循环荷载下加固土体孔压的模糊正交试验分析

针对地铁循环荷栽下加固软粘土的孔隙水压力发展规律,对上海地铁4号线宝山一海伦引导段隧道周围的加固软黏土进行室内GDS循环三轴试验.结合重复正交设计法安排试验,借助模糊数学的理论与方法处理试验数据,充分考虑了振动频率(0.5、1.5、2.5 Hz)、动应力幅值(20、30、40 kPa)、固结比(1,1.4、2)以及超固结比(1、1.5,2)对土体孔隙水压力的影响.研究结果表明:振动频率、动应力幅值、固结比及超固结比对加固软黏土孔隙水压力的影响率分别为0.722、15.821、0.944及6.628;这说明影响加固软粘土孔隙水压力变化的主要因素是动应力幅值及超固结比.而固结比和振动频率的影响不显著.     

负超孔隙压力消散对基坑稳定影响有限元分析

开挖基坑时,由于开挖卸载,将在坑底和周围土体中产生负超孔隙压力.本文在渗流固结耦合理论的基础上,基于修正剑桥模型,应用通用有限元软件ABAQUS建立开挖的二维基坑模型进行分析.分析过程中考虑施工间歇期,以便负超孔隙压力消散,通过开挖结束和负超孔隙压力消散后二者结果对比分析,总结了负超孔隙压力消散对支护结构的影响.     

不同溶浸作用对离子型稀土持水特性的影响研究

土-水特征曲线是研究离子型稀土持水特性的重要工具。通过室内模拟浸矿试验与Geo-Experts压力板仪测试系统,得到不同溶浸作用下稀土矿体基质吸力与含水率关系。分别利用Van Genuchten模型、Fredlund&Xing三参数模型和Fredlund&Xing四参数模型,研究不同溶浸作用下离子型稀土的土-水特征曲线,分析了不同模型参数的变化规律,得到了不同溶浸方式对土体持水特性的影响规律。对于不同种类溶浸液,持水能力由强到弱依次是纯水、3%硫酸镁溶液、3%硫酸铵溶液;随着溶浸液浓度增大,稀土矿体持水能力逐渐降低,且浓度从0到2%之间下降最明显。土-水特征曲线“滞回效应”显著程度从高到低依次为纯水、3%硫酸镁溶液、3%硫酸铵溶液,随溶浸液浓度增大,“滞回效应”呈现减弱趋势。     

降雨和蒸发对粉质黏土边坡稳定性影响分析

以山西某露天矿粉质黏土边坡为工程背景,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论及流固耦合原理,采用有限单元法研究了降雨和蒸发作用下边坡孔隙水压力、体积含水量、位移及应变变化特点,并对不同降雨强度和蒸发强度下的边坡孔隙水压力和安全系数进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:降雨入渗导致浅层土体含水量增大,基质吸力降低,降低边坡稳定性,降雨强度越大,边坡稳定性下降越快;蒸发会降低浅层土体的含水量,增加吸力,提高边坡稳定性,且蒸发强度越大,安全系数提高越快;边坡孔隙水压力和安全系数与天气条件之间存在滞后关系,滞后时间随土体深度增加而增加。     

辽西黄土湿陷变形特性及湿陷后微观结构变化

初始含水率对黄土湿陷性具有重要的影响.利用人工制备不同含水率的试样对辽西黄土的湿陷变形特性进行了试验研究,并采用SEM技术测试了黄土湿陷前后的微观结构变化,采用微结构定量化分析方法和分形几何方法分析了黄土试样微观孔隙的变化特征.结果表明:1)初始含水率对辽西黄土的湿陷变形具有显著的影响,随着试样初始含水率的增大,同一压力下的湿陷变形量越来越小:2)不同初始含水率试样的压力-变形关系曲线可以统一用双曲线形式表达;3)湿陷后黄土试样的结构变得较为致密,孔隙总数显著增加,而孔隙面积减小.湿陷过程主要是小孔隙数量增加、孔隙形状分维数减小、孔隙复杂程度显著增加的过程.     

