A HYBRID MODEL FOR THE MERGING OF JETS IN A COFLOWING AMBIENT FLUID

1 .　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＧｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙｔｈｅｄｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｏｎｏｆｊｅｔｓａｎｄｐｌｕｍｅｓｉｎａｍｏｖｉｎｇｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｃａｎｂｅｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｄｉｓｐｏｓ ａｌｏｆｕｒｂａｎａｎｄｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒ     

近100多年来香港和澳门气温时序变化特征及其与ENSO的关联性

基于近 100 多年来的均一化气温数据,从趋势变化、季节差异、突变特征、周期振荡方面诊断香港和澳门的气温变化特征。结果表明: ( 1) 港澳年平均气温和不同季节气温在近 100 多年来均呈显著增加趋势,其中春冬季节增加速率较大,夏秋季节增加速率较小。除秋冬季节外,其它时间上的香港气温增加趋势均大于澳门。港澳夏冬季节气温差异均呈减少趋势。( 2) 香港和澳门年平均气温分别于 1963 年和 1991 年发生突变。在季节上,港澳地区的气温突变均在秋季发生年份最晚,冬季次之,夏季再次之,春季最早。( 3) 香港年平均气温分别存在 3 a、7 a、15 a 和 30 a、60 a 和 120 a 的周期振荡特征。澳门年平均气温存在 3 a、6 a、12 a、24 a 和 48 a 左右的周期振荡特征。( 4) ENSO 与香港年平均气温在 4 a 以下尺度以同位相或提前 1 a 位相变化关系为主,在 4 a 以上尺度以同位相变化关系为主。ENSO 与澳门年平均气温在不同时频域均以同位相变化关系为主。     

气泡在波浪中运动的实验研究

本文对气泡在波浪中的运动进行了实验研究，得到了气泡在波浪中运动的平均上升速度及上升运动轨迹，并同理论进行了比较。发现当气泡直径小于１ｍｍ时，气泡在波浪中的平均上升速度与静水中的稳定上升速度基本一致，波浪的影响很小，且是随机的。当气泡直径大于１ｍｍ时，气泡在波浪中的平均上升速度不再随直径增大而增大，而是趋向于某一定值。这与气泡在静水中稳定上升速度的变化趋势是一致的。当气泡直径小于１ｍｍ且气泡到液面的     

不完全井渗流近似计算及其应用

本文介绍一种近似计算的解题途径:将定厚土层中的平面渗流看成是轴对称渗流的特例,用等效椭球井代替不完全井,把半无限透水土层渗流看成是定厚土层渗流的特例,结合数值计算和电拟实验成果返推逼近,得出适用于小贯入度的任意井径的轴对称不完全井渗流近似计算表达式。此外,本文将长列不完全井依次分成等阻抗长列完全井和单个轴对称不完全井两部分分别计算,列出长列不完全井的近似计算表达式。针对三维渗流计算和试验中不完全井列的处理以及渗流参数反求等问题,推荐了几种处理方法。     

低水头径流式电站回水计算及水库设计淹没范围的确定方法

水库回水计算是确定水库淹没范围，进行规划方案论证的基础工作。由于河道型水库回水情况与一般水库有较大的差异，因此不能采用常规的回水计算成果来确定水闸的淹没范围。长州水利枢纽的实例说明，河道型水库的径流式电站工程，其回水计算方法有别于高坝大库型工程，有更高的精度要求。     

Microbial community of anammox bacteria immobilized in polyethylene glycol gel carrier

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a recently discovered microbial pathway in the biological nitrogen cycle and a new cost-effective way to remove ammonium from wastewater. We have so far developed new immobilization technique that anammox bacteria entrapped in polyethylene glycol (PEG) gel carrier. However, fate and behavior of anammox bacteria in a gel carrier is not well understood. In the present study, we focused on the population changes of anammox bacteria in a gel carrier. Three specific primer sets were designed for real-time PCR. For quantification of anammox bacteria in a gel carrier, real-time PCR was performed. The anammox bacteria related to HPT-WU-N03 clone were increased the rate in anammox population, and found to be a major population of anammox bacteria in a gel carrier. Furthermore, from the results of nitrogen removal performance and quantification of anammox bacteria, the correlation coefficient between copy numbers of anammox bacteria and nitrogen conversion rate was calculated as 0.947 in total anammox population. This is the first report that population changes of anammox bacteria immobilized in a gel carrier were evaluated.     

