燃烧参数对汽油/柴油双燃料HPCC性能和排放影响的试验

在一台改造的单缸柴油机上,转速为1,500,r/min、平均指标压力为0.9,MPa工况进行了不同参数对汽油/柴油双燃料高比例预混合低温燃烧(HPCC)方式燃烧和排放性能影响的试验研究.结果表明,调整EGR率和汽油比例可实现HPCC燃烧过程优化,在保持发动机高燃油经济性的前提下使NOx和碳烟(Soot)排放大幅降低;进气压力对Soot的影响不明显,但进气压力过低将限制汽油比例的提高,NOx排放偏高,进气压力过高使燃烧效率和热效率降低;提高柴油喷油压力,滞燃期延长,最大压升率及最大爆发压力降低;提高喷油压力可同时降低NOx和Soot排放,但喷油压力对燃烧效率、指示油耗、HC和CO排放影响不大.在HPCC燃烧中,通过优化EGR率、汽油比例、进气压力和柴油喷油压力,在不使用后处理器的前提下可使NOx和Soot排放分别低于0.4,g/(kW.h)和0.003,g/(kW.h),并保持较高的热效率,但HC和CO排放偏高,需要采用有较高转换效率的氧化后处理器加以解决.     

汽油/柴油混合燃料发动机小负荷工况的燃烧及排放特性仿真研究

针对汽油/柴油混合燃料发动机,在均质压燃(HCCI)模式,利用缸径100 mm单缸柴油机,控制喷油量在每循环9.4 mg,转速在2 000 r/min,进气压力在0.2 MPa时,选取不同汽油/柴油比例掺烧、在不同喷油时刻进行数值模拟研究,结果表明,汽油/柴油混合燃料随汽油比例增大,喷油时刻提前,缸内平均压力呈先增后减,燃料燃烧速度先减后增,缸内平均温度呈上升趋势,喷油时刻提前,可大幅度降低CO,NO,喷油时刻在止点后-30°曲轴转角(CA)到-40°CA之间时,增大汽油比例能有效降低碳烟(Soot);G50燃料会随喷油时刻提前,燃油混合气雾化效果变好,CO,NO会进一步降低,而Soot排放呈先减后增规律,整体排放降低的最优喷油时刻在上止点后-35°CA。     

汽油/柴油双燃料不同HPCC燃烧模式的数值模拟

针对汽油/柴油双燃料高比例预混燃烧(HPCC)模式,在总喷油量、主放热时刻(CA50)基本相当的条件下,对柴油早喷(E-HPCC)与柴油晚喷(L-HPCC)情况下的燃烧特性和排放特性进行了数值模拟研究.结果表明,HPCC着火和燃烧过程主要受缸内活性自由基控制,较晚喷射会导致缸内局部正庚烷浓度高、活性较大,造成高温放热提前;较早喷射正庚烷会抑制低温放热,从而增加着火时刻缸内活性自由基的数量,是放热率较高、最大压升率较大的主要原因.L-HPCC模式下,高温放热时刻缸内局部正庚烷浓度较大造成了缸内局部温度较高,促进了NOx生成,相对E-HPCC模式NOx排放较高;虽然L-HPCC局部浓度较高会促进碳烟的生成,但同时较高的燃烧温度加强了碳烟的氧化,因此L-HPCC模式的碳烟排放低于E-HPCC模式.     

进气氧浓度对柴油机低温燃烧影响的试验研究

为了研究低温燃烧机理的极端情况,即废气中不含比热容较小的N2,通过向进气管喷入CO2气体控制进气氧浓度、改变喷油量、喷油时刻、喷油压力等,研究了进气氧浓度对柴油机燃烧和排放特性的影响.结果表明,随进气氧浓度降低,在喷油量为25 mg/cyc时,放热速率逐渐降低,而在喷油量为50 mg/cyc时,放热速率先升高后降低;较低进气氧浓度时,燃烧呈明显的两阶段放热.喷油量为50 mg/cyc时,降低碳烟排放最有效的途径是提高喷油压力.综合性能和排放,喷油提前角应不小于20°CA,此时NOx和碳烟排放较低,且可保持较高的热效率.     

