流化床结晶反应器回收化粪池污水中氮、磷的研究

采用自制流化床结晶反应器处理模拟化粪池污水,探讨了升流速度、p H值和Mg/P值对反应器除磷效果的影响规律,考察了反应器在优化条件下对氮、磷的回收效果。当HRT从30min延长到60 min时,升流速度减缓,从1.11×10~(-4)m/s降至5.56×10~(-5)m/s,对氮、磷的去除效果显著提高,60 min以后则基本没有变化;反应器进水p H值由8.5提高至10时,除磷率先升高后降低,当p H值=9.5时达到峰值;进水Mg/P值越大,氮、磷去除率越高,但Mg/P值超过1.2时,去除率增幅趋缓。在进水p H值为9.5、Mg/P值为1.2、HRT为60 min的最优运行工况下,流化床结晶反应器稳定运行时,对COD、NH_4~+-N和磷的去除率分别为41.5%、41.3%、91.2%;SEM和EDS分析结果表明,流化床结晶反应器处理模拟化粪池污水生成的结晶产物主要成分为磷酸铵镁,具有很高的氮、磷回收价值。     

底物条件对好氧磷酸盐还原除磷效能的影响

通过改变底物条件,考察了初始C/P值、进水PO43--P浓度对好氧磷酸盐还原除磷效能的影响。结果表明,底物条件对好氧磷酸盐还原除磷效能的影响显著,初始C/P值过高或过低均不利于磷酸盐的还原。当初始C/P为100时,SBBR反应器对磷酸盐的去除率达到最高,平均去除率为52.93%,表明磷酸盐还原菌为异养菌。同时,在碳源充足的条件下,增加进水PO43--P浓度可提高对磷酸盐的去除量,并且两者之间以及磷酸盐去除量与COD去除量之间均呈显著的正相关。工艺适用性分析表明,磷酸盐还原除磷工艺适用于处理人畜粪便污水、污泥消化液、榨菜废水等碳源充足的高磷污(废)水。     

电化学除磷过程的条件优化与机理研究

为优化电化学除磷过程的条件并探究反应机理,通过模拟实际污水研究了初始pH值、初始磷浓度C_0及曝气强度j对电化学除磷过程的影响,同时对不同条件下电化学除磷过程进行了动力学分析。结果表明:随着初始pH值的增加,TP去除率先增加后减小;随着电解时间的增加,溶液pH值增大。当C_0为5 mg/L、电解时间为60 min、初始p H值为6～8时,TP去除率达到84. 5%以上;且当初始pH值为7时,TP去除率达到最高值,为87. 69%。C_0越高,TP去除率越低,但除磷的能耗也越低。当C_0为9 mg/L时,电解60 min后,TP去除率为72. 79%,去除单位质量磷的能耗仅为0. 059 kW·h/g,比C_0为5 mg/L时节约能耗0. 025 kW·h/g。当j为0. 14～0. 28 L/min时,电解60 min后,TP去除率达到86. 0%以上,比j为零时至少提高了43. 6%。动力学拟合结果表明,电化学除磷过程中存在着化学配位反应和吸附反应。当pH值为3～5时,除磷过程以化学配位反应为主,当pH值为7～11时,除磷过程则以吸附反应为主;且pH值增加不会减弱除磷过程中的吸附反应。当C_0为8～9 mg/L时,化学配位作用的除磷效果达到极限水平。曝气一方面有利于Fe~(2+)氧化为Fe~(3+),促进化学配位反应,另一方面可以缓解电极钝化,提高除磷效率。     

A2/O系统中碳、氮、磷的物料平衡分析

通过考察水力停留时间(HRT)和泥龄(SRT)对A2/O系统去除碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的影响,对系统的运行参数进行优化,并分析了C、N、P三种元素在最佳工况下的物料平衡和质量分布.结果表明,HRT对系统去除COD、TN和TP的影响不大,当HRT>8 h时,系统对各指标的去除率已基本不再变化;系统对TN的去除率随SRT的减小而减小,对TP的去除率随SRT的减小而增大,对COD的去除率受SRT的影响较小;综合考虑系统的除碳脱氮除磷效果,确定最佳的HRT为8 h、SRT为15 d,此时系统中C、N和P的平衡百分比分别为82.2%、95.2%和95.1%,其中进水COD主要以CO2的形式(66.2%)被去除,TN主要以N2的形式(59.0%)被去除,TP主要由剩余污泥(84.4%)带出系统.     

