运转工况下风电塔抗震分析

为了研究运转工况下风电塔的地震响应及倒塔模式,使用风电塔设计软件FAST建立风电塔模型,比较停机和运转不同工况下的结构响应,并在运转工况下通过改变地震动输入方向研究不同风震组合角对结构响应的影响,得到最不利工况;使用ABAQUS建立风电塔的精细化有限元模型,将FAST计算的塔顶风荷载导入ABAQUS开展分析计算.将基于叶素理论计算的塔顶荷载与FAST计算结果进行对比,并进一步将弹性阶段ABAQUS与FAST模拟的塔顶位移进行对比,校验分析方法的合理性.利用ABAQUS模型将地震动调幅,开展倒塔模拟.研究结果表明运转工况下最不利风震组合角是90°,强震下塑性铰在塔身下部出现并向中上部发展,最终该风电塔在中上部发生破坏.      

风电塔非线性地震动力响应规律与极限值评价

基于一轮毂高度为50.41 m的实际陆上风电塔结构,运用ANSYS有限元分析软件以及时程分析法对结构进行不同地震动作用下的非线性动力响应影响规律研究,并进一步探讨了结构在正常使用极限状态、塑性极限状态、残余位移条件控制下的水平位移与应力极限值,计算了响应的地震动临界峰值,对结构的整体抗震性能进行了评价.研究结果表明:板块边界型地震动对风电塔这种高耸柔性结构的动力响应影响最大,在极限值评价和结构抗震性能评价中占主导地位;该风电塔的正常使用极限状态为第一极限状态.      

基于激光遥测方法的某在役风电塔现场实测分析

风力发电塔作为一类特殊的高柔结构,顶部支撑的风机在工作状态下对塔身产生动态激励,目前的风电塔振动实测通常采用接触式传感器.为发展风电塔现场非接触测试技术,本文对激光遥测方法进行阐述,利用加速度计和激光遥测设备对某1.5 MW风电塔进行环境脉动激励下的动力实测,对两种仪器的现场使用及测试结果进行对比,分析遥测方法的优势.利用得到的多组实测信号,分别采用峰值拾取法和随机子空间识别法进行分析处理,获得该风电塔的自振频率.      

在役风电塔结构的最不利风——震组合作用响应分析

因风电塔整体结构不沿轴向对称,为明确该结构的受力特性和保证结构安全,采用国外及国内两种数值计算方法对塔筒结构进行了研究,分析风荷载作用下、地震动作用下和风–地震组合作用下的塔体结构的受力差异.在此基础上对塔筒结构进行风–地震组合作用下的不同地震动输入方向的动力响应分析进行研究.结果指出了该状态下对塔筒结构最不利的地震动输入方向以及该作用条件下塔筒结构的薄弱位置为塔筒开口位置.      

冲刷深度对海上风电塔地震动力响应的影响分析

基于某海上风电塔进行现场监测、有限元模拟及室内振动台试验研究,考虑桩-土相互作用并对结构进行精细化数值模拟分析,研究了不同冲刷深度下结构自振周期的变化及不同冲刷深度对结构地震动作用下动力响应的影响规律.现场监测结果表明:6#风机结构受海水冲刷严重,与同时期建造的15#风机相比振动幅度明显,说明冲刷深度对结构的影响不可忽略.数值模拟分析表明:冲刷深度主要影响结构高阶振型,使结构自振周期变长,增幅最大达33%.由于冲刷致使土层对高柔性结构约束减弱,结构将产生大的振动进而导致风机停摆;在遭遇7度罕遇地震时,应立即停止发电工作.室内缩尺振动台试验与数值模拟所得结果的变化曲线较为均匀,趋势上较吻合,充分验证了数值模拟的准确性.      

流固耦合对脱硫塔结构简化模型的动力反应分析

为研究流固耦合对脱硫塔结构简化模型动力反应的影响,采用有限元程序(Adina)模拟脱硫塔结构简化模型在地震作用下的流固耦合效应.首先对脱硫塔结构进行合理简化,在不同液位下进行了脱硫塔结构的模态分析,研究了塔内液位高度对脱硫塔结构的频率和振型的影响;其次,通过对脱硫塔结构进行地震波加载,研究了塔内液位高度、地震波输入角度和加速度峰值对脱硫塔结构的位移和加速度的影响,并与试验结果进行比较.结果表明,脱硫塔结构的频率会随着液位增高而减小,塔内液位高度、地震波加载方向及加速度峰值对脱硫塔结构加速度的影响比较大,而对其位移影响不大.      

