New Sweet Potato Line having low Gelatinization Temperature and altered Starch Structure

A new sweet potato breeding line, Kanto 116, was developed, featuring low gelatinization temperature and an altered starch fine structure. Starch granules from Kanto 116 showed an abnormal morphology characterized by cracking into granules. Starch content, amylose content and tuberous root appearance of Kanto 116 were similar to those of the control and the parents. Pasting temperatures of Kanto 116 starch determined by the Rapid Visco Analyser were 51.4 — 52.6 °C, approximately 20 °C lower than those of the control and parents starches. Onset, peak, and conclusion temperature of gelatinization, and gelatinization enthalpy of Kanto 116 starch determined by differential scanning calorimetry were 39.0 °C, 46.9 °C, 64.8 °C, and 8.8 J/g, respectively, and much lower than those of the control and parents starches. The chain‐length distribution of the amylopectin molecules, determined by high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography, showed that Kanto 116 starch had a higher proportion of short chains (DP 6 — 11) and a lower proportion of chains between DP 12 — 28 than control and parent starches. The debranched β‐limit dextrin of Kanto 116 starch also showed that the proportion of both short and long B1 chains was different from those of the control and parents starches.     

Physicochemical Characteristics of Starches from Unripe Fruits of Mango and Banana

Mango and banana starches were isolated from unripe fruits and their morphology; thermal and pasting properties; molar mass and chain length distribution were determined. Mango starch granules were spherical or dome‐shaped and split, while banana starch had elongated granules with a lenticular shape. Amylopectin of both fruit starches had a lower molar mass than maize starch amylopectin; however, mango amylopectin had the highest gyration radius. Banana amylopectin showed the lowest percentage of short chains [degree of polymerization (DP) 6–12] and the highest level of long chains (DP ≥ 37); mango amylopectin presented the highest fraction of short chains, but the level of longest chains was intermediate between those of banana and maize amylopectins. Banana starch presented the highest average gelatinization temperature followed by mango starch and maize starch had the lowest value; a similar pattern was found for the gelatinization enthalpy. The two fruit starches had a lower pasting temperature than maize starch, but the former samples showed higher peak and final viscosities than maize starch. Structural differences identified in the fruit starches explain their physicochemical characteristics such as thermal and pasting behavior.     

Pisum sativum and Vicia faba Carbohydrates: Structural Studies of Starches

The fine structure of laboratory purified broadbean and smooth pea starches, with an amylose content of 32-34%, has been studied by pullulanase debranching, before or after beta-amylolysis, and by the properties of the chemically fractionated amylose and amylopectin. The enzymatic study has shown the presence of the three chain populations (DP > 60, 45 and 15) observed with other starches. The linear DP 15 and 45 chains occur in a ratio of 8.5 for broadbean and 9.75 for pea, which indicates an amylopectin similar to cereal starches. The λ_max, beta-amylolysis limit and intrinsic viscosity of the two amylopectins confirm the cereal-like nature. The two amylose components are not completely linear according to their beta-amylolysis limit of 81.5% which corroborates the in complete debranching of the total starch. The physical structure, studied by X-ray diffractometry, is of C-type. By submitting legume starch granules to mild acid hydrolysis (lintnerization), a residue has been obtained from both starches, which has an increase in the crystalline fraction, with a tendency towards the A-type pattern for broadbean and the B-type for pea. The crystallites are mainly formed of linear chains (CL 15) with some singly branched material (DP 25). Gelatinization of starch granules occurs at 44-65-86°C for broadbean with a heat of gelatinization of 3.8 cal g^?1 and at 48-61-80°C for pea with a heat of gelatinization of 3.2 cal g^?1.     

