激光快速成形GH4169合金显微组织与力学性能

利用GH4169合金粉末进行激光快速成形实验,制备出GH4169合金块状试样,并进行固溶时效热处理。利用扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱分析(EDS)等方法分别对激光成形沉积态及固溶时效态试样进行显微组织及元素偏析分析,并测试显微硬度、室温及高温拉伸性能。结果表明:沉积态微观组织为生长方向不一的细长柱状树枝晶,组织细小致密;经过固溶时效热处理后晶粒得到细化,晶粒内部仍保留枝晶亚结构;固溶时效态试样较沉积态显微硬度及抗拉强度大幅提高,塑性有所下降,但整体优于锻件技术标准。断口形貌表现为韧性穿晶断裂方式。     

热等静压/热处理工艺对激光选区熔化成形GH4169合金微观组织与拉伸性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用激光选区熔化(SLM)成形技术制备GH4169合金,利用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电镜(TEM)等分析热等静压/热处理工艺对SLM成形GH4169合金微观组织及拉伸性能的影响规律.结果表明:沉积态合金组织中,沿沉积方向的晶粒为柱状晶,晶粒内枝晶组织细小,枝晶间分布大量Laves相;经热等静压后,合金中的气孔及Laves相可被有效消除,沿沉积方向的晶粒转变为等轴晶;经980℃/1 h固溶处理后,合金中的晶界处析出大量短棒状δ相.热等静压/热处理后G H4169合金试样的室温及650℃拉伸性能均高于锻件标准要求的力学性能指标,且温度对断裂方式影响不大.     

热等静压/热处理工艺对激光选区熔化成形GH4169合金微观组织与拉伸性能的影响

采用激光选区熔化(SLM)成形技术制备GH4169合金,利用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电镜(TEM)等分析热等静压/热处理工艺对SLM成形GH4169合金微观组织及拉伸性能的影响规律。结果表明:沉积态合金组织中,沿沉积方向的晶粒为柱状晶,晶粒内枝晶组织细小,枝晶间分布大量Laves相;经热等静压后,合金中的气孔及Laves相可被有效消除,沿沉积方向的晶粒转变为等轴晶;经980℃/1 h固溶处理后,合金中的晶界处析出大量短棒状δ相。热等静压/热处理后GH4169合金试样的室温及650℃拉伸性能均高于锻件标准要求的力学性能指标,且温度对断裂方式影响不大。     

激光立体成形GH4169高温合金γ″相的高温粗化行为

采用激光立体成形技术制备GH4169高温合金块体,对其在720~780℃温度区间进行不同保温时间的双级时效处理,采用微观测试分析方法对高温短时时效处理后γ″相的形态、尺寸变化及粗化动力学行为进行研究。结果表明:激光立体成形GH4169合金在不同保温时间双级时效条件下,γ″相形态基本为圆盘形;和保温时间相比,时效温度对γ″相的影响更为显著;γ″相的粗化规律符合Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner(LSW)理论,计算获得γ″的粗化激活能Q=281.85kJ/mol,较锻造GH4169合金的γ″粗化激活能略高,表明激光立体成形GH4169合金的组织稳定性优于锻态。     

内燃机用激光增材制备GH4169镍基高温合金的组织及硬度

为了提高内燃机的耐高温稳定性,利用激光增材技术制备内燃机用GH4169镍基高温合金,测试分析固溶温度对其组织演变和硬度的影响。结果表明:激光增材制造GH4169合金形成柱状晶,Laves相基本生长在枝晶间。随着固溶温度升高到950℃后,部分区域生成了条纹形晶界,晶粒中的枝晶已经减少,试样晶粒明显细化。经过更高的固溶温度处理后,合金组织含有的Laves相比例发生了减小,同时其外形也从无规排列的长链结构转变至更加细小的颗粒。900℃固溶处理试样显微硬度高于沉积态;当固溶温度进一步上升时,试样显微硬度减小。当固溶温度上升后,合金基体内的Laves组织与δ相都发生了更大比例的溶解,引起试样显微硬度的减小。     