复杂应力状态下孔隙水压力对采矿工程施工材料的影响

现阶段的很多矿山工程施工项目中,都会面临复杂的水环境条件,尤其是对于采矿工程施工材料而言,水环境会使得施工材料的结构稳定性和安全性受到环境条件的干扰。比如,孔隙水压力可能会使得施工材料抗压强度不足,因此,针对这一条件下使用该材料进行施工作业,必须要充分考其结构性能和质量要求,采取有效的方式来应对复杂应力状态下的不利施工条件。基于此,本文详细探析了复杂应力条件下孔隙水压力对施工材料抗压强度所产生的影响,对优化材料施工工艺具有一定的技术指导意义。     

浙东沿海地区沉桩引起的孔隙水压力的计算

沿海软土地区中桩基设计与沉桩引起的孔隙水压力大小及其消散有密切关系，通过对挤土桩沉桩过程的理论研究和资料分析，并对实测资料进行了对比和概括，探讨了沉桩时单桩与群桩周围土中产生的孔隙水压力的大小、分布及影响范围，对具体工程桩的施工和设计均有参考意义。     

原状和重塑离子型稀土矿体的孔径分布特征

为获得离子型稀土矿原状矿体和重塑矿体的孔径分布特性,利用张力计对赣南典型的离子型 稀土矿体进行现场和室内的土-水特征曲线测试试验,依据拟合得到的土-水特征曲线计算原状矿体 和重塑矿体的孔径分布.研究发现院原状矿体的比表面积为1.313 m2/g,累积孔隙总体积0.224 4 m3/g, 重塑矿体的比表面积为4.205 m2/g,累积孔隙总体积0.236 5 m3/g.重塑过程改变原矿的孔径分布,使 矿体的比表面积增加3.2 倍,但有效孔隙总体积变化不明显,使得重塑矿体浸润效果更好,而渗透性 有所降低.      

基于CPTU孔压消散试验的欠固结土OCR计算方法

利用CPTU孔压消散试验数据对欠固结土的欠固结状态进行定量评价,并在此基础上提出基于固结状态参数的欠固结土超固结比计算方法.结合现场CPTU孔压消散试验及室内固结试验对崇启大桥北接线工程沿线③l层软土应力历史进行了研究.结果表明:消散时间足够长时,CPTU孔压消散实验曲线的末端无限逼近原位初始孔压,且消散曲线尾端的实测孔压与时间平方根倒数成线性相关性,提出采用时间平方根倒数外推法计算原位初始孔压.当所计算的原位初始孔压大于静水压力时,则判定软土处于欠固结状态,进而建议采用固结状态参数对软土的欠固结程度进行定量评价,固结状态参数越小,说明欠固结程度越高.根据CPIU孔压消散试验计算了沿线软土③1层(淤泥质粉质黏土)的欠固结程度,然后利用室内固结试验成果验证了其合理性.基于OCR传统计算公式中系数与固结状态参数间定量关系,提出了考虑固结程度的欠固结土OCR计算公式.     

饱和软土地基中PHC群桩贯入过程的能量耗散模型

软土地基中群桩稳定性分析是岩土工程的难点之一.通过对饱和软土地基中群桩贯入全过程的力学分析,结合群桩效应与工作性能,根据功能平衡原理,建立了贯入过程中附加应力(含超静孔隙水压力)引起的耗散能量与外力做功、弹性势能三者的平衡关系;同时,针对饱和软土地基中高预应力管桩(PHC)的排土特性,结合现行桩基规范,分别给出了超静孔隙水压力势能、挤土耗散能、重力做功、超静孔隙水压力做功、摩擦耗能、土体弹性势能等的定量表达,构建了PHC群桩贯入过程的能量耗散模型;在此基础上,导出了局部能量安全系数与整体能量安全系数.将上述模型应用于某工程PHC群桩基础的稳定性分析中,并与数值模拟结果对比,验证了该模型的合理可靠性,对饱和软基中PHC群桩稳定性状态的判别具有一定指导意义.     

Influence of Stress State on Soil-Water Characteristics and Slope Stability

A soil-water characteristic curve defines the relationship between the soil (matric) suction and either the water content or the degree of saturation. Physically, this soil-water characteristic is a measure of the water storage capacity of the soil for a given soil suction. Conventionally, the soil-water characteristic curves (SWCCs) are determined in the laboratory using a pressure plate apparatus in which vertical or confining stress cannot be applied. For investigating the influence on the stress state on the soil-water characteristics, a new stress controllable pressure plate apparatus has been developed. Effects of K0 stress conditions on the SWCCs of an “undisturbed” volcanic soil in Hong Kong are determined and illustrated. The net normal stresses considered in the apparatus are 40 and 80 kPa, which are appropriate for many slope failures in Hong Kong. Experimental results show that the soil-water characteristic of the soil specimens is strongly dependent on the confining stress. Numerical analyses of transient seepage in unsaturated soil slopes using the measured stress-dependent soil-water characteristic curves predict that the distributions of pore-water pressure can be significantly different from those predicted by the analyses using the conventional drying SWCC. For the cut slope and the rainfall considered, the former analyses predicted a considerably lower factor of safety than that by the latter analyses. These results suggest that wetting stress-dependent soil-water characteristic curves should be considered for better and safer assessment of slope instability.     