Physicochemical Properties of Pin Oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.) Acorn Starch

Physicochemical properties of acorn (Quercus palustris) starch were studied. Acorn starch granules were spherical or ovoid, with diameters ranging from 3–17 μm. Acorn starch exhibited A‐type X‐ray diffraction pattern, an apparent amylose content of 43.4% and absolute amylose content of 31.4%. Relative to other A‐type starches, acorn amylopectin had a comparable weight‐average molar mass (3.9×10⁸ g/mol), gyration radius (288 nm) and density (16.3 g mol⁻¹nm⁻³). Average amylopectin branch chain‐length corresponded to DP 25.5. Onset gelatinization temperature was 65.0°C and peak gelatinization temperature was considerably higher (73.7°C). The enthalpy change of gelatinization was very high compared to non‐mutant starches (20.8 J/g). An amylose‐lipid thermal transition was not observed. Starch retrograded for 7 d at 4°C had very high peak melting temperature (54.2°C) relative to other A‐type starches. Final (260 RVU) and setback (138 RVU) viscosity of an 8% acorn starch paste was high relative to other starches and pasting temperature was 71.5°C.     

Physicochemical properties and amylopectin chain profiles of cowpea,chickpea and yellow pea starches

Starches from cowpea and chickpea seeds were isolated and their properties were compared with those of commercial yellow pea starch. Amylose contents were 25.8%, 27.2%, and 31.2%, and the volume mean diameter of granules, determined in the dry state, were 15.5, 17.9, and 33.8 μm for cowpea, chickpea and yellow pea starches, respectively. All three legume starches showed a C-type X-ray diffraction pattern and two-stage swelling pattern. Amylopectin populations were isolated and the unit chain profiles were analyzed by HPLC after debranching with pullulanase. The degree of polymerization (DP) of short chain populations was about 6–50 and the populations of long chain had a DP of 50–80. Cowpea showed a lower weight ratio of short:long chains than chickpea and yellow pea starches. The larger portion of long side chains in cowpea amylopectin can be correlated with a higher gelatinization temperature, greater pasting peak and a slight difference in crystalline structure found for cowpea starch. Chickpea and yellow pea starches exhibited similarity in unit chain profile of amylopectin as well as in gelatinization temperature and pasting profile, while they differed in amylose content, particle size and syneresis. It is assumed that the chain length distribution of amylopectin has a large influence on starch properties.     

Structure and Viscoelastic Properties of Starches Separated from Different Legumes

A comparison between the morphological, structural, thermal and viscoelastic properties of starches separated from pigeon pea, chickpea, field pea, kidney bean and blackgram was made. The shape of the starch granules in the different legumes varied from oval to elliptical or spherical. X-ray diffraction of the legume starches indicated a typical C-pattern (mixture of A- and B-type). Granules of blackgram and pigeon pea starch had a higher degree of crystallinity than those of field pea and kidney bean starches. Apparent amylose content of field pea, kidney bean, chickpea, blackgram and pigeon pea starch was 37.9%, 36.0%, 34.4-35.5%, 32.9-35.6% and 31.8%, respectively. Distribution of isoamylase-branched materials among the starches revealed that the proportions of long and short side chains of amylopectin ranged between 13.6-18.5% and 41.7-46.5%, respectively. Field pea and kidney bean starch had the highest apparent amylose content and the lowest amount of long side chains of amylopectin, respectively. Blackgram and pigeon pea starch possessed higher proportions of both long and short side chains of amylopectin than field pea and chickpea starches. The onset, peak and conclusion temperatures of gelatinization (T_o T_p and T_c, respectively) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. T_o and T_c ranged from 59.3 to 77.3°C, 66.8 to 79.6°C, 55.4 to 67.6°C and 68.3 to 69.3°C, respectively, for chickpea, blackgram, field pea and kidney bean starch. The enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH_gel) of field pea, kidney bean, chickpea, blackgram and pigeon pea starches was 3.6, 3.0, 2.6-4.2, 1.6-1.7 and 2.6 J/g, respectively. Pastes of blackgram and pigeon pea starches showed lower storage and loss shear moduli G′ than field pea, kidney bean and chickpea starches. The changes in moduli during 10 h at 10°C revealed retrogradation in the order of: field pea> kidney bean> chickpea> blackgram> pigeon pea starch. In blackgram and pigeon pea starches, the lower proportion of amylose plus intermediate fraction and higher proportion of short and long side chains of amylopectin are considered responsible for the higher crystallinity, gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of gelatinization.     

