对下游河岸潜流带水位-温度影响研究

选取浙江省新安江大坝下游尾水至富春江水库某一河段作为试验场地,实时监测同一河流剖面的河道水位、温度以及河岸水位与温度分布。通过分析侧向潜流交换流量,定量描述侧向潜流交换的空间非均质性和动态特征,刻画河岸潜流带与河道水体水位、温度之间的响应关系。结果表明:本次试验剖面上的侧向潜流交换流量变化范围为-8.36~3.87 m2/s,监测时间段内单位长度上的潜流交换量可达2.49 m2;河岸带侧向潜流区同一剖面不同观测井处的潜流流量呈线性相关,且离河道越远,潜流区水位波动振幅消减越多,响应越滞后,潜流交换流量越小;受水库下泄水流影响,河道水温日波幅很小,河岸含水层具有显著的垂向温度分层。在垂直方向上,冬季浅层河岸温度较低,深层河岸温度较高,夏季则相反,同时浅层温度梯度较大,尤以地面以下0.8~1.7 m范围内温度梯度最大,深层温度梯度小;在水平方向上,离河道越远,受河道入渗水影响越小,温度越高。揭示了水库运行对下游河岸潜流带的影响规律,为河流潜流带生态影响评估提供参考。     

限制性航道中船行波传播特性的数值研究

基于完全非线性Boussinesq方程的开源程序包FUNWAVE-TVD建立了限制性航道中船行波运动的数值模型,重点分析了船舶在该类型航道中诱导生成的最大船首孤立波波高、最大船尾波波高以及最大近岸横向流速的时空分布规律。结果表明：模型能较好地捕捉船行波在限制性航道中的演化过程;根据回归分析得到了最大船首孤立波波高η_max与船舶吃水p、弗汝德数F_r的幂函数型经验关系;最大船尾波波高η_max及最大近岸横向流速u_ymax随船舶吃水p和弗汝德数F_r的不同呈分段式变化规律。研究结果可为限制性内河单线航道的设计以及通航要求提供参考。     

考虑地表反照率时域重建的海河流域蒸散发模拟研究

地表反照率（a_c）是计算辐射收支分配的重要参数,其精度对实现大尺度地表蒸散发（ET）的准确模拟有重要意义,在ET模拟中常用线性插值法来获取时间连续的a_c数据,但其a_c重建过程的机理性不足。本研究利用时域重建方法获取a_c的逐日数据,利用Penman-Monteith-Leuning（PML）模型对海河流域ET进行了模拟,并与传统的基于线性插值计算a_c的方法进行对比,分析了不同a_c输入对ET模拟结果的影响。结果表明：（1）采用时域重建方法得到的a_c进行ET模拟时,在海河流域与2008、2010及2018年4个涡度相关数据的相关系数均在0.53以上,相关性较好;（2）海河流域2018年的a_c呈现出北高南低的特征,同时夏季和冬季的高值区相对较小;（3）望都站的示例分析表明,与采用线性插值得到的a_c方案相比,对a_c进行时域重建后进一步降低了ET模拟值的均方根误差和偏离度,可为提高蒸散发精度提供借鉴。     

全因子试验设计的土坝变形参数全局敏感性分析

为更加细致地研究均质土坝变形参数的敏感性,以甘肃省某均质土坝为例,研究邓肯-张E-B模型参数及坝料密度对于大坝变形的全局敏感性。借助Plackett-Burman试验设计对均质土坝变形参数的显著性进行初步研究,筛选出明显显著的参数。以R_f、φ₀、ρ和Δφ 4个参数为因子,以大坝竖向位移、向下游水平位移和向上游水平位移为试验指标,建立两水平4因子的全因子试验设计(full factorial design of experiments),并对各因子进行主效应分析、交互效应分析和方差分析,绘制交互效应的等值线图和响应曲面图,得到影响均质土坝变形的显著参数及组合。研究表明：R_f、φ₀和ρ为对均质土坝变形最为显著的参数,而ρ×R_f、φ₀×R_f为均质土坝变形参数研究中不可忽略的二阶交互效应组合。     