Profiles of Steady-State Suction Stress in Unsaturated Soils

Application of the effective stress principle in unsaturated geotechnical engineering problems often requires explicit knowledge of the stress acting on the soil skeleton due to suction pore water pressure. This stress is defined herein as the suction stress. A theoretical formulation of suction stress profiles, based on the soil water characteristics curve, the soil permeability characteristic curve, and previous shear strength experimental verification, is developed. The theory provides a general quantitative way to calculate vertical suction stress profiles in various unsaturated soils under steady flow rate in the form of infiltration or evaporation.     

Suction-Monitored Direct Shear Testing of Residual Soils from Landslide-Prone Areas

The apparent cohesion due to soil suction plays an important role in maintaining the stability of steep unsaturated soil slopes with deep ground water table. In this paper, a modified direct shear box is used to determine the relationships between the value of this additional cohesion and the associated soil suction. The apparatus incorporates a miniature tensiometer which allows for the simple and direct measurement of suction during shearing. The soil-water characteristic curves and shearing behavior of intact residual soils, being low-to-medium plasticity silts, as well as silty sand, taken from four landslide-prone areas in Thailand, have been investigated. The relatively low air-entry suctions (0–7 kPa) and bimodality of the soil-water characteristic curves gives an indication of the structured pore size distribution of the materials tested. Samples with higher suction tend to display stronger bonding at particle contacts and thus are more brittle. The shear strength is found to increase nonlinearly with suction, though linearization can be reasonably assumed for suction below around 30 kPa. Prediction of shear strength based on soil-water characteristic curves agrees better with ultimate than peak values. A simple equation is proposed for the minimum ultimate strength that can be expected in an unsaturated residual soil with a suction lower than about 30 kPa.     

Influence of Osmotic Suction on the Soil-Water Characteristic Curves of Compacted Expansive Clay

Unsaturated clays are subject to osmotic suction gradients in geoenvironmental engineering applications and it therefore becomes important to understand the effect of these chemical concentration gradients on soil-water characteristic curves (SWCCs). This paper brings out the influence of induced osmotic suction gradient on the wetting SWCCs of compacted clay specimens inundated with sodium chloride solutions/distilled water at vertical stress of 6.25 kPa in oedometer cells. The experimental results illustrate that variations in initial osmotic suction difference induce different magnitudes of osmotic induced consolidation and osmotic consolidation strains thereby impacting the wetting SWCCs and equilibrium water contents of identically compacted clay specimens. Osmotic suction induced by chemical concentration gradients between reservoir salt solution and soil-water can be treated as an equivalent net stress component, (pπ) that decreases the swelling strains of unsaturated specimens from reduction in microstructural and macrostructural swelling components. The direction of osmotic flow affects the matric SWCCs. Unsaturated specimens experiencing osmotic induced consolidation and osmotic consolidation develop lower equilibrium water content than specimens experiencing osmotic swelling during the wetting path. The findings of the study illustrate the need to incorporate the influence of osmotic suction in determination of the matric SWCCs.     

Possibility of Postliquefaction Flow Failure due to Seepage

This study examines the postliquefaction flow failure mechanism, in which shear strain develops due to seepage upward during the redistribution of excess pore water pressure after an earthquake. The mechanism is addressed as both a soil element and a boundary value problem. Triaxial tests that reproduce the stress state of a gentle slope subjected to upward pore water inflow were performed, with the results showing that shear strain can increase significantly after the stress state reaches the failure line. In addition, when subject to equivalent volumetric strain, shear strain is considerably larger in loose sand conditions than in dense sand. Compared with consolidated and drained test results, the dilatancy coefficient β, which indicates the rate of dilation, is the same as that obtained from pore water inflow tests. Torsional hollow cylinder tests were also performed to ascertain the limit of dilation of sand specimens. It was found that the β values are nonlinear in behavior. In addition, a postliquefaction flow failure mechanism based on one-dimensional consolidation theory and shear deformation behavior as a result of pore water inflow is proposed.     