Chemical and Physical Properties of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Starch

Chemical and physical properties of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. ‘Hayward’) starch were studied. Kiwifruit starch granules were compound, irregular or dome‐shaped with diameters predominantly 4–5 µm or 7–9 µm. Kiwifruit starch exhibited B‐type X‐ray diffraction pattern, an apparent amylose content of 43.1% and absolute amylose content of 18.8%. Kiwifruit amylopectins, relative to other starches, had low weight‐average molecular weight (7.4×10⁷), and gyration radius (200 nm). Average amylopectin branch chain‐length was long (DP 28.6). Onset and peak gelatinization temperatures were 68.9°C and 73.0°C, respectively, and gelatinization enthalpy was high (18.5 J/g). Amylose‐lipid thermal transition was observed. Starch retrograded for 7 d at 4°C had a very high peak melting temperature (60.7°C). Peak (250 RVU), final (238 RVU) and setback (94 RVU) viscosity of 8% kiwifruit starch paste was high relative to other starches and pasting temperature (69.7°C) was marginally higher than onset gelatinization temperature. High paste viscosities and low pasting temperature could give kiwifruit starch some advantages over many cereal starches.     

Effect of Cultivation Conditions on Retrogradation of Sweetpotato Starch

Sweetpotatoes were grown under four cultivation conditions, i. e. early planting and early harvesting (I, E‐E), standard (II, STD), early planting and late harvesting (III, E‐L), and late planting and late harvesting (IV, L‐L). Retrogradation of the starch isolated from fresh roots was estimated by the hardness and syneresis rate after two weeks of storage at 5 °C. A significant difference in retrogradation among the cultivation conditions and cultivars was observed. The starch tended to exhibit slower retrogradation in late harvesting, where the temperature was low. The differences in amylose content and the proportion of short unit‐chains (DP 9‐11) of amylopectin among cultivation conditions were also significant. Starch retrogradation was positively correlated with the proportion of chains with DP 12‐14 but negatively correlated with the proportion of DP 9‐11. Moreover, there was no significant correlation between amylose content and retrogradation. These results indicate that the main factor for retrogradation under any cultivation condition is the proportion of short unit‐chains of amylopectin. The best performance of sweetpotato starch as a food ingredient would be achieved by selecting both the proper cultivar and cultivation conditions.     

Effect of acid‐ethanol treatment followed by ball milling on structural and physicochemical characteristics of cassava starch

Structural and physicochemical characteristics of cassava starch treated with 0.36% HCl in anhydrous ethanol during 1 and 12 h at 30, 40, and 50°C followed by ball milling for 1 h were analyzed. Average yield of acid‐ethanol starches reached 98% independent of the treatment conditions. Solubility of acid‐ethanol starches increased with reaction temperature and time, but it did not change after ball milling. Granule average size reduced with chemical treatment from 25.2 to 20.0 µm after 12 h at 50°C. Ball milling decreased the granule average diameter of the native starch and those chemically treated at 30°C/1 h or 40°C/1 h, but it did not alter the starches treated for 12 h, independent of temperature. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM), starch granules presented round shape and after modification at 50°C/12 h, before and after ball milling, showed a rough and exfoliated surface. Some granules were deformed, suggesting partial gelatinization that was more intense after milling. Starch crystallinity increased as temperature and time of chemical treatment were increased, while amylose content, intrinsic, and pasting viscosities decreased. Gelatinization temperatures increased for all chemical starches. The findings can be related to the preferential destruction of amorphous areas in the granules, which are composed of amylose and amylopectin. After ball milling, the starch crystallinity decreased, amylose content, intrinsic, and pasting viscosities kept unchanged and gelatinization temperatures and enthalpy reduced. Ball milling on native and chemical starches caused the increase of amorphous areas with consequent weakening and decreasing of crystalline areas by breaking of hydrogen bonds within the granules.     