汽/柴油双燃料发动机燃烧过程的影响因素

以一台柴油机为原型机,增加进气道喷射汽油系统,实现进气道预混喷射汽油缸内直接喷射柴油引燃的燃烧模式,对汽/柴油双燃料发动机进行深入的性能研究.结果表明:汽/柴油比例在66%,左右能够取得较好的经济和排放性能,燃油消耗率降低到250,g/(k W·h)以下,碳烟排放约为0.11,FSN,NOx排放约为53×10-6;柴油喷油在低负荷(1,400,r/min,50,N·m)时适于采用单次喷射,喷射正时为-30°,CA ATDC时燃油消耗率取得最低值,而在中、高负荷时宜采用两次喷射;采用热EGR后,避免传统柴油机NOx与碳烟的trade-off关系,燃油消耗率也得到改善,数值约为258,g/(k W·h).     

基于汽油/柴油双阶段燃烧模式对低温阶段燃烧及排放性能的影响

在一台高压共轨柴油机进气总管上加装汽油喷射系统,汽油采用进气道喷射形成预混合气,柴油采用缸内大角度预喷并引燃汽油.试验以降低NOx排放和消光烟度为主要目标,探究汽油/柴油双阶段燃烧模式的汽油喷射量、柴油预喷正时、柴油预喷量对低温阶段燃烧及排放特性的影响,并通过对燃烧、排放及经济性综合考量构建喷油参数优化策略.结果表明:引入汽油后的燃烧过程呈现两阶段放热,实现了柴油着火时刻可控;增加汽油喷射量可以有效强化缸内油气混合,使主放热率峰值升高,有助于燃烧完全;该燃烧模式的低温阶段避免了传统柴油机NOx和消光烟度出现的折中关系,消光烟度处于低水平范围,均低于3%,;适度提前柴油预喷正时或减少柴油预喷量能同时降低NOx排放和消光烟度,但CO和HC会出现一定程度恶化.     

两次喷射策略对汽油/聚甲氧基二甲醚高预混燃烧及排放的影响

在一台改造的单缸柴油机上进行了预主喷两次喷射策略对汽油/聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODE)高预混合燃烧(HPCC)影响的试验研究。研究结果表明:预主喷两次喷射策略能缩短主喷滞燃期,提前着火时刻;预主喷间隔较小或较大时,汽油/PODE HPCC燃烧放热率峰值较低;预主喷间隔为35°时燃烧放热率峰值最高,放热更加集中。预喷比例越大,预主喷间隔和主喷时刻对最大压升率和指示热效率的影响越大。通过预主喷两次喷射策略优化,可以显著提高汽油/PODE HPCC燃烧的指示热效率,减少碳氢和碳烟排放,但最大压升率有所增加。高负荷时,汽油/柴油HPCC因为碳烟排放的限制,适合采用两次喷射策略;汽油/PODE HPCC受限于最大压力升高率,更适合采用单次喷射策略。     

甲醇均质混合气F-T柴油引燃发动机排放特性研究

针对F-T柴油和煤基甲醇在发动机中燃烧时的各自优势,在一台CY25TQ型柴油机上,研究了甲醇占能比及F-T柴油喷油时刻对甲醇均质混合气F-T柴油引燃燃烧方式下发动机排放特性的影响。试验结果表明:随甲醇占能比增加,碳烟和NOx排放明显下降,而THC,HCHO,CO排放上升;F-T柴油喷油时刻提前,CO和NOx排放上升,而碳烟,HCHO,THC排放呈先降低后升高趋势。     

正丁醇掺混比对双燃料发动机性能的影响

正丁醇具有与柴油互溶性好、挥发性好和自身含氧等特点,是一种良好的清洁替代燃料,为了改善天然气双燃料发动机的燃烧和排放特性,在引燃柴油中掺混了正丁醇.通过调整喷油时刻,使燃烧相位(CA 50)固定在6°CA ATDC处,对比分析了正丁醇掺混体积分数分别为0%(B0)、10%(B10)、20%(B20)和30%(B30)时缸内的燃烧和排放参数.研究结果表明:随着正丁醇掺混比的提高,滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期缩短,缸压峰值升高,放热率峰值先升高后降低,B10的峰值最高.此外,指示热效率提高,CO和HC排放降低,而NOx排放略有增加.     