降雨条件下边坡暂态饱和区形成条件与演化特征数值分析

为分析降雨入渗条件下边坡暂态饱和区形成条件与演化特征,开展不同坡度条件下边坡降雨入渗数值模拟计算,分析降雨条件下边坡暂态饱和区形成条件,研究降雨强度、饱和渗透系数、坡度等多因素对边坡暂态饱和区演化特征的影响。研究结果表明,降雨条件下边坡暂态饱和区的形成条件为：①降雨强度大于等于岩土体饱和渗透系数;②降雨入渗进入饱和状态土控制入渗阶段。降雨条件下,降雨入渗影响区、暂态饱和区均持续向下扩展;降雨停止后,地下水位线以上的岩土体孔隙水压力、体积含水气量持续降低,且地下水位线不断升高。降雨强度小于岩土体饱和渗透系数时,降雨入渗影响区扩展速率与降雨强度呈正相关;降雨强度大于等于岩土体饱和渗透系数时,降雨入渗影响区、暂态饱和区扩展速率受降雨强度影响较小。降雨期间,降雨入渗影响区、暂态饱和区扩展速率与饱和渗透系数随深度的变化率δ_kz呈正相关,孔隙水压力峰值与δ_kz呈负相关;降雨停止后,地下水位线、孔隙水压力峰值与δ_kz呈正相关。降雨初期,降雨入渗影响区面积、孔隙水压力峰值与坡度呈正相关;降雨后期及降雨停止后,降雨入渗影响区面积、暂态饱和区面积、地下水位线高度与坡度呈负相关。     

基于SUFI-2优化算法和SWAT模型的汾河流域月径流模拟

以黄河中游的汾河流域为研究区域,构建汾河流域SWAT分布式水文模型,采用SUFI-2优化算法进行参数敏感性分析、率定与不确定性分析,模拟了流域控制站河津水文站的月径流过程。结果表明:12个水文参数对径流的模拟均有不同程度的影响,对径流影响量最大的为土壤层有效含水量、其次为径流曲线数,影响最小的为主河道河床曼宁系数;率定期和验证期E_ns值均达到了0.80以上,相对误差R_e均小于20％,且确定性系数R²均大于0.85。汾河流域SWAT模型的月径流模拟效果较好,验证期较率定期落在不确定性区间的数量有所增加,表明验证期的径流模拟比率定期的径流模拟不确定性程度大。     

供水系统可靠性-回弹性-脆弱性与多元要素的响应关系研究

城市供水系统受来水、需水、水库调蓄等多种因素的交织耦合影响,其评价指标体系亦涉及多个层面,仅依靠供水保证率无法体现极端干旱事件在局部时段内所造成的不利影响。研究多种因素与评价指标之间的关联关系,可用于快速、有针对性地识别出最有效的供水保障措施。本文以实验样本生成-样本模拟-样本数据挖掘为主线,采用随机抽样生成大量供水系统实验分析样本,基于SOP调度规则进行样本模拟,利用多元弹性回归分析挖掘样本数据。以标准净入流m、库容系数β将实验样本分为4类,研究了不同类型供水系统中年径流变差系数C_V、需水率YI、库容系数β与系统可靠性、回弹性、脆弱性3类评价指标之间的普适性关联关系,定量比较了供水系统对多种影响因素变化的敏感程度。结果表明：（1）系统可靠性对3类影响因素变化的敏感程度呈现显著的边际效益递减规律,面向不同区域的来水-需水-库容特征,需要有针对性地选择不同的供水措施;（2）对于系统回弹性和脆弱性,不论何种类型的供水系统均与年径流变差系数C_V的关联性最强,需水率YI其次,受库容系数β的影响程度最小,为改善系统回弹性与脆弱性,应从跨流域调水、备用应急水源建设、非常规水利用等方面来进行系统设计;（3）水量较充沛且水库调蓄能力也较强的系统在一般枯水年往往不会缺水,容易被忽视,但在特枯或连续枯水年仍面临缺水风险。     

河流潜流带渗透系数变化研究进展

介绍了河流潜流带的含义,即是河水与地下水发生物质能量交换的区域,其水力联系和交换水量大小受河床沉积物渗透系数的影响。对近年来国内外学者对河床潜流带渗透系数变化进行了大量研究。由于特殊的环境与水文地质条件,潜流带渗透系数的大小不仅取决于沉积物孔隙大小和孔隙的连通性,而且与生物扰动、河流流水等作用紧密相关:洪水带来的细小颗粒引起河床表面沉积物孔隙淤塞,致使渗透系数减小,但在洪水退后,潜流带的水文交换和生物扰动能破坏淤塞层,从而引起反淤塞作用,造成河床渗透系数增大。因此,淤塞-反淤塞作用改变着河床的渗透性能。最后,指出存在的问题今后的研究方向。     

Influences of soil hydraulic and mechanical parameters on land subsidence and ground fissures caused bygroundwater exploitation简