Retrogradation of Sweetpotato Starch

Hardness and the percentage of leaked water of sweetpotato starch gels after storage were investigated as indexes of starch retrogradation. Starches of some varieties of sweetpotato were retrograded rapidly, but those of others were not retrograded during storage for one week. After one month of storage, starches of all varieties were highly retrograded, but the varietal order of hardness and the percentage of leaked water were almost the same as that after storage for one week. The study of chain length distribution by gel permeation chromatography after debranching by isoamylase showed that the hardness and the percentage of leaked water from the gel were positively correlated with amylose content and the proportion of Fr 1, the fraction of the highest molecular weight, containing amylose and extremely long chains of amylopectin, and negatively correlated with the proportion of Fr 3, the fraction with the lowest molecular weight, containing shorter chains of amylopectin. In addition, it was demonstrated by high performance anion exchange chromatography that the proportion of extra‐short chains (around DP 10) of amylopectin after isoamylase treatment was negatively correlated with the retrogradation index of starch. These results suggest that retrogradation of sweetpotato starch was promoted by amylose and extremely long chains of amylopectin and was inhibited by extra‐short chains (around DP 10) of amylopectin.     

Effect of cooking time and ingredients on the performance of different starches in white sauces

The effect of white sauce ingredients and increased cooking time at 90 °C on the degree of gelatinization of corn, waxy corn, rice, potato and modified waxy corn starches was studied. The changes in pasting properties, linear viscoelastic properties, and microstructure were determined. In all the native starches in water, a longer cooking time at 90 °C caused greater starch granule swelling and more leaching of solubilized starch polymers into the intergranular space. These effects were more noticeable in the waxy corn and potato starches. The potato starch was the most affected, with complete disruption of the starch granules after 300 s at 90 °C. The microstructural changes which transformed a system characterized by starch granules dispersed in a continuous phase (amylose/amylopectin matrix) into a system with an increase in the continuous phase and a decrease in starch granules were associated with a decrease in system viscoelasticity. The elastic moduli were higher in the sauce than in the starch in water system. However, with the exception of potato starch, the white sauce showed lower viscoelasticity than the starch in water system. The white sauce ingredients decreased the effect of cooking time on the starch gelatinization process, particularly in potato starch.     

The Effect of Environmental Temperature on Distribution of Unit Chains of Rice Amylopectin

The effects of environmental temperature during the early development of seeds on the structural characteristics of the endosperm starch were investigated using near‐isogenic lines of rice plants (Taichung 65, waxy), grown under temperature controlled conditions. High performance gel permeation chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated that Pseudomonas isoamylase‐debranched amylopectins of rice plants grown at lower temperature (25°C) contain increased amounts of short chains and decreased amounts of long chains as compared with amylopectins obtained from rice plants grown at higher temperature (30°C). By high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC‐PAD) of isoamylase‐debranched amylopectins it was detected that the amount of unit chains with degree of polymerization (DP) 6 and 11‐13, in the amylopectin of rice plants grown at lower temperature (25°C) had significantly increased and the amount of unit chains with DP 8, 22‐24 and 29 had significantly decreased, as compared with the amylopectin of rice plants grown at higher temperature (30°C). It was confirmed that the environmental temperature between 5 and 10 d after pollination strongly influenced the structure characteristics of the endosperm starch of rice plants.     

