Thermal Desorption of Organic Compounds Associated with Settled Household Dust

Settled household dust samples were collected from twelve dwellings in urban areas during an annual winter heating period. Emission of compounds from settled household dust was analyzed under simulated hot surface conditions with a temperature range of 50–300°C. The compounds were analyzed and identified by thermal desorption—gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique. The organic emission from household dust was relatively low at temperatures below 70° C, increased appreciably above 100°C, and gained in strength at temperatures above 200°C. Desorption of adsorbed compounds is the main contribution to emissions, but at higher temperatures the thermal degradation seems to affect also the quantity and the quality of the emissions. The organic composition of household dust was found to be equal in quality at different sampling sites; the emissions consist of mainly aliphatic aldehydes (C₆—C₁₃), aliphatic carboxylic acids and their esters (C₈ C₁₈, C₆–C₃₀) and phthalates. Phosphate esters, branched alkanes, n-alkenes, n-alkanones, monoterpenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic and aliphatic alcohols were also well represented groups in household dust samples. The potential sources of identified compounds are discussed.     

Characterization Of Ofice Dust By VOCs And TVOC Release - Identification Of Potential Irritant VOCs By Partial Least Squares Analysis

Floor dust from nine city hall office buildings was separated into fiber and particulate fractions and analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and total VOC (TVOC) by thermal desorption/high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC). Components were identified by HRGC/mass spectroscopy (MS). Principal component analysis was applied to VOC emission profiles revealing similarities between buildings and correlations between profiles and SBS symptoms of mucous membrane irritation and “concentration difficulty”. While the dominant pattern in emission profiles was not correlated with SBS irritation complaints, partial least squares analysis in latent variables (PLS analysis) identified VOCs for which peak areas were correlated with SBS irritation complaints and the CNS Complaint, “concentration difficulty”     

Comparison Of Volatile Organic Compounds From Processed Paper And Toners From Office Copiers And Printers: Methods,Emission Rates,And Modeled Concentrations

The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from nine toner powders and eleven types of processed paper from photocopying machines (6), laser (3) and matrix printers (21, and one carbonless copy fm has been measured. A total of 61 VOC from toner powders were identified by heating (185 °C) the powder for three minutes for thermal desorption and by gas chromatography followed by the use of low and high resolution EI and CI mass spectrometry. VOC from processed paper were analyzed by headspace sampling on Tenax TA from nylon bags. Thirty-one VOC with a wide range of volatility and persistency were identified from processed paper. The total VOC emission from the various types of paper differed substantially. Using the field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), the calculated initial emission rate of styrene was 5 μg m^?2h^?1 from a freshly processed paper The VOC emission from machines and the processed paper can be reduced by proper choice of o m e equipment. However, an evaluation should consider all potential pollutants.     

Influencing factors of carbonyl compounds and other VOCs in commercial airliner cabins: On-board investigation of 56 flights

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as a non-negligible aircraft cabin air quality (CAQ) factor influence the health and comfort of passengers and crew members. On-board measurements of carbonyls (short-chain (C₁-C₆)) and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs, long-chain (C₆-C₁₆)) with a total of 350 samples were conducted in 56 commercial airliner cabins covering 8 aircraft models in this study. The mean concentration for each individual carbonyl compound was between 0.3 and 8.3 μg/m³ (except for acrolein & acetone, average = 20.7 μg/m³) similar to the mean concentrations of other highly detected VOCs (long-chain (C₆-C₁₆), 97% of which ranged in 0–10 μg/m³) in aircraft cabins. Formaldehyde concentrations in flights were significantly lower than in residential buildings, where construction materials are known formaldehyde sources. Acetone is a VOC emitted by humans, and its concentration in flights was similar to that in other high-occupant density transportation vehicles. The variation of VOC concentrations in different flight phases of long-haul flights was the same as that of CO₂ concentration except for the meal phase, which indicates the importance of cabin ventilation in diluting the gaseous contaminants, while the sustained and slow growth of the VOC concentrations during the cruising phase in short-haul flights indicated that the ventilation could not adequately dilute the emission of VOCs. For the different categories of VOCs, the mean concentration during the cruising phase of benzene series, aldehydes, alkanes, other VOCs (detection rate > 50%), and carbonyls in long-haul flights was 44.2 µg/m³, 17.9 µg/m³, 18.6 µg/m³, 31.5 µg/m³, and 20.4 µg/m³ lower than those in short-haul flights, respectively. Carbonyls and d-limonene showed a significant correlation with meal service (p < 0.05). Unlike the newly decorated rooms or new vehicles, the inner materials were not the major emission sources in aircraft cabins. Practical Implications.