全风向来流非高斯风场风机疲劳寿命可靠性分析

在Hermite矩模型基础上,根据Kaimal谱生成某典型风机结构正常风速条件下,三种不同概率特性风场(高斯、非高斯硬化和软化),在考虑来流风向和平均风速联合概率密度条件下,以塔架基础连接处为例,对风机进行疲劳寿命可靠性分析.由叶片的气动模型和多体动力,计算出风机的动力响应,并对响应的时域和频域特性进行分析.基于线性损伤累积理论和Paris公式,对来流全风向条件下的裂纹形成寿命和裂纹扩展寿命进行了详细讨论.结果表明,裂纹形成寿命对风荷载的非高斯性较为敏感,而裂纹扩展寿命对风荷载的非高斯性并不敏感,需要考虑风荷载的非高斯性对风机结构疲劳损伤的影响.此外,在考虑全风向来流条件下,疲劳裂纹形成和扩展阶段的失效位置相同,均在主导风向上.      

结构-土-结构体系动力特性的模型实验

为研究邻近结构对土-结构体系动力特性的影响,基于弹性相似律,制作了框架结构在刚性基础（RF）、单一结构土-结构相互作用（SSI）和结构-土-结构相互作用（SSSI）的缩尺模型.采用脉冲激励方法识别出三个模型的频率、模态和阻尼比,并与原型有限元计算结果相比较.实验和数值计算结果表明:相应于SSI体系的模态,SSSI体系的模态成对出现,两阶模态的频率接近而相位相反,且SSI体系相应模态的频率位于这两阶频率之间;由于相邻结构的影响,SSSI体系基础的竖向位移和倾覆转角进一步加强.      

地震波输入角度对大型脱硫塔结构动力影响的实验研究

对某电厂大型脱硫塔结构模型进行了模拟地震的振动台实验研究.以缩尺比例为1∶15的薄壁钢结构脱硫塔为模型,在多角度输入正弦波、天津波和日向滩冲地震波的前提下,对塔体加速度峰值反应及最不利激励波输入角度进行了研究探讨.结果表明:激励波输入角度对结构动力反应的影响以与结构成30°角方向为最大,60°角方向最小,结构在地震波作用下,塔体加速度峰值的分布明显不同于正弦波情况;脱硫塔结构的复杂性会对结构的动力反应产生较大的影响,塔顶重量较大是引起结构加速度峰值沿塔高分布严重不均匀的主要因素之一.     

车辆-有砟轨道-桥梁系统动力分析模型及验证

针对桥上有砟轨道,利用耦合动力学理论,建立了车辆-有砟轨道-桥梁系统动力分析模型,编制了仿真计算程序.通过与既有理论分析结果和软件计算结果的对比,对本文所建模型的正确性进行了验证.该模型可用于研究车辆、轨道和桥梁结构的动力相互作用,可用于对车辆运行的舒适性以及桥上有砟轨道结构的动力特性进行预测评价.     

Effect of Ice Sheet on Stochastic Response of Offshore Wind Turbine–Seawater–Soil Interaction Systems Subjected to Random Seismic Excitation

To investigate the effect of the presence of surrounding ice sheet on the stochastic response of offshore wind turbines subjected to random seismic excitation, this research uses a three-dimensional, numerical, finite-element model that includes viscous boundaries. The model of the ice–seawater–offshore wind turbine–soil interaction system uses the Lagrangian fluid (displacement-based) and solid-quadrilateral-isoparametric finite elements. Random seismic excitation from a filtered white-noise model and applied to each support point of the three-dimensional finite-element model of the coupled interaction system provides the experimental environment. A parametric study examines the effects of both the presence of and variation in mechanical and geometric properties of the surrounding ice sheet on the stochastic response of offshore wind turbines. The investigation also includes the effect of the wind turbine’s wall thickness in relation to the ice sheet on the stochastic seismic response of the coupled interaction system.     

Seismic Earth Pressure on Retaining Structures

A simple kinematic method to predict the seismic earth pressure against retaining structures is developed. The fundamental solution to the free-field seismic response considering nonlinear, plastic behavior of soil is included in the retaining wall analysis for the first time. Perturbation to the free-field response caused by soil-structure interaction effects for different types of wall movement is considered. Results from this kinematic method are compared with those obtained from finite-element analysis and observed from laboratory shaking table tests performed on model retaining walls.     