Composition,molecular structure,and physicochemical properties of starches from four field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars

Starch from four cultivars (Carneval, Carrera, Grande and Keoma) of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) was isolated and its physicochemical properties were compared with those of other legume starches. The yield of starch was in the range 32.7–33.5% on a whole seed basis. The starch granules were round to elliptical with smooth surfaces. The free lipid was 0.05% in all starches. However, bound and total lipids ranged from 0.24 to 0.29% and from 0.28 to 0.34%, respectively. The total amylose content ranged from 48.8–49.6%, of which 10.9–12.3% was complexed by native lipid. The degree of polymerization (DP) of amyloses ranged from 1300 to 1350. The chain length distributions of debranched amylopectins of the starches were analyzed using high performance anion-exchange chromatography equipped with a post-column amyloglucosidase reactor and a pulsed amperometric detector. The proportion of short branch chains, of chain length DP 6-12, ranged from 16.2 to 18.6%. Keoma displayed a larger portion (19.4%) of long branch chains (DP>37) than the other three starches (16.2–16.9%). The average amylopectin branch chain length ranged from 22.9 to 24.2. The maximum detectable DP was higher in Keoma (71) than in the other three starches (64–65). The X-ray pattern was of the ‘C’ type. The relative crystallinity was in the range 20.8–25.1%. The proportion of ‘B’ polymorphic form was higher in Keoma (25.6%) than in the other three starches (22.1–24.1%). There were no significant differences in swelling factor. The extent of amylose leaching at 95°C ranged from 25.20 to 26.85. All four starches exhibited nearly identical gelatinization transition temperatures and enthalpies. However, the gelatinization temperature range (T_c–T_o) followed the order: Grande∼Keoma>Carneval∼Carrera. The four starches showed identical pasting temperatures and exhibited only marginal differences with respect to 95°C viscosity and to the increase in consistency during the holding period at 95°C. However, the set-back viscosity for Carneval was lower than that of the other starches. There were no significant differences in the extent of acid hydrolysis. However, susceptibility towards hydrolysis by α-amylase followed the order: Carneval∼Carrera∼Grande>Keoma. The extent of retrogradation (monitored by changes in enthalpy) during storage at 40°C/24 h followed the order: Carneval>Carrera>Grande>Keoma. However, differences in the extent of retrogradation among starches were not discernable by freeze-thaw stability measurements.     

Effect of temperature on the synthesis,composition and physical properties of potato microtuber starch

Potato microtubers (cv Maris Piper) were grown at 10, 16 and 24°C in total darkness for 28 days. Soluble and insoluble starch synthase, ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase, sucrose synthase and fructokinase were assayed in extracts of the microtubers and, in the case of soluble and insoluble starch synthase, activity was found to be particularly sensitive to increasing growth temperature. The starch content of the microtubers increased slightly with increasing growth temperature, but with little effect on the number of granules per microtuber and a small increase in the average granule size. The microtuber starch granules were much smaller than those found in commercial potato starch (c 8–9 μm modal diameter compared to c 21 μm). Although the amylose content of the microtuber starches tended to increase with increasing growth temperature, the phosphorus content was variable. Gel permeation chromatographic elution profiles of native and debranched microtuber and a commercial potato starch showed that no differences could be detected in either amylose or amylopectin molecular size, polydispersity or unit chain distribution of amylopectin (which contained two major unit chain fractions at DP 21 and 56). The onset, peak and conclusion temperatures of the DSC gelatinisation endotherm increased linearly as a function of growth temperature whilst the enthalpy of gelatinisation decreased. It is suggested that elevated temperature during starch biosynthesis facilitates ordering of amylopectin double helices into crystalline domains. © 1998 SCI.     

Fine Structure,Thermal and Viscoelastic Properties of Starches Separated from Indica Rice Cultivars