• The on-board measurements of 56 flights enrich the VOC database of cabin environment, especially for carbonyls. The literature review of carbonyls in the past 20 years contributes to the understanding the current status of cabin air quality (CAQ).
• The analysis of VOC concentration variation for different flight phases, flight duration, and aircraft age lays a foundation for exploring effective control methods, including ventilation and purification for cabin VOC pollution.
• The enriched VOC data is helpful to explore the key VOCs of aircraft cabin environment and to evaluate the acute/chronic health exposure risk of pollutants for passengers and crew members.

     

Measurements and modeling of absorptive partitioning of volatile organic compounds to painted surfaces

Partitioning to surfaces is an important sink for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indoors, but the mechanisms are not well understood or quantified. Here, a mass spectrometer was coupled to a portable surface reactor and a flow tube to measure partitioning of VOCs into paint films coated onto glass or wallboard, and their subsequent diffusion. A model was developed to extract values of the effective absorbing organic mass concentration of the film, C_w, which is a measure of absorption capacity, and VOC diffusion coefficients, D_f, from VOC time profiles measured during film passivation and depassivation. Values of C_w agreed well with the value estimated from the paint film mass and flow tube air volume, and D_f values (also measured using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) correlated well with VOC vapor saturation concentrations, C*, estimated using a group contribution method. The value of these relationships for estimating key parameters that control VOC partitioning into paint and the fate of VOCs indoors was demonstrated using a house model, which indicated that >50% of VOCs with C* ≤10⁸ μg/m³ (C* of octane, hexanone, and propanol) that contacted a paint film of typical thickness fully permeated the film regardless of emission duration.     

Determining diffusion and partition coefficients of VOCs in cement using one FLEC

The diffusion and partition coefficients of eight volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in cement slabs were experimentally determined using a field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) system based on the method developed in a previous study on the water vapor diffusion. A cement slab planted with a mixture of eight VOCs was placed in an one-FLEC system to undergo the mass diffusion in the slab and the emission to air flowing through the FLEC. The concentration of each VOC in the air flowing out of the FLEC was measured according to the EPA Method TO-17 using sorbent tube-automatic thermal desorption (ATD) and the gas chromatography-mass spectrum detector (GC-MSD) system. The diffusion and partition coefficients were then obtained by solving the inverse problem of the one-dimensional unsteady mass diffusion equations in the cement slab. And, the partition coefficient was also obtained from the total mass transfer estimated from the VOC concentration measurements and air flowrate, which was equivalent to the headspace concentration-weighting method.     

Occupational exposure and health risks of volatile organic compounds of hotel housekeepers: Field measurements of exposure and health risks

Hotel housekeepers represent a large, low-income, predominantly minority, and high-risk workforce. Little is known about their exposure to chemicals, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study evaluates VOC exposures of housekeepers, sources and factors affecting VOC levels, and provides preliminary estimates of VOC-related health risks. We utilized indoor and personal sampling at two hotels, assessed ventilation, and characterized the VOC composition of cleaning agents. Personal sampling of hotel staff showed a total target VOC concentration of 57 ± 36 µg/m³ (mean ± SD), about twice that of indoor samples. VOCs of greatest health significance included chloroform and formaldehyde. Several workers had exposure to alkanes that could cause non-cancer effects. VOC levels were negatively correlated with estimated air change rates. The composition and concentrations of the tested products and air samples helped identify possible emission sources, which included building sources (for formaldehyde), disinfection by-products in the laundry room, and cleaning products. VOC levels and the derived health risks in this study were at the lower range found in the US buildings. The excess lifetime cancer risk (average of 4.1 × 10⁻⁵) still indicates a need to lower exposure by reducing or removing toxic constituents, especially formaldehyde, or by increasing ventilation rates.     