脱水滤液中Mg2 、PO43-和NH4 浓度对鸟粪石形成的影响

以污泥脱水滤液为研究对象,考察了按照等化学计量比改变Mg2 、PO43-和NH4 的初始浓度、单独改变NH4 初始浓度和单独改变Ca2 初始浓度对鸟粪石回收效果的影响.结果表明在按照等化学计量比改变Mg2 、PO43-和NH4 初始浓度的条件下,对Mg2 、PO43-和NH4 的回收率均随其初始浓度的增大而提高;保持Mg2 和PO43-浓度均为5.00 mmol/L,当NH4 的初始浓度提高到12.00 mmol/L时,约有90%的PO43-参与了鸟粪石的生成;Ca2 不仅可与Mg2 争夺PO43-而占据鸟粪石晶体赖以继续生长的活性位,而且还能与H2PO4-争夺OH-,抑制H2PO4-向PO43-转化并参与生成鸟粪石,同时造成对NH4 的回收率降低.     

采用AOA模式在SBR中实现同步脱氮除磷

借助SBR反应器,通过采用厌氧/好氧/缺氧（AOA）的运行方式来实现同步脱氮除磷.结果表明,在好氧段补充一定量的碳源可以抑制好氧吸磷,进而在缺氧段实现反硝化除磷,从而达到了同步脱氮除磷的目的.最佳碳源投量为30～40 mg/L,补充碳源负荷为12.8～17.2 mgCOD/gMLSS;长期运行时系统的脱氮除磷性能稳定,对TN和PO4^3- -P的平均去除率分别可达85.5%、91.4%,同时NO2^- -N可以作为反硝化聚磷菌吸磷的电子受体;在一个SBR周期内,pH值呈规律性变化并和氮、磷的吸收/释放相关联,通过监测pH值可以初步判断磷释放、氨氮转化和磷吸收的终点.     

吸附除磷技术中试研究

针对上海迪士尼中心湖水质总磷(TP)浓度≤0.02 mg/L的处理要求,通过现场中试研究了磷吸附处理技术对不同磷浓度进水中的TP及PO43-的去除效果,探索了处理系统的最佳运行条件,明确了处理流程中脱气塔的作用,并对磷吸附剂的磷吸附容量进行了研究。试验结果表明,吸附剂对PO43-的吸附能力优异,在试验条件下,处理出水可以实现PO43-完全去除和TP达标;在有脱气塔的情况下,吸附容量高于设计值;但该技术需要用到强酸和强碱,操作和管理难度较大,吸附剂再生成本较高,装置占地面积较大。     

丙酸/乙酸比值对反硝化除磷的影响

分别以丙酸、丙酸/乙酸(浓度比值为0.5、2)、乙酸为碳源,在SBR中采用厌氧/缺氧方式驯化富集反硝化聚磷菌(DPB),研究了丙酸/乙酸比值对反硝化除磷系统中有机物的降解、PO3-4-P的释放与吸收、NO-x-N浓度、PHB和糖原含量以及污泥中磷含量的影响.结果表明,随着丙酸/乙酸比值的提高,厌氧释磷量减少,厌氧末期的PHB含量降低,缺氧段聚磷菌的合成和代谢能力减弱,最终导致对PO3-4-P的去除率降低.因此,乙酸含量高的碳源更利于反硝化除磷的进行.     

生物/化学组合工艺处理高盐榨菜废水的除磷效能

针对高盐度废水生物除磷的难点问题,采用生物/化学组合工艺处理高盐度、高磷、高氮的榨菜腌制废水,考察了运行工况、挂膜密度、排泥周期、药剂种类和投加量等对除磷效能的影响.试验结果表明:采用厌氧/生物除磷/生物脱氮/化学除磷组合工艺除磷高效、可行,当一级SBBR生物除磷单元的挂膜密度为60%、排泥周期为2 d、运行工况为进水(O.2 h)-厌氧(3 h)-好氧(6 h)-沉淀及排水(0.2 h),化学除磷单元按物质的量之比为9:1投加硫酸铝时,在进水COD及(PO3-4)-P分别为10 000 mg/L和38.5 mg/L的条件下,出水COD和(PO3-4)-P分别为90和0.1mg/L,去除率均达到了99%以上.生物除磷、生物脱氮、化学除磷单元的除磷分担率分别为56.6%、20.8%和22%.     