Suction Stress Characteristic Curve for Unsaturated Soil

The concept of the suction stress characteristic curve (SSCC) for unsaturated soil is presented. Particle-scale equilibrium analyses are employed to distinguish three types of interparticle forces: (1) active forces transmitted through the soil grains; (2) active forces at or near interparticle contacts; and (3) passive, or counterbalancing, forces at or near interparticle contacts. It is proposed that the second type of force, which includes physicochemical forces, cementation forces, surface tension forces, and the force arising from negative pore-water pressure, may be conceptually combined into a macroscopic stress called suction stress. Suction stress characteristically depends on degree of saturation, water content, or matric suction through the SSCC, thus paralleling well-established concepts of the soil–water characteristic curve and hydraulic conductivity function for unsaturated soils. The existence and behavior of the SSCC are experimentally validated by considering unsaturated shear strength data for a variety of soil types in the literature. Its characteristic nature and a methodology for its determination are demonstrated. The experimental evidence shows that both Mohr–Coulomb failure and critical state failure can be well represented by the SSCC concept. The SSCC provides a potentially simple and practical way to describe the state of stress in unsaturated soil.     

Effect of Installation Method on External Shaft Friction of Caissons in Soft Clay

The influence of the installation method on the soil flow pattern, resulting external radial total stress changes, and final external shaft friction after consolidation has been investigated for caissons in soft clay by means of centrifuge model tests, large deformation finite-element (FE) analysis, and a simple cavity expansion approach. Both the centrifuge measurements and the FE results show that more soil is forced into the caisson under suction than under jacking. However, the difference in the resulting external radial total stress changes or penetration-induced excess pore-water pressure is much less significant, since the expansion-induced excess pore pressure is smaller for thin-walled caissons than for driven piles. After subsequent consolidation, the influence of the installation method reduces further, and the final shaft friction ratios are close for the two installation methods. Based on the magnitude of heave ratios derived from the centrifuge measurements and the FE analysis, a simple form of cavity expansion approach can reasonably estimate external radial stress changes during installation and after consolidation, and final shaft friction ratios for the caissons. An approach for estimating the external shaft friction ratios for vertical pullout of sealed caissons is proposed.     

Theoretical Assessment of Increased Tensile Strength of Fibrous Soil Undergoing Desiccation

Soil reinforcement with discrete fibers is a viable technique to reduce desiccation cracking in compacted clay soils. The reduction in cracking is attributed to an increase in the tensile strength of the fiber-soil composite. A theoretical model is developed to describe the mechanism of the increased tensile strength due to fiber inclusion of soil undergoing desiccation. The model includes a distinctive effective stress combination acting on the fiber strings due to the generated matric suction by desiccation. Model formulation makes use of Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion at the interface area between fibers and the surrounding soil. The desiccation process of the soil generates matric suction within the soil mass, under given stress condition. The basic elements used in the model formulation include soil-water characteristic curve, Mohr-Coulomb parameters, and unsaturated soil parameters. Fiber inclusion increases significantly the tensile strength of the fiber-soil composite. This increase in tensile strength is expressed as a function of fiber content and soil-water content in this paper. Comparisons are made to published data regarding changes in tensile strength with variable water content.     

Effects of Silt Content and Void Ratio on the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Compressibility of Sand-Silt Mixtures

The hydraulic conductivity, the coefficient of consolidation, and the coefficient of volume compressibility play major roles on the pore pressure generation during undrained and partially drained loading of granular soils with fines. This paper aims to determine how much these soil parameters are affected by the percentage of fines and void ratio of the soil. The results of a large number of flexible wall permeameter tests performed on 60 specimens of two poorly graded sands with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% nonplastic silt are presented and discussed. Hydraulic conductivity measurements were done at effective confining stresses of 50–300 kPa. The evaluation of the data shows that the hydraulic conductivity and the coefficient of consolidation of sands with 25% silt content are approximately two orders of magnitude smaller than those of clean sands. The coefficient of volume compressibility of the sand-silt mixtures is affected in a lesser degree by void ratio, silt content, and confining stress. The influence of the degree of saturation on the laboratory-measured k values is also discussed.