不同气氛下内燃机用激光熔覆GH4169涂层的组织与性能分析

分别研究了不同气氛条件下通过激光熔覆工艺制得的GH4169涂层组织结构与性能变化情况,分析了各气氛下得到的Laves相形貌特征,并对试样显微硬度进行了表征。研究结果:采用氮气作为送粉气时,可以获得比氩气更高的热容,并且热导率也更大,可以显著改善液态熔池的冷却效果,使熔池以更快速率完成凝固过程。GH4169合金熔覆层形成了许多细长柱状树枝晶与部分等轴树枝晶,并且都表现为外延生长的趋势。N_2送粉+Ar保护时熔覆层达到了最大的降温速度。通入氮气进行凝固时生成的γ相内形成了更多的Nb,在氮气环境中Laves相内含有更低的Nb。对涂层实施时效处理的过程中基体内会产生γ相,该组织相有助于涂层的硬度提高,采用氮气送粉时存在更多Nb和强化相一起析出,从而获得更高硬度的熔覆层。     

热处理制度对GH4169冷轧叶片组织性能的影响

为了研究热处理制度对GH4169冷轧叶片组织性能的影响,对GH4169合金经不同变形量冷轧后在不同温度下进行软化处理,采用金相显微镜及拉力试验机等分析热处理软化温度对合金再结晶、δ相、γ’’相、γ’相及性能的影响.试验结果表明,GH4169合金经不同变形量冷变形后,软化处理温度由970℃提高到995℃,不但可以实现完全再结晶,而且δ相可以完全溶入基体,有效降低了合金硬度,有利于冷变形的继续进行,且对合金力学性能无影响.     

热处理对GH4169激光焊接头组织性能的影响

针对2 mm厚的GH4169镍基合金板材进行激光对焊,研究热处理对GH4169激光焊接头组织和性能的影响。采用线切割方法制备激光焊接头试样,对热处理和非热处理激光焊接头进行拉伸实验、硬度测定、OM分析、SEM分析、EDS分析和XRD相分析。实验结果表明:热处理后接头抗拉强度为1372 MPa,延伸率为14%,焊缝平均硬度为473HV;较未热处理接头强度提高52%,延伸率降低71%,硬度提高69%。OM、SEM、EDS和XRD分析表明:对GH4169激光焊接头热处理能细化焊缝晶粒,改善枝晶形态,消除残余应力,析出δ相、γ′相和γ″相,使得焊接接头硬度和强度有所提高。     

高温合金GH4169电子束熔丝增材制造工艺研究

目的 研究GH4169合金电子束熔丝增材制造过程中电子束流参数的选择方法及组织特征.方法 在其他工艺参数不变的条件下,分析电子束流的大小对单层成形形貌的影响,寻找最佳电子束流参数值;采用光学显微观察增材制造GH4169合金柱状晶组织.结果 获得了不同电子束流条件下,单熔覆层表面形貌、横截面形貌、熔覆宽度和高度数据,以及GH4169合金柱状晶形貌.结论 在一定范围内,随着电子束流值增加,熔覆层宽度增加而高度减小,但电子束流增加到一定值时,熔覆宽度及高度的变化幅度明显降低,在综合考虑熔覆层表面形貌和横截面形貌的基础上确定了电子束流最佳参数值;增材制造GH4169合金组织为沿沉积高度方向外延生长的柱状晶,柱状晶方向与竖直方向呈现出一定的偏角.     

两种优质GH4169合金的显微组织及其对持久性能的影响

本文研究了高强度和直接时效两种GH4169合金的微观组织和持久断裂性能,探讨了微观组织、持久性能和热机械处理工艺间的关系。研究表明晶粒度及δ相的数量和分布是控制GH4169合金持久性能的关键因素。     

Influence of Two-Step Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a β-Solidifying Titanium Aluminide Alloy Fabricated via Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion

Additive manufacturing technologies, particularly electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB/M), are becoming increasingly important for the processing of intermetallic titanium aluminides. This study presents the effects of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and subsequent two-step heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the TNM-B1 alloy (Ti–43.5Al–4Nb–1Mo–0.1B) fabricated via PBF-EB/M. Adequate solution heat treatment temperatures allow the adjustment of fully lamellar (FL) and nearly lamellar (NL-β) microstructures. The specimens are characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray computed tomography (CT), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The mechanical properties at ambient temperatures are evaluated via tensile testing and subsequent fractography. While lack-of-fusion defects are the main causes of failure in the as-built condition, the mechanical properties in the heat-treated conditions are predominantly controlled by the microstructure. The highest ultimate tensile strength is achieved after HIP due to the elimination of lack-of-fusion defects. The results reveal challenges originating from the PBF-EB/M process, for example, local variations in chemical composition due to aluminum evaporation, which in turn affect the microstructures after heat treatment. For designing suitable heat treatment strategies, particular attention should therefore be paid to the microstructural characteristics associated with additive manufacturing.     