ASBBR处理榨菜废水的生物还原除磷效能研究

以高盐、高磷榨菜废水为研究对象,探讨了厌氧序批式生物膜反应器(ASBBR)生物还原磷酸盐的除磷效能,考察了温度、pH、负荷及NO3--N浓度等因素对磷酸盐生物还原除磷的影响.研究表明:温度、pH、负荷及NO3--N浓度对磷酸盐还原除磷效果的影响显著.在水温为30℃、pH值为7.1、负荷为1.0 kgCOD/(m3·d)的条件下,反应器对COD和PO43--P的去除率分别为73.75%和39.85%;当NO3--N为105～160 mg/L时有利于磷酸盐还原除磷.     

Removal of phosphate,magnesium and calcium from swine wastewater through crystallization enhanced by aeration

In order to confirm the possibility of removing P04-P, Mg and Ca from swine wastewater through artificial crystallization by aeration, laboratory and pilot scale experiments were carried out using actual swine wastewater. The pH of swine wastewater increased up to approximately 8.5 with continuous aeration, and a large part of the soluble PO4-P, Mg and Ca was crystallized. The ingredients of the crystals were estimated as MAP and HAP according to their mole ratio of NH4-N, PO4-P, Mg and Ca. The sedimentation speed of crystals in swine wastewater was about 3 m h(-1), and over 90% of them had settled after standing 1 h. A pilot scale reactor with the dual functions of crystallization by aeration and settling was operated continuously using actual swine wastewater, with aeration conditions of HRT 4.1 h and 26m3 airh(-1) m(-2) cross section (18m3 air h(-1) m(-3) volume). During 50 days of operation, pH at the aeration column held stable at 8.0, and 65% of PO4-P, 51% of Mg, and 34% of Ca were removed.     

低碳源城市污水的强化脱氮除磷工艺研究

在活性污泥释磷规律研究的基础上进行中试,对常规A2/O工艺进行改进,提出适用于低碳源城市污水的强化脱氮除磷工艺.结果表明:富磷污泥中的NO3--N浓度较高时,在厌氧开始的一段时间内,反硝化吸磷使PO3-4-P浓度不断降低,当NO3--N由2.75 mg/L降至接近于零时才开始表现出释磷;对于低碳源城市污水,由于大量未被反硝化的NO3--N随回流污泥进入厌氧区,干扰厌氧释磷的正常进行,导致常规A2/O工艺的除磷效果较差,出水TP平均浓度为1.04 mg/L;调整厌氧、缺氧、好氧停留时间比进行强化厌氧后,出水TP平均浓度为0.48 mg/L,达到了GB 18918-2002标准的一级A标准,去除率较常规A2/O工艺提高了21%,同时出水COD、TN、NH3-N也能稳定地达到一级A标准.     

Phosphate removal by mineral-based sorbents used in filters for small-scale wastewater treatment

The mineral-based sorbents Filtra P, Polonite, natural wollastonite and water-cooled blast furnace slag (WCBFS) were studied in terms of their PO(4) removal performance. Results from a long-term column experiment showed that both Filtra P and Polonite removed >95% of PO(4) from the applied synthetic solution, and that the used filter materials had accumulated several (1.9-19) g kg(-1)P. Phosphorus was removed also by natural wollastonite and WCBFS, but these materials were less efficient. Batch experiments on the used materials showed that the solubility PO(4) was considerably larger than the one expected for crystalline Ca phosphates such as hydroxyapatite, and results from investigations with attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) on the Filtra P material showed that the formed P phase was not crystalline. These evidence suggest that a soluble amorphous tricalcium phosphate (ATCP) was formed in the mineral-based sorbents; the apparent solubility constant on dissolution was estimated to log K(s)=-27.94 (+/-0.31) at 21 degrees C. However, since only up to 18% of the accumulated PO(4) was readily dissolved in the experiments, it cannot be excluded that part of the phosphorus had crystallized to slightly less soluble phases. In conclusion, Filtra P and Polonite are two promising mineral-based sorbents for phosphorus removal, and at least part of the accumulated phosphorus is present in a soluble form, readily available to plants.     

以水化硅酸钙为基质的人工湿地系统除磷研究

添加水化硅酸钙作为人工湿地的基质,旨在强化湿地系统对磷的去除能力,减轻水体富营养化.采用模拟试验系统考察了水化硅酸钙粒径、投加量及水力停留时间对除磷效果的影响.结果表明,在水化硅酸钙粒径为4目、投加量为80 g时系统达到最佳的除磷效果,一个月后去除率稳定在75%左右,与对照人工湿地相比,去除率可提高20%以上;停留时间越长,系统对磷的去除效果越好,停留时间为4 d的去除率比停留时间为2 d和1 d的分别高约5%和20%;水化硅酸钙对植物的生长和除磷能力有明显的促进作用.同时,湿地植物代谢可以有效控制水化硅酸钙本身对出水pH的影响,使水体pH值稳定在8.2左右.     