Degradation of C2-C15 volatile organic compounds in a landfill cover soil

The composition of non-methane volatile organic compounds (hereafter VOCs) in i) the cover soil, at depths of 30, 50 and 70 cm, and ii) gas recovery wells from Case Passerini landfill site, (Florence, Italy) was determined by GC-MS. The study, based on the analysis of interstitial gases sampled along vertical profiles within the cover soil, was aimed to investigate the VOC behaviour as biogas transits from a reducing to a relatively more oxidizing environment. A total of 48 and 63 different VOCs were identified in the soil and well gases, respectively. Aromatics represent the dominant group (71.5% of total VOC) in soil gases, followed by alkanes (6.8%), ketones (5.7%), organic acids (5.2%), aldehydes (3.0%), esters (2.6%), halogenated compounds (2.1%) and terpenes (1.3%). Cyclics, heterocyclics, S-bearing compounds and phenols are ≤ 1%. In the wells the VOC composition is characterized by higher concentrations of cyclic (7.6%) and S-bearing compounds (2%) and lower concentrations of O-bearing compounds. The vertical distribution of VOCs in the cover soil shows significant variations: alkanes, aromatics and cyclics decrease at decreasing depth, whereas an inverse trend is displayed by the O-bearing species. Total VOC and CH₄ concentrations at a depth of 30 cm in the soil are comparable, inferring that microbial activity is likely affecting VOCs at a very minor extent with respect to CH₄. According to these considerations, to assess the biogas emission impact, usually carried out on the sole basis of CO₂ and CH₄ emission rates, the physical-chemical behaviour of VOCs in the cover soil, regulating the discharge of these highly contaminant compounds in ambient air, has to be taken into account. The soil vertical distribution of these species can be used to better evaluate the efficiency of oxidative capability of intermediate and final covers.     

Theoretical study of simultaneous water and VOCs adsorption and desorption in a silica gel rotor

One-dimensional partial differential equations were used to model the simultaneous water and VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) adsorption and desorption in a silica gel rotor which was recommended for indoor air cleaning. The interaction among VOCs and moisture in the adsorption and desorption process was neglected in the model as the concentrations of VOC pollutants in typical indoor environment were much lower than that of moisture and the adsorbed VOCs occupied only a minor portion of adsorption capacity of the rotor. Consequently VOC transfer was coupled with heat and moisture transfer only by the temperatures of the rotor and the air stream. The VOC transfer equations were solved by discretizing them into explicit up-wind finite differential equations. The model was validated with experimental data. The calculated results suggested that the regeneration time designed for dehumidification may be prolonged to allow complete removal of the VOC pollutants from the rotor. The regeneration temperature designed for dehumidification provides considerable efficiency for indoor air cleaning. The application of the model in estimating the cleaning capacity of the rotor for VOC pollutants was demonstrated. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Silica gel rotors, usually used to dehumidify air, were found to be effective to remove VOCs by experiments recently. But the removal characteristics of VOCs are different from that of moisture. Therefore, the rotor structure and operating parameters for dehumidification needs to be optimized for the use of removing moisture and VOCs. This paper gives a way for the optimization.     