Influence of Processing Variables on Dynamic Mechanical Response of Laser-Sintered Glass-Filled Polyamide

For establishing selective laser sintering in manufacturing technology, a wide knowledge about the influence of processing variables on the quality of sintered part is mandatory. In this regard, this article addresses the influence of key process parameters (i.e., bed temperature, laser power, beam speed, hatch distance, hatch length) on the dynamic mechanical properties of laser-sintered glass-filled polyamide specimens to enhance their service life. A face-centered central composite design of response surface methodology was employed to gather data, and mathematical models were developed to investigate the effects and interactions of selected input processing variables on the different performance characteristics. Experiments revealed that dynamic mechanical properties reduced with decrease in bed temperature. This was due to nonuniform fusion of powder particles and increased porosity. Specimens fabricated at high energy density (ED) were strong, solid, and isotropic but become weak, porous, and anisotropic, as the ED decreased. Poor material integrity and weak interparticle bonding were the main reasons of low dynamic mechanical strength. In addition, microstructural analysis was also performed to examine the surface morphology of sintered specimens. Further, optimum working conditions for producing parts with maximum dynamic mechanical response were determined.     

Combined effect of process variables on the plastic behaviour of 316L stainless steel printed by L-PBF

The metal additive manufacturing (AM) is a technology that is rapidly spreading in the industrial sector with its enormous potential in making components with complex shapes and low weight, ensuring a high structural strength. However, the mechanical properties of the components depend on the printing process, and the interactions between the process variables and the final material behaviour is still not totally understood. In this work, 12 different types of tensile specimen were built by AM using the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) technique; the used material is the 316L stainless steel. The specimens have the same geometry and the same process parameters in terms of layer thickness, hatch space, laser power, spot diameter, scanning speed and platform preheating temperature, while different laser scan strategies and building orientations are evaluated. The scope is to characterize the plastic behaviour of such specimens and study the differences due to distinct printing strategies. Stereo digital image correlation (stereo-DIC) was used to evaluate the deformation state and analyse the material anisotropy. Finally, the microstructure and presence of defects were investigated through the optical microscopy (OM) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis shows how the plastic behaviour and the formation of defects are remarkably influenced by the laser scan strategy and by the building orientation.     

激光选区熔化纳米SiC/AlSi7Mg复合材料微观组织及力学性能EI北大核心CSCD

采用机械混合法制备纳米SiC/AlSi7Mg混合粉末,利用激光选区熔化技术(selective laser melting,SLM)成形纳米SiC颗粒增强AlSi7Mg复合材料,观察和分析试样的相对密度、物相和微观组织,并测试材料的硬度和拉伸性能。结果表明:SLM成形纳米SiC/AlSi7Mg复合材料试样的相对密度随着扫描速度和扫描间距的增大均呈现先增加后减少的趋势,相对密度最高可达99.75%;试样微观组织与SLM成形铝合金相似,Si相呈网状结构均匀嵌入α-Al基体中,且在Al基体中存在与Si分布相似的纳米SiC团聚物及Mg_(2)Si相;与AlSi7Mg相比,复合材料微观组织由柱状晶转化为等轴晶,且晶粒明显细化(平均晶粒尺寸为1.36μm);由于SiC的加入,产生细晶强化和固溶强化,试样的硬度和强度均明显提高,硬度最高达到137.3HV,抗拉强度达到448.3 MPa,屈服强度达到334.7 MPa,但伸长率下降至3.9%,断裂模式主要为脆性断裂。     

Effect of selective laser melting on microstructure and properties of AZ91D alloy

Selective laser melting technology is used to manufacture porous and solid AZ91D alloys. The effects of laser power and hatch spacing on the density, blowholes, microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91D alloy are studied. The laser power and hatch spacing play a significant role in the density and blowholes of AZ91D specimens. The grains size of specimens increases from 1 μm–2 μm to 8 μm–10 μm from the bottom to the top in single molten pool. Compared with grain size of die‐casting alloy (30 μm), that of selective laser melted gets refinement. There is no significant change in microstructure in the bottom, middle and top of specimens. The micro‐hardness of AZ91D alloy, reaching up to 115.3 HV 0.1, is superior to that of die‐casting alloy (56 HV 0.1). The compression properties of porous and solid specimens reach the degree of die‐casting solid magnesium alloy. AZ91D alloy shows the potential in the application of medical biodegradable materials.     