Starches were separated from indica rice cultivars (PR‐113, Basmati‐370, Basmati‐386, PR‐115, IR‐64, and PR‐103) and evaluated using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic viscoelasticity . Debranching of starch with isoamylase and subsequent fractionation by GPC revealed 9.7–28.3% apparent amylose content, 3.7–5.0% intermediate fraction (mixture of short amylose and long side‐chains of amylopectin), 20.6–26.6% long side‐chains of amylopectin and 45.8–59.4% short side‐chains of amylopectin). IR‐64 starch with the highest crystallinity had the highest gelatinization temperatures and enthalpy, T_o, T_p, T_c, and ΔH_gel being 71.8, 75.9, 82.4°C and 5.1 J/g, respectively, whereas PR‐113 starch with lower crystallinity showed the lowest gelatinization temperatures (T_o, T_p, T_c, of 60.8, 65.7 and 72.2°C, respectively). Basmati‐386 starch exhibited two endotherms during heating, the first and second endotherm being associated with the melting of crystallites and amylose‐lipid complexes, respectively. T_o, T_p, T_c and ΔH_gel of the second endotherm of Basmati‐386 starch were 99.0, 100.1, 101.1°C and 2.0 J/g, respectively. During cooling, Basmati‐386 also showed an exotherm at a peak temperature of 87°C. PR‐113 starch with the highest amylose content and the lowest content of short side‐chains of amylopectin had the highest peak storage modulus (G′= 1.6×10⁴ Pa). The granules of PR‐113 starch were the least disintegrated after heating. The effects of heating starch suspensions at different temperatures (92°C, 130°C and 170°C) on intrinsic viscosity [η], transmittance and viscoelasticity were also studied to evaluate the extent of breakdown of the molecular structure. The intrinsic viscosity of starch suspensions heated at 92, 130 and 170°C ranged between 103–114, 96–110 and 28–93 mL/g. Transmittance value of starches cooked at 92°C decreased with increase in storage duration. All starches except PR103, cooked at 130°C also showed decrease in transmittance during storage, however, at lower rate. PR103 starch heated at 130°C did not show any change in transmittance up to a storage time of 48 h. The changes in viscoelasticity of starch pastes cooked at different temperatures during cooling and reheating were also evaluated. G′ and G′′ increased with decrease in temperature during cooling cycle. Starches heated at 130°C with apparent amylose content ≤ 21.2% showed an improvement in G′ and G′′ in comparison to the corresponding starches heated at 92°C, this improvement was observed to be higher in starches with lower amylose content. All starches heated at 170°C had a higher proportion of breakdown in molecular structure as indicated by lower G′ and G′′ than the same starches heated at 130 and 92°C.     

Chemical Composition and Structure of Granule Periphery and Envelope Remnant of Rice Starches as Revealed by Chemical Surface Gelatinization

In this work the contribution of molecular structures to the swelling behavior of rice starches was investigated. Rice starches with different amylose contents (0 ‐ 23.4 %) were gelatinized to various degrees (approximately 10, 20, and 50 %) with 13 M aqueous LiCl, and the surface‐gelatinized starch and ungelatinized remaining granules were separated and characterized. The native starches were heated at 85 or 95°C for 30 min in excess water, and the granule envelope remnants were recovered by centrifugation for further characterization. The remaining granules after surface removal exhibited a lower gelatinization temperature and enthalpy, and swelled to a greater extent upon heating than the native counterpart. The amylopectin molecules in granule envelope remnants obtained at 95°C had larger M_w (weight‐average molar mass) and R_z (z‐average gyration radius) than those in remnants obtained at 85°C. The chemical composition and structure of granule envelope remnants obtained at 85°C were different from those obtained at 95°C for the same rice starch cultivar. The results imply that starch periphery may not be responsible for maintaining starch granule integrity during gelatinization and swelling. It is proposed that the composition and structure of the granule envelope remnant that maintains granule integrity are not constant but dynamic. The formation of a semi‐permeable membrane‐like surface structure during gelatinization and swelling is proposed to be a result of molecule entanglement after gelatinization.     