Air exchange rates and migration of VOCs in basements and residences

Basements can influence indoor air quality by affecting air exchange rates (AERs) and by the presence of emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other pollutants. We characterized VOC levels, AERs, and interzonal flows between basements and occupied spaces in 74 residences in Detroit, Michigan. Flows were measured using a steady‐state multitracer system, and 7‐day VOC measurements were collected using passive samplers in both living areas and basements. A walk‐through survey/inspection was conducted in each residence. AERs in residences and basements averaged 0.51 and 1.52/h, respectively, and had strong and opposite seasonal trends, for example, AERs were highest in residences during the summer, and highest in basements during the winter. Airflows from basements to occupied spaces also varied seasonally. VOC concentration distributions were right‐skewed, for example, 90th percentile benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and limonene concentrations were 4.0, 19.1, 20.3, and 51.0 μg/m³, respectively; maximum concentrations were 54, 888, 1117, and 134 μg/m³. Identified VOC sources in basements included solvents, household cleaners, air fresheners, smoking, and gasoline‐powered equipment. The number and type of potential VOC sources found in basements are significant and problematic, and may warrant advisories regarding the storage and use of potentially strong VOCs sources in basements.     

Biological and environmental exposure monitoring of volatile organic compounds among nail technicians in the Greater Boston area

Nail technicians are exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from nail products, but no studies have previously measured VOC biomarkers for these workers. This study of 10 nail technicians aimed to identify VOCs in nail salons and explore relationships between air concentrations and biomarkers. Personal and area air samples were collected using thermal desorption tubes during a work shift and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for 71 VOCs. Whole blood samples were collected pre‐shift and post‐shift, and analyzed using GC/MS for 43 VOCs. Ventilation rates were determined using continuous CO₂ measurements. Predominant air VOC levels were ethyl methacrylate (median 240 µg/m³), methyl methacrylate (median 205 µg/m³), toluene (median 100 µg/m³), and ethyl acetate (median 639 µg/m³). Blood levels were significantly higher post‐shift than pre‐shift for toluene (median pre‐shift 0.158 µg/L and post‐shift 0.360 µg/L) and ethyl acetate (median pre‐shift <0.158 µg/L and post‐shift 0.510 µg/L); methacrylates were not measured in blood because of their instability. Based on VOCs measured in these seven nail salons, we estimated that emissions from Greater Boston area nail salons may contribute to ambient VOCs. Ventilation rates did not always meet the ASHRAE guideline for nail salons. There is a need for changes in nail product formulation and better ventilation to reduce VOC occupational exposures.     

Do time‐averaged,whole‐building,effective volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions depend on the air exchange rate? A statistical analysis of trends for 46 VOCs in U.S. offices

We used existing data to develop distributions of time‐averaged air exchange rates (AER), whole‐building ‘effective’ emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and other variables for use in Monte Carlo analyses of U.S. offices. With these, we explored whether long‐term VOC emission rates were related to the AER over the sector, as has been observed in the short term for some VOCs in single buildings. We fit and compared two statistical models to the data. In the independent emissions model (IEM), emissions were unaffected by other variables, while in the dependent emissions model (DEM), emissions responded to the AER via coupling through a conceptual boundary layer between the air and a lumped emission source. For 20 of 46 VOCs, the DEM was preferable to the IEM and emission rates, though variable, were higher in buildings with higher AERs. Most oxygenated VOCs and some alkanes were well fit by the DEM, while nearly all aromatics and halocarbons were independent. Trends by vapor pressure suggested multiple mechanisms could be involved. The factors of temperature, relative humidity, and building age were almost never associated with effective emission rates. Our findings suggest that effective emissions in real commercial buildings will be difficult to predict from deterministic experiments or models.     

Patterns in Volatile Organic Compounds in Dust from Moldy Buildings

Abstract Of the ca. 80 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified from moldy building materials, 40 were identified as possible microbial metabolites or their derivatives. Thermal desorption of dust from visibly mold-contaminated rooms resulted in the identification of 55 tentative microbial VOCs (MVOCs). Principal component analysis of peak areas for 20 W O C s from dust samples allowed the classification of rooms according to their contamination by mold growth. Bacterial flora in the dust was similar for mold-contaminated and control rooms and only a few actinomycete colonies were observed. Mold flora in dust from moldy rooms was dominated by Penicillium commune(palitans), P. chrysogenum and Aspergillus versicolor. Some MVOCs (or their derivatives) from moldy building materials were also identified in dust from mold-infested rooms and from pure cultures of the three dominant mold species grown on a rich laboratory substrate.     