Influence of processing parameters of selective laser melting on high‐cycle and very‐high‐cycle fatigue behaviour of Ti‐6Al‐4V

Orthogonal experiment design together with the analysis of variance was used to examine the processing parameters (laser power, scan speed, layer thickness and hatch spacing) of selective laser melting (SLM) for superior properties of SLM parts, in which nine groups of specimens of Ti‐6Al‐4V were fabricated. The results clarify that the influence sequence of individual parameter on the porosity is laser power > hatch spacing > layer thickness > scan speed. Ultrasonic fatigue tests (20 kHz) were conducted for the SLMed specimens in high‐cycle fatigue (HCF) and very‐high‐cycle fatigue (VHCF) regimes. The S‐N data show that the fatigue strength is greatly affected by the porosity: the group with the smallest porosity percentage having the highest fatigue strength in HCF and VHCF regimes. Then, the tests on the validation group were performed to verify the optimal combination of SLM processing parameters. Moreover, the observations by scanning electron microscopy revealed that fatigue cracks initiate at lack‐of‐fusion defects in the cases of surface and internal crack initiation.     

Comparative investigations into microstructural and mechanical properties of as-cast and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) fabricated duplex steel (1.4517)

A methodology is presented that compares the microstructural and mechanical properties of as-cast and additive-made ferritic-austenitic duplex steel 1.4517. Microstructure of approximately equal amounts of ferrite and austenite measured in as-cast material could not be replicated in post heat-treated laser powder bed fusion samples after 30 min and 60 min of post heat treatment. This is attributed to nitrogen loss during powder atomization which left fewer austenite formers. Post-heat treated laser powder bed fusion samples of duplex structure had its austenite content repeatedly adjusted between 38 % and 40 %. As-built laser powder bed fusion tensile specimens which had a ferritic microstructure recorded high tensile and yield strength but had very poor elongation. Post heat-treated duplex laser powder bed fusion tensile specimen built in both horizontal and vertical orientations had good tensile and yield strength comparable to conventional casting processes; Tensile strength – 739 MPa (horizontal), 759 MPa (vertical); Yield strength (R_p0.2) – 489 MPa (horizontal), 525 MPa (vertical). The horizontally built duplex specimen had a very high elongation of 32 % than the vertical (11 %) or conventionally reported (22 %). This work establishes the 1.4517 duplex steel as a good candidate with good mechanical properties when processed by additive manufacturing.     

Surface Topography and Biocompatibility of cp–Ti Grade2 Fabricated by Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion: Influence of Printing Orientation and Surface Treatments

The selective laser melting process, commonly known as laser-based powder bed fusion (LB-PBF), enables the production of structures with unprecedented degrees of freedom that represents an excellent condition for development of metallic implants for biomedical applications. Herein, the effects of laser energy density on relative density and microstructure (presence of internal defects) of cp-TiGd2 fabricated by LB-PBF are studied. Additionally, the influence of printing orientation and different surface treatments on surface topography and biocompatibility are investigated. The aim of the research is to develop additive manufacturing process parameters that can achieve full density of cp-TiGd2 with satisfactory biocompatibility, as a low-cost alternative to biomedical materials such as Ti–6Al–4 V and Ti–6Al–7Nb. A wide range variation of process parameters leads to an optimized process with high density up to 99.97 ± 0.008%, improved surface roughness, and noncytotoxicity in horizontal and inclined as-built condition, as well as in Al₂O₃ (blasting angle 0°) condition.     

激光增材制造用SiC粉末制备及成形工艺探索

为制备高强度复杂形状SiC陶瓷零件,以酚醛树脂(PF)为粘接剂,分别采用机械混合法(SPM)和搅拌蒸发法(SPC)制备两种SiC复合粉末,并对两种粉末进行了SEM电镜扫描、SLS成形、碳化和渗硅反应烧结处理.研究表明,在激光功率10 W,分层厚度0.1 mm,扫描速2 000 mm/s,扫描间距0.2 mm时,SLS坯体密度大(1.259 g/cm3),生产效率高.利用SPC粉末制得的SLS坯体内部孔隙更多,碳化和渗硅烧结后坯体密度明显增加.采用SPC粉末所制零件最终力学性能更好,更适于生产.在最优工艺条件下,制备了复杂形状的高性能SiC零件.