调制多脉冲喷油模式放热特征和能量分布及其对热效率和排放的影响

从发动机实验结果详细分析了调制多脉冲喷油模式的循环油量能量分布及燃烧放热特征,发现喷油模式的调制能够有效降低未燃油滴损失和CO排放,热效率能增加4％-12％。同时,从燃烧放热特征分析可看出,由调制多脉冲喷油模式组织的柴油HCCI燃烧过程对喷油模式和喷油定时极为敏感,是一个有限反应速率的过程。在-90℃A ATDC喷油定时下,仔细调制的喷油模式能获得好的NOx排放和热效率折中。     

F-T柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

在两种不同供油提前角下研究了燃用F-T柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放特性的影响,结果表明:发动机不做任何调整时,与0号柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油的滞燃期较短,预混燃烧放热峰值较低,扩散燃烧放热峰值较高,最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率较低,燃油消耗率和热效率都得到了改善,HC、CO、NOx和碳烟排放同时降低。当供油提前角推迟3℃A时,燃用F-T柴油燃烧持续期明显缩短,预混燃烧放热峰值、最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率进一步降低,扩散燃烧放热峰值略有升高,燃油消耗率变化不大,NOx排放进一步降低, HC、CO和碳烟略有增加,其中HC排放与原柴油机相当,而CO和碳烟仍远低于原柴油机。     

The effect of injection timing and intake valve close timing on performance and emissions of diesel PCCI engine with a full engine cycle CFD simulation

A full-cycle computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation coupled with detailed chemical kinetics mechanism has been used to investigate the effect of start of injection (SOI) timing and intake valve close (IVC) timing on performance and emissions of diesel premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine. By sweeping SOI timing from −35 to −5 °CA ATDC and IVC timing from −140 to −80 °CA ATDC with fixed 50% exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and 1.8 bar intake pressure, the contour plots for ignition timing, nitric oxides (NO_x), soot, hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC), and ringing intensity have been developed. The results indicate that the operating range can be divided into kinetically controlled region and mixing-controlled region, in which the ignition timing is solely controlled by IVC timing and SOI timing respectively. To Minimize HC, CO, NO_x and soot emissions, SOI timing must be carefully adjusted within a limited range. With the retarded IVC timing, the operating range of SOI becomes wider for clean combustion. The IVC timing should be optimized with consideration of ignition timing and combustion efficiency at different SOI timing in order to improve fuel economy. For purpose of avoiding engine knock, the SOI timing around −20 °CA ATDC and early IVC timing are pursued.     

Effects of fuel combination and IVO timing on combustion and emissions of a dual-fuel HCCI combustion engine

This paper experimentally and numerically studied the effects of fuel combination and intake valve opening (IVO) timing on combustion and emissions of an n-heptane and gasoline dual-fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. By changing the gasoline fraction (GF) from 0.1 to 0.5 and the IVO timing from –15°CA ATDC to 35°CA ATDC, the in-cylinder pressure traces, heat release behaviors, and HC and CO emissions were investigated. The results showed that both the increased GF and the retarded IVO timing delay the combustion phasing, lengthen the combustion duration, and decrease the peak heat release rate and the maximum average combustion temperature, whereas the IVO timing has a more obvious influence on combustion than GF. HC and CO emissions are decreased with reduced GF, advanced IVO timing and increased operational load.     