In order to study the influences of hydraulic and mechanical parameters on land subsidence and ground fissure caused by groundwater exploitation,based on the Biot’s consolidation theory and combined with the nonlinear rheological theory of soil,the constitutive relation in Biot’s consolidation theory is extended to include the viscoelastic plasticity,and the dynamic relationship among the porosity,the hydraulic conductivity,the parameters of soil deformation and effective stress is also considered,a threedimensional full coupling mathematical model is established and applied to the study of land subsidence and ground fissures of Cangzhou in Hebei Province,through the analysis of parameter sensitivity,the influences of soil hydraulic and mechanical parameters on land subsidence and ground fissure are revealed.It is shown that the elastic modulus E,the Poisson ratio v,the specific yield u and the soil cohesion c have a great influence on the land subsidence and the ground fissures.In addition,the vertical hydraulic conductivity z k and the horizontal hydraulic conductivity s k also have a great influence on the land subsidence and the ground fissures.     

侧向潜流交换水动力过程及生态环境效应

鉴于侧岸潜流带中发生着强烈的生物地球化学作用,其独特而复杂的水动力特性对水生生态系统及生态环境有重要作用。通过分析总结前人对侧岸潜流带所做的研究,阐明了侧岸不同方向上潜流交换过程及其产生机制,分析了影响侧向潜流交换过程的主要因素(包括地形条件、沉积层特性、水文地质条件、河道工程、河岸植被条件),阐述了侧向潜流交换过程对溶质、颗粒和生态环境的影响。最后对侧向潜流交换今后的研究提出了一些建议。     

渭河下游垂向潜流通量动态特征研究

潜流交换控制着潜流带内水量的变化及各种物质(氧气、有机质)的滞留时间,对地下水的水量和水质变化具有重要的影响。精确计算潜流带内的潜流通量及其动态变化特征,对河流的综合治理及生态恢复具有十分重要的意义。采用热量运移解析模型求解潜流通量,利用温度示踪技术,重点研究潜流交换过程的空间非均质特征和动态变化特征;以渭河下游草滩段为研究区,进行河床浅层沉积物潜流通量的计算。结果表明:监测时段内研究区地下水流为河水补给地下水,河道内不同位置的浅层潜流带内呈现出不同的潜流通量动态特征,其变化范围在0.873～8.900 μm/s之间,潜流带厚度约为0.75 m,呈现比较复杂的动态变化特征。监测时段内各深度间潜流通量总体变化趋势为上升趋势,在垂向分布上存在差异,而且这种差异随时间变化。温度示踪方法简单易行,在潜流通量的计算中具有较好的准确性,适用于潜流带内水动力交换量的精确计算。     

Effects of fluctuating river flow on groundwater/surface water mixing in the hyporheic zone of a regulated,large cobble bed river

Physicochemical relationships in the boundary zone between groundwater and surface water (i.e. the hyporheic zone) are controlled by surface water hydrology and the hydrogeologic properties of the riverbed. We studied how sediment permeability and river discharge altered the vertical hydraulic gradient (VHG) and water quality of the hyporheic zone within the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River. The Columbia River at Hanford is a large, cobble‐bed river where water level fluctuates up to 2 m daily because of hydropower generation. Concomitant with river stage recordings, continuous readings were made of water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen and water level of the hyporheic zone. The water level data were used to calculate VHG between the river and hyporheic zone. Sediment permeability was estimated using slug tests conducted in piezometers installed into the river bed. The response of water quality measurements and VHG to surface water fluctuations varied widely among study sites, ranging from no apparent response to covariance with river discharge. At some sites, a hysteretic relationship between river discharge and VHG was indicated by a time lag in the response of VHG to changes in river stage. The magnitude, rate of change and hysteresis of the VHG response varied the most at the least permeable location (hydraulic conductivity (K) = 2.9 × 10^?4 cms^?1) and the least at the most permeable location (K = 8.0 × 10^?3 cms^?1). Our study provides empirical evidence that sediment properties and river discharge both control the water quality of the hyporheic zone. Regulated rivers, like the Columbia River at Hanford, that undergo large, frequent discharge fluctuations represent an ideal environment in which to study hydrogeologic processes over relatively short time periods (i.e. days to weeks) that would require much longer periods (i.e. months to years) to evaluate in unregulated systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

A multi-parameter approach to quantify riverbed clogging and vertical hyporheic connectivity