Automatic on-line monitoring of atmospheric volatile organic compounds: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection as complementary systems

Traditionally air quality networks have been carrying out the continuous, on-line measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in ambient air with GC-FID. In this paper some identification and coelution problems observed while using this technique in long-term measurement campaigns are described. In order to solve these problems a GC-MS was set up and operated simultaneously with a GC-FID for C₂-C₁₁ VOCs measurement.There are few on-line, unattended, long term measurements of atmospheric VOCs performed with GC-MS. In this work such a system has been optimized for that purpose, achieving good repeatability, linearity, and detection limits of the order of the GC-FID ones, even smaller in some cases. VOC quantification has been made by using response factors, which is not frequent in on-line GC-MS. That way, the identification and coelution problems detected in the GC-FID, which may led to reporting erroneous data, could be corrected.The combination of GC-FID and GC-MS as complementary techniques for the measurement of speciated VOCs in ambient air at sub-ppbv levels is proposed. Some results of the measurements are presented, including concentration values for some compounds not found until now on public ambient air VOC databases, which were identified and quantified combining both techniques. Results may also help to correct previously published VOC data with wrongly identified compounds by reprocessing raw chromatographic data.     

Seasonal cycle of VOCs in apartments

To assess the adverse health effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), epidemiological studies combine the health outcome of individuals with their concomitant VOC exposure. While the latter is representative of the studied period, health effects might also be the result of long-term exposure or emerge in consequence of a peak pollution throughout the year. To address these problems, additional information about the spatiotemporal distribution of VOCs is necessary. The present paper aims at elucidating the spatial and temporal variation of VOC concentrations in Leipzig, Germany. The analysis is based on 1499 indoor and 222 outdoor measurements taken in the period between 1994 and 2001. All data were collected in the frame of epidemiological studies (Diez et al., 1999; Fritz et al., 1998; Schulz et al., 1999). The analysis comprised concentrations of 30 VOCs belonging to the groups of alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, volatile halogenated hydrocarbons, and terpenes. We found that the VOC load in indoor air is, on average, 10 times higher than outdoors. For the studied period there was a clear downward tendency for all VOCs in apartments in Leipzig, except for terpenes which show an upward trend in the period 1996-99. In indoor air we observe an annual cycle for the total VOC concentration as well as the sum concentrations of the above called groups. Highest concentrations occur during the winter months, approximately three times higher than the summer burden. We summarize this finding in a seasonal model, which is fitted to our measurements. Based on the model we develop a procedure for seasonal adjustment, which enables to roughly estimate the annual peak concentration utilizing one monthly observation.     

VOCs and PAHs emissions from creosote-treated wood in a field storage area

In this study, the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs, in this case aromatic hydrocarbons containing one benzene ring and furans) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from wood recently treated with creosote are examined. The VOCs and PAHs were identified and quantified in the gas phase. Additionally, the PAHs were quantified in the particulate phase. Glass multi-sorbent tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack X, Carboxen-569) were used to hold the VOCs. The analysis was performed using automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). PAHs vapours were collected on XAD-2 resin, and particulate matter was collected on glass fibre filters. The PAHs were analysed using GC/MS. The main components of the vapours released from the creosote-treated wood were naphthalene, toluene, m+p-xylene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, isopropylbenzene, benzene and 2-methylnaphthalene. VOCs emission concentrations ranged from 35 mg m(-3) of air on the day of treatment to 5 mg m(-3) eight days later. PAHs emission concentrations ranged from 28 microg m(-3) of air on the day of treatment to 4 microg m(-3) eight days later. The air concentrations of PAHs in particulate matter were composed predominantly of benzo[b+j]fluoranthene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene and 1-methylnaphthalene. The emission concentrations of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons varied between 0.2 and 43.5 ng m(-3). Finally, the emission factors of VOCs and PAHs were determined.     