Submerged aquatic vegetation-based treatment wetlands for removing phosphorus from agricultural runoff: response to hydraulic and nutrient loading

Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) communities exhibit phosphorus (P) removal mechanisms not found in wetlands dominated by emergent macrophytes. This includes direct assimilation of water column P by the plants and pH-mediated P coprecipitation with calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Recognizing that SAV might be employed to increase the performance of treatment wetlands, we investigated P removal in mesocosms (3.7 m2) stocked with a mixture of taxa common to the region: Najas guadalupensis, Ceratophyllum demersum, Chara spp. and Potamogeton illinoensis. Three sets of triplicate mesocosms received agricultural runoff from June 1998 to February 2000 at nominal hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 1.5, 3.5 or 7.0 days. Mean total P (TP) loading rates were 19.7. 8.3 and 4.5 g/m2/yr. After eight months of operation. N. guadalupensis dominated the standing crop biomass and P storage, whereas C. demersum exhibited the highest tissue P content. Chara spp. was prominent only in the 7.0)-day HRT treatments while P. illinoensis largely disappeared. Inflow soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) (10 163 microg/L) was reduced consistently to near the detection limit (2 microg/L) in the 3.5- and 7.0-day HRT treatments, and to a mean of 9 microg/L in the 1.5-day HRT treatment. The mean inflow TP concentration (10(7) microg/L) was reduced to 52, 29 and 23 microg/L in the 1.5-, 3.5- and 7.0-day HRT treatments, respectively. Total P concentrations in new sediment (mean= 641, 408 and 459 mg/kg in the 1.5-. 3.5-, and 7.0-day HRT mesocosms, respectively) were much higher than in the muck soil used to stock the mesocosms (236 mg/ kg). The calcium content of new sediment was twice that of the muck soil (16.5% vs. 7.6%), demonstrating that CaCO3 production and, perhaps, coprecipitation of P occurred. We observed no nocturnal remobilization of SRP despite diel fluctuations in pH and dissolved oxygen. Mean outflow TP (21 microg/L) from a 147 ha SAV wetland (4-day nominal HRT) was similar to mean outflow TP in the 3.5-day and 7.0-day HRT treatments. The mesocosms adequately mimicked P removal and other important characteristics of the larger system and can be used to address research questions regarding treatment performance of full-scale SAV wetlands. Available data suggest that the incorporation of SAV communities into the stormwater treatment areas may benefit Everglades restoration.     

Factors affecting phosphate adsorption to aluminum in lake water: implications for lake restoration

Treatment of lake inlets or lake sediments with aluminum (Al) is being increasingly used for lake restoration but only few studies exist concerning competitive substances that might influence phosphate (PO(4)(3-)) removal from lake water. Therefore, chemical interferences of several ions (magnesium, silicate, chloride and humic acid) on PO(4)(3-) adsorption to Al(OH)(3) were studied. Interference of each ion was studied in artificial lake water, and the complex interactions occurring in natural water were studied in water from 30 Danish lakes at pH 7 in both cases. In the artificial lake water Al:P ratio was high as sediment P-pools were the targets while in the natural lake water Al addition was generally lower as only P present in the water was targeted (i.e. inlet water). The single-ion experiments evidenced that silicate (>200 microM) and humic acids significantly decreased the effectiveness of PO(4)(3-) adsorption to Al(OH)(3) by 10-13% at 450 microM Si and 17% at 1 mM C, respectively. NaCl did not influence adsorption of PO(4)(3-) to Al(OH)(3), however, PO(4)(3-) removal was slightly reduced in seawater, mainly due to the presence of Mg(2+). The studies on interferences in natural lake water showed that as long as the PO(4)(3-) concentration was low (<5 microM), silicate competed with PO(4)(3-) for adsorption sites on Al(OH)(3) but at higher PO(4)(3-) concentrations, color and DOC (as indicators of HA) were the main variables decreasing PO(4)(3-) removal from lake water. Inhibition of PO(4)(3-) precipitation in natural lake water appeared complex and did not allow for a simple calculation of Al dose from the concentration of potentially competitive ions. Recommendation for lake management is therefore still that precipitation assays should be carried out for any type of inlet or lake water prior to Al application.     