Riverbed clogging is key to assessing vertical connectivity in the hyporheic zone and is often quantified using single-parameter or qualitative approaches. However, clogging is driven by multiple, interacting physical and bio-geochemical parameters, which do not allow for a conclusive assessment of hyporheic connectivity with single-parameter approaches. In addition, existing qualitative assessments lack transparency and repeatability. This study introduces a Multi-Parameter Approach to quantify Clogging and vertical hyporheic connectivity (MultiPAC), which builds on standardized measurements of physical (grain size characteristics, porosity, hydraulic conductivity) and bio-geochemical (interstitial dissolved oxygen) parameters. We apply MultiPAC at three gravel-bed rivers and show how the set of parameters provides a representative appreciation of physical riverbed clogging, thus quantifying vertical hyporheic connectivity. However, more parameters are required to fully characterize biological clogging. In addition, MultiPAC locates clogged layers in the hyporheic zone through multi-parameter vertical profiles over the riverbed depth. The discussion outlines the relevance of MultiPAC to guide field surveys.     

Impact of short‐term regulation on hyporheic water quality in a boreal river

Water regulation may alter hydraulic head gradients with consequences for the exchange of water between the river and the hyporheic zone. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of discharge on hyporheic water quality in a regulated Swedish boreal river during a 10‐day experimental period with a sequence of alternating high‐ and low‐flow episodes. A 250 m reach was instrumented with 28 piezometers placed at 150 and 300 mm below the river bed or below the mean groundwater level in the floodplain, and these piezometers were used to measure temperature, oxygen, electric conductivity and pH. High daily variation in air temperature during the first 3 days was transmitted vertically through the stream water into the hyporheic zone within hours. An oxygen saturation of 100% in the river water corresponded to 60–70% saturation at 150 mm depth and 30% at 300 mm depth. The hyporheic oxygen concentration at 150 mm depth decreased during the experimental period, falling into a range that is potentially harmful to incubating salmonid eggs. This was interpreted as a long‐term response to the overall regulation regime, rather than a response to short‐term water regulation during the experiment. Even though the effect of short‐term regulation on the quality of hyporheic water in the river bed was limited, there was a more pronounced effect on the quality of floodplain hyporheic water. Most of the driving forces for temporal variation of water quality in the river bed came vertically from the river water, rather than from the lateral exchange. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

热量示踪在潜流带水动力交换量计算中的应用

精确计算潜流带内的水动力交换量始终是一个挑战,而新兴的温度示踪方法在这方面的应用具有其独特的优势。在介绍温度示踪理论及计算方法的基础上,以大克泊湖(西侧)为例,进行潜流带水动力交换量的计算,其结果表明:监测时段内地下水流方向为地下水补给湖水,渗流速度大小为0~2 cm/d,累计交换量为2.35 cm。此外,通过与水动力学方法渗流速度计算结果进行对比分析可以看出,2种方法的计算结果较为接近,表明温度示踪方法在潜流带孔隙水渗流速度计算中的应用具有较好的准确性,适用于潜流带内水动力交换量的精确计算。     

Hydrochemistry of the hyporheic zone in salmon spawning gravels: a preliminary assessment in a degraded agricultural stream

Hydrochemical changes were monitored in a simulated, sea run salmon redd in a small agricultural stream in northeast Scotland following the 1998–1999 spawning season. Immediately after redd construction, the hydrochemical characteristics of hyporheic water, at depths of 0.1 m and 0.3 m, were very similar to stream water. These apparently well‐mixed waters were alkaline, well‐oxygenated and enriched in nutrients. In the weeks and months following redd construction, clear and statistically significant differences in the chemistry of stream and hyporheic waters were observed. Typically, hyporheic water had lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen (mean 7.35 mg L^?1 at 0.3 m depth) than stream waters (mean=11.26 mg L^?1). Alkalinity, calcium, sulphate and conductivity levels tended to be higher in hyporheic waters, with concentrations increasing with depth. These data implied an increasing influence of groundwater with depth in the hyporheic zone following redd construction; an inference supported by subsequent hydraulic head measurements, which revealed an upwards groundwater flux in the stream bed. However, groundwater–surface water interactions were dynamic and complex: road salts eluted into the stream during periods of snowmelt simulated tracer experiments that implied that a reversed hydraulic gradient may occur at high flows with deeper streamwater penetration and mixing in the hyporheic zone. High flows also result in the mobilization of fine sediments from the stream bed which subsequently infiltrated into spawning gravels. These appear to cause ‘capping’ of redds and probably reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the redd matrix. Infiltrating sediments also contain a small, but probably important organic component, the decomposition of which may contribute to oxygen consumption and nutrient mineralization in the hyporheic zone. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.