Underwater Shake Table Tests on Waterfront Structures Protected with Tire Chips Cushion

A series of large-scale underwater shaking table tests was performed on a gravity type model caisson protected by a cushioning technique using tire chips (scrap tire derived recycled product). The function of the tire chips cushion is to reduce the load and restricting the permanent displacement of such waterfront retaining structures during earthquakes by exploiting the compressibility, the ductility and the energy absorbing capacity of tire chips. The seismic performance of such earthquake resistant techniques was evaluated by subjecting the soil-structure system into three different earthquake loadings (two actual earthquake records and one synthetic earthquake), and measuring the respective responses. The results demonstrated that the seismic load against the caisson quay wall could be substantially reduced using the proposed technique. In addition, the presence of the protective tire chips cushion could significantly reduce the earthquake-induced residual displacement of the caisson quay wall.     

Testing and Modeling of Soil-Structure Interface

An accurate modeling of soil-structure interfaces is very important in order to obtain realistic solutions of many soil-structure interaction problems. To study the mechanical characteristics of soil-structure interface, a series of direct shear tests were performed. A charged-coupled-device camera was used to observe the sand particle movements near the interface. It is shown that two different failure modes exist during interface shearing. Elastic perfect-plastic failure mode occurs along the smooth interface, while strain localization occurs in a rough interface accompanied with strong strain-softening and bulk dilatancy. To describe the behavior of the rough interface, this paper proposes a damage constitutive model with ten parameters. The parameters are identified using data from laboratory interface shear tests. The proposed model is capable of capturing most of the important characteristics of interface behavior, such as hardening, softening, and dilative response. The interface behaviors under direct and simple shear tests have been well predicted by the model. Furthermore, the present model has been implemented in a finite element procedure correctly and calculation results are satisfactory.     

Extended Hyperbolic Model for Sand-to-Concrete Interfaces

A relatively simple, four-parameter extended hyperbolic model for interfaces was developed for use in soil-structure interaction analyses. The model accommodates arbitrary stress path directions and includes three important elements: (1) development of a yield surface during interface shear; (2) a formulation for yield-inducing shear stiffness that is applicable to any stress path orientation; and (3) a formulation for unloading-reloading shear stiffness. The model was evaluated against the results of shear tests performed at the interface between three different types of sand and a concrete surface under a variety of stress paths. Comparisons between measured and calculated interface response indicate that the model provides accurate estimates of the response of sand-to-concrete interfaces.     

Simplified Model for Vertical Vibrations of Surface Foundations

A simplified model for simulating unbounded soil in the vertical vibration problems of surface foundations is presented. The model comprises a mass, a spring, and a dashpot without any internal degree of freedom. By considering three equivalent criteria, a group of equivalent models is established for a foundation-soil system. An optimal equivalent model is then determined to represent the best simplified model. The parameters of the optimal equivalent model may be obtained by a much easier and more direct method than the optimization technique used by existing models. The dynamic responses of the foundation-soil system using the optimal equivalent models are also compared with those obtained by the half-space theory and by the existing lumped-parameter models. The optimal equivalent model is found to have more accurate results than existing discrete models especially for responses at resonant frequencies. This proposed method may be easily applied to practical problems involving soil-structure interaction such as machine foundation vibration and seismic structural analysis.     

Experimental Investigations on the Seismic Response of a Base-Isolated Reinforced Concrete Frame Model

The existing knowledge based on the physical characteristics of rubber-based seismic isolators and the validity of assumptions involved in design can be strengthened with shake table tests and field monitoring during earthquakes. Existing structures can be retrofitted with seismic isolators and successful examples are coming up day by day. This paper presents the results of analytical and experimental investigations of a one-third scaled model of a reinforced concrete soft first-storied structure mounted on natural rubber-based isolators and subjected to uniaxial seismic motion. Translational and rocking responses of the scaled model were measured under four different synthetic time histories, covering a wide range of frequencies. Through base isolation, the time period of the horizontal mode is far removed from the peak spectrum but the rocking modes may well be entrapped in the peak region. Hence, a simplified fail-safe system for protection against overturning was also studied.