Interactions between calcium precipitation and the polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria metabolism

A sequencing batch reactor that is operated for biological phosphorus removal has been operated under different influent calcium concentrations to study the precipitation process and the possible effects of phosphorus precipitation in the biological phosphorus removal process. Four experiments were carried out under different influent calcium concentrations ranging from 10 to 90 g Ca m(-3). The experimental results and the equilibrium study, which are based on the saturation index calculation, confirm that the process controlling the calcium behaviour is the calcium phosphate precipitation. This precipitation takes place at two stages: initially, precipitation of the amorphous calcium phosphate, and later crystallization of hydroxyapatite. Also the accumulation of phosphorus precipitated was observed when the influent calcium concentration was increased. In all the experiments, the influent wastewater ratio P/COD was kept constant. It has been observed that, at high calcium concentration, the ratio between phosphate release and acetate uptake (P(rel)/Ac(uptake)) decreases. Changes in the polyphosphate-accumulating organism (PAO) population and in the glycogen-accumulating organism (GAO) population during the experimental period were ruled out by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization. These results could suggest that PAO are able to change their metabolic pathways based on external conditions, such as influent calcium concentration. The accumulation of phosphorus precipitated as calcium phosphate at high influent calcium concentration throughout the experimental period confirmed that phosphate precipitation is a process that can affect the PAO metabolism.     

预处理/厌氧生物处理敌百虫生产废水的研究

对敌百虫生产废水的处理工艺进行了研究,先采用破乳法和电解法进行预处理,然后再采用升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)工艺进行厌氧处理,试验历时90 d,考察了系统的稳定性及pH值、温度和水力停留时间(HRT)等对反应器的影响。结果表明,当温度控制在30～35℃、pH值为6.8～7.5、进水COD为12 000 mg/L、HRT为72 h时,对COD的去除率可达到73%以上;厌氧处理后采用除磷药剂进行混凝沉淀,出水总磷浓度降为618 mg/L,对总磷的去除率为75.36%。     

Iron salts dosage for sulfide control in sewers induces chemical phosphorus removal during wastewater treatment

Chemical phosphorus (P) removal during aerobic wastewater treatment induced by iron salt addition in sewer systems for sulfide control is investigated. Aerobic batch tests with activated sludge fed with wastewater containing iron sulfide precipitates showed that iron sulfide was rapidly reoxidised in aerobic conditions, resulting in phosphate precipitation. The amount of P removed was proportional to the amount of iron salts added, and for the sludge used, ratios of 0.44 and 0.37 mgP/mgFe were obtained for ferric and ferrous dosages, respectively. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) of iron sulfide in sewers was found to have a crucial impact on the settling of iron sulfide precipitates during primary settling, with a shorter HRT resulting in a higher concentration of iron sulfide in the primary effluent and thus enabling higher P removal. A mathematical model was developed to describe iron sulfide oxidation in aerated activated sludge and the subsequent iron phosphate precipitation. The model was used to optimise FeCl₃ dosing in a real wastewater collection and treatment system. Simulation studies revealed that, by moving FeCl₃ dosing from the WWTP, which is the current practice, to a sewer location upstream of the plant, both sulfide control and phosphate removal could be achieved with the current ferric salt consumption. This work highlights the importance of integrated management of sewer networks and wastewater treatment plants.     

Improvement of organics removal by bio-ceramic filtration of raw water with addition of phosphorus

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of phosphorus addition on biological pretreatment of raw water. Experiments were conducted in pilot-scale bio-ceramic filters with raw water from a reservoir located in Beijing, China. The results demonstrated that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient for bacterial growth in the raw water investigated in this study. The measured values of bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) of the raw water increased by 50-65% and 30-40% with addition of 50 microg of PO4(3-)-PL(-1), respectively. Addition of 25 microg of PO4(3-)-PL(-1) to the influent of bio-ceramic filter enhanced the percent removal of organics by 4.6, 5.7 and 15 percentage points in terms of COD(Mn), TOC and BDOC, respectively. Biomass in terms of phospholipid content increased by 13-22% and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) increased by 35-45%. The ratio of C:P for bacteria growth was 100:1.6 for the raw water used in this study. Since change of phosphorus concentrations can influence the performance of biological pretreatment and the biological stability of drinking water, this study is of substantial significance for waterworks in China. The role of phosphorus in biological processes of drinking water should deserve more attention.