Starch Properties of New Sweet Potato Lines Having Low Pasting Temperature

Some new sweet potato lines were developed from progenies of a new cultivar, Quick Sweet, having a low pasting temperature. Starch granules from these lines demonstrated an abnormal morphology characterized by cracking into fragments. Starch and amylose contents were different among these lines. Pasting temperatures of these lines determined by the Rapid Visco Analyser were 53.8 to 66.6°C, i.e. 10 to 20°C lower than that of the control. Peak viscosities of some lines were similar to that of the control. Starch retrogradation, evaluated by percentage of leaked water and hardness of starch gels after cold storage, revealed that the control starch retrograded during storage for two to six weeks, but the starches of some lines retrograded much more slowly than the control starch and exhibited excellent cold storage stability. The pasting temperature had significant positive correlations with the percentage of leaked water and the hardness. These results indicate that Quick Sweet is a useful breeding material for improving pasting and retrogradation properties in sweet potato starch.     

Effects of the Barley amo1 and wax Genes on Starch Structure and Physicochemical Properties

Starch structural mutants showing abnormal endosperm characteristics have been used for investigating the effects of the mutation on structure and physicochemical properties of starches. Inbred lines of barley cultivars ‘Shikoku Hadaka 97’ and ‘Glacier AC38’ were used to investigate the impact of amo1 and waxy genes on starch properties. The amo1 type starch had high apparent amylose content and low starch content. The amo1+waxy type starch contained very little amylose. The content of long chains of amylopectin as detected with high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was decreased, and that of amylopectin chains with the degree of polymerization (DP) of 12‐36 was increased in amo1 and amo1+waxy type starches. The amo1 and amo1+waxy type starches exhibited high gelatinization temperatures and low gelatinization enthalpies.     

挤压对糙米中淀粉理化性质的影响

本文研究了挤压对糙米淀粉糊化和热力学性质、结晶结构、支链淀粉分支链长等的影响。结果表明,挤压处理使糙米淀粉的峰值粘度、回生值和热焓值分别由1811 cP、1677 cP和9.41 J/g降低至107 cP、53 cP和0.97 J/g,淀粉发生糊化。糙米淀粉X-射线衍射峰的强度和位置在挤压后均发生变化,淀粉结晶结构由A型转变为V型,相对结晶度由31.33%降至20.95%。傅立叶变换红外光谱图中1047 cm-1/1022 cm-1的比率由挤压前的0.811下降为挤压后的0.732,表明挤压使淀粉结晶区比例降低。同时,挤压后淀粉-碘复合物吸收光谱强度增加,说明挤压使直链淀粉比例增加。阴离子交换色谱结果显示,挤压后支链淀粉A链（DP6-12）比例增加,B1链（DP13-24）和B2链（DP25-36）比例减少,证明支链淀粉发生降解。此外,扫描电子显微镜结果表明,挤压产物中淀粉颗粒变大,淀粉表面变得粗糙且有褶皱和裂痕。     

Properties of Korean Amaranth Starch Compared to Waxy Millet and Waxy Sorghum Starches

Characteristics of waxy type starches isolated from amaranth, waxy millet and waxy sorghum harvested in Korea were evaluated. Shapes of all starch granules were polygonal or slightly round and the surfaces of waxy millet and waxy sorghum starch granules showed visible pores. Amylose contents of the three starches were between 3.2–6.0% and amaranth starch showed the highest water binding capacity (WBC) (130.7%). The swelling power and solubility of amaranth starch studied at 65.0–95.0°C increased about 13.7‐ and 14.0‐fold, respectively, with increase in temperature. Swelling power of waxy sorghum starch was the highest (72.6 at 95°C) among the starches studied, while amaranth starch had a constant swelling power and its rate of solubility increasely only slowly at temperatures higher than 75°C. From RVA data, initial pasting temperatures of amaranth, waxy sorghum and waxy millet starches were 75.7, 73.3 and 75.2°C, respectively. Peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback from trough of amaranth starch were 68.3, 16.7 and 7.5 RVU, respectively, which were the lowest values among the starches investigated. Using DSC, onset temperature of gelatinization of amaranth starch was 1.5–4.0°C higher than those of waxy sorghum and millet starches, corresponding to the RVA result. The enthalpies of gelatinization of the starches studied in our laboratory were in the range of 8.5–12.7 J/g with decreasing order of waxy sorghum > amaranth > waxy millet starch.