Effects of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel on combustion and emissions of direct injection diesel engine

Effects of Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) diesel fuel on the combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine under different fuel delivery advance angles were investigated. The experimental results show that F-T diesel fuel exhibits shorter ignition delay, lower peak values of premixed burning rate, lower combustion pressure and pressure rise rate, and higher peak value of diffusion burning rate than conventional diesel fuel when the engine remains unmodified. In addition, the unmodified engine with F-T diesel fuel has lower brake specific fuel consumption and higher effective thermal efficiency, and presents lower HC, CO, NO_x and smoke emissions than conventional diesel fuel. When fuel delivery advance angle is retarded by 3 crank angle degrees, the combustion duration is obviously shortened; the peak values of premixed burning rate, the combustion pressure and pressure rise rate are further reduced; and the peak value of diffusion burning rate is further increased for F-T diesel fuel operation. Moreover, the retardation of fuel delivery advance angle results in a further significant reduction in NO_x emissions with no penalty on specific fuel consumption and with much less penalty on HC, CO and smoke emissions.     

Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas: A review

Natural gas (NG) is one of the most important and successful alternative fuels for vehicles. Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas have been reviewed by NG/gasoline bi-fuel engine, pure NG engine, NG/diesel dual fuel engine and HCNG engine. Compared to using gasoline, bi-fuel engine using NG exhibits higher thermal efficiency; produces lower HC, CO and PM emissions and higher NOx emission. The bi-fuel mode can not fully exert the advantages of NG. Optimization of structure design for engine chamber, injection parameters including injection timing, injection pressure and multi injection, and lean burn provides a technological route to achieve high efficiency, low emissions and balance between HC and NOx. Compared to diesel, NG/diesel dual fuel engine exhibits longer ignition delay; has lower thermal efficiency at low and partial loads and higher at medium and high loads; emits higher HC and CO emissions and lower PM and NOx emissions. The addition of hydrogen can further improve the thermal efficiency and decrease the HC, CO and PM emissions of NG engine, while significantly increase the NOx emission. In each mode, methane is the major composition of THC emission and it has great warming potential. Methane emission can be decreased by hydrogen addition and after-treatment technology.     

生物含氧燃料成分对柴油机性能影响的试验研究

将占体积比80％的柴油分别掺混20％乙醇、20％生物柴油以及10％乙醇和10％生物柴油的混合物，连同纯柴油组成E20、B20、E10810和柴油共4种燃料，在一台4缸柴油机上进行燃烧、性能及排放特性试验研究。结果表明：含氧燃料成分的不同对折合油耗率基本不产生影响，但对燃烧和排放特性影响较大。发动机燃用E20的缸内最大爆发压力较柴油要大，B20、E10810较柴油要小；含氧燃料中生物柴油的加入使最大压力升高率减小，燃烧变得柔和；含氧燃料的放热时刻均落后于柴油的放热时刻。含氧燃料成分在中低负荷下对HC和CO的排放影响较大，随着含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加HC和CO排放增加，在中高负荷下，3种含氧燃料的HC和CO排放基本相当；除了在2300r／min的中低负荷下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油高以外，其它工况下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油要低。含氧燃料成分不同对NOx排放的影响很小，3种含氧燃料的NOx排放都比柴油低。3种含氧燃料的碳烟排放较柴油要低，而且随含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加，碳烟排放减小。     

空燃比对柴油/丙烷混合燃料发动机燃烧和排放的影响

在单缸直喷式柴油机上,研究了燃用柴油和柴油/丙烷混合燃料时,空燃比对发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响。结果表明:发动机转速一定时,燃烧持续期随空燃比和丙烷比例的增加而缩短;缸内最高燃烧压力随空燃比的增大而减小,随丙烷比例的增加而增大;NOx和碳烟排放随空燃比的增大而降低,HC排放在小空燃比时随空燃比的减小而大幅度增加,而在大空燃比时随空燃比的增大而稍有增加;在小空燃比时CO排放随空燃比的减小而增加,在大空燃比时变化不大;燃用柴油/丙烷混合燃料可同时降低CO、HC和碳烟排放,但NOx排放增加。