Variations in amounts and potential sources of volatile organic chemicals in new cars

This study examines inter-brand, intra-brand and intra-model variations in volatile organic chemical (VOC) levels inside new cars. The effect of temperature on interior VOC levels was examined using model automobiles with and without the air-conditioning running. Potential sources of VOC were assessed by comparing VOC levels with two interior trims (leather and fabric) and by analyzing VOC emissions from various interior components. Five brands of new car, both domestic and imported, were tested. Twelve targeted VOCs were collected on solid sorbents and analyzed using thermal desorption and GC/FID. VOCs from interior parts and adhesives were identified using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled with GC/MS. The VOC concentrations varied markedly among brands and within models, and individual VOC levels ranged from below the detection limit (a few mug per cubic meter) to thousands of mug per cubic meter. The intra-model variability (mean, 47%) in the VOC levels was approximately 50% that within each brand (mean, 95%). Although interior trim levels affected VOC levels, the effects differed among brands. Reduction of the cabin temperature reduced most VOC levels, but the impact was not statistically significant. Screening tests for VOCs from interior parts revealed that butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a common anti-oxidant, was the most common chemical. Long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, particularly C14-C17, were identified in most grease (lubricant) samples, and toluene and xylenes were ubiquitously present in adhesive samples. Process-related compounds, such as plasticizer, were also identified in interior parts. In-cabin VOC levels varied significantly among makes/models and interior trims. Concerned consumers should purchase older new cars from manufacturers since VOC levels inside car cabins normally declines over time. Improved processes or materials with lower VOC emission potential should be used to minimize in-cabin VOC sources for new cars.     

Does the presence of desert dust modify the effect of PM10 on mortality in Athens, Greece?

Recent reports investigate whether windblown desert dust may exacerbate the short-term health effects associated with particulate pollution in urban centers. We have tested this hypothesis by using daily air pollution and mortality data for Athens, Greece during the period 2001-2006.We investigated the effects of exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 0 μg/m³ (PM₁₀) on total and cause specific mortality, during days with and without windblown desert dust, for all ages, stratified by age groups and by sex. We identified 141 dust days between 2001 and 2006. We used Poisson regression models with penalized splines to control for possible confounding by season, meteorology, day of the week and holiday effect.A 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀ was associated with a 0.71% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42% to 0.99%) increase in all deaths. The effects for total and cause specific mortality were greater for those ≥ 75 years of age, while for total mortality higher effects were observed among females. The main effect of desert dust days and its interaction with PM₁₀ concentrations were significant in all cases except for respiratory mortality and cardiovascular mortality among those < 75 years. The negative interaction pointed towards lower particle effects on mortality during dust events.We found evidence of modification of the adverse health effects of PM₁₀ on mortality in Athens, Greece with desert dust events: the particle effects were significantly higher during non-desert dust days. Our analyses indicate that traffic related particles, which prevail on non-desert dust days, have more toxic effects than the ones originating from long-range transport, such as Sahara dust.     

Ambient air levels of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in a medium size city in Northern Spain

Ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) were measured by means of passive sampling at 40 sampling points in a medium-size city in Northern Spain, from June 2006 to June 2007. VOC and NO₂ samplers were analysed by thermal desorption followed by gas chromatography/mass-selective detector and by visible spectrophotometry, respectively. Mean concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, propylbenzene, trimethylbenzenes, and NO₂ were 2.84, 13.26, 2.15, 6.01, 0.59, 1.32 and 23.17 µg m^− 3 respectively, and found to be highly correlated. Their spatial distribution showed high differences in small distances and pointed to traffic as the main emission source of these compounds. The lowest levels of VOC and NO₂ occurred during summer, owing to the increase in solar radiation and to lower traffic densities. Mean concentrations of benzene and NO₂ exceeded the European limits at some of the monitored points.     

装饰材料挥发性有机化合物研究现状与进展

综述了挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）定义域、危害和我国与国外限制法规的差异,分析了气态环境、液态和固态装饰材料中VOCs测试研究的技术现状并将固态材料中VOCs测试方法归纳为单体总量、静态释放量、动态释放量三类,指出了装饰材料VOCs研究发展方向和动态释放量的应用价值。