大通河流域径流变化及特征分析

根据大通河流域尕大滩和享堂两个水文站1952-2014年的逐月径流量资料,用不均匀性分析了径流量的年内分配情况,使用Mann-Kendall检验方法和Morlet小波变换对径流量突变和周期性分别进行了分析。结果表明:大通河流域的汛期主要为5-10月,尕大滩站和享堂站汛期径流量分别占全年的87. 81%和81. 9%。越向下游,大通河径流年内分配越均匀; 1991年之前,大通河上游和下游径流变化都呈下降趋势,1994年之后,上游尕大滩站径流量呈微弱的增加趋势,下游享堂站径流量呈快速下降趋势;上游尕大滩站径流量存在4、8、21a左右的周期震荡,下游的享堂站径流量则存在着3、6、31a左右的周期震荡; 1994年之前径流主要受气温和降水等气象的影响,之后人类活动占主导地位。     

几种常见截面形式的水锤波速及其影响因素的分析

研究水电站引水系统的水锤现象。无论对引水道的设计还是运行都具有重要意义。前人对水锤波传播理论的研究推导出了圆形管道截面及方（矩）形薄壁管的波速表达式，但随着有压引水道多种截面型式的出现，这些表达式就远远不能满足要求。目前，对非圆形截面，一般都参照圆形截面的水锤波速，进行分析计算，这必然影响水锤压力及水力共振计算结果的准确性。因此，本文采用结构力学方法及有限元方法，绘制出一组波速曲线；并在分析各种影响因素的基础上，绘出了常见引水道截面型式的波速范围。     

近57年山东省降水量及雨日变化特征

基于山东省1961—2017年21个气象站点的降水资料,采用线性回归、空间插值、滑动平均和小波分析等方法分析了57 a来山东省年、季降水量和雨日的时空变化特征。结果表明:山东省降水量和雨日整体呈现自南向北递减的纬度地带性和自东向西递减的经度地带性,高值中心都出现在泰山地区。春、夏两季的雨日和年雨日空间分布相似,冬季雨日呈“东北-西南递减型”分布;年降水量的减少速率为-16.28 mm/(10 a),年雨日以-2.16 d/(10 a)的速率显著下降(通过了0.05的信度检验),两者都存在约17 a的年代周期变化;春季降水量呈微弱增加趋势,和雨日趋势相反,其余三季的降水量和雨日都为负趋势,且夏季降水量和雨日的负趋势通过了0.05的信度检验。年尺度和季尺度下,雨日的负趋势都比降水量的负趋势强度要大,空间范围更广。研究成果可为山东地区水资源规划利用提供合理依据。     

Deglacial and Lake Level Fluctuation History Recorded in Cores,Beaver Lake,Upper Peninsula,Michigan

Sediment cores collected from the littoral and pelagic zones of Beaver Lake, Michigan record fluctuations in the water level of Lake Superior. Beaver Lake is a small 300 ha lake in Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore (PRNL) now separated from Lake Superior by a dune-capped barrier bar. Cores were collected using a vibracorer from a lake-ice platform in February 1997. A 2.85 m long core in 10 m of water contains well-sorted sand, rhythmites, peat, interbedded sand and gyttja, and is capped with 1 m of massive gyttja. A 9480 BP AMS age from the basal sand provides a minimum deglacial date for the area. Further analysis indicates a sand-dominated depositional environment from a low lake stand at approximately 8500 BP to present. An approximate 8800 BP red to gray sediment color transition records either the cessation of meltwater input from Lake Agassiz or receding ice, while a younger similarly colored transition, 6600 BP in age, likely records sediment reworking in the coastal zone.Four AMS ages on peat range from 8520 to 7340 BP and are indicative of the Houghton low phase. Burial of the peat by stratified sand and gyttja after 7340 BP indicates a rising lake level. Peat at a higher level in the lake basin, encountered in shallow littoral cores, ranges in age from 6800 to 6420 BP, which estimates a 0.91 m rise/century in lake level to the Nipissing level by 5000 BP.     

Assessment of Different Irrigation Management Models in Vietnam

An assessment of three institutional models for irrigation management in Vietnam is presented. The first model is a joint management by a state agency and farmer organization; the second is a shared management by a quasi-state and farmer organization; and the third is management solely by a farmer organization. The first model is a conventional management system, whereas the latter two models have recently been introduced in a limited number of projects as a result of the government policy on reform in the irrigation sector. Three study sites are identified to represent three management models. Apart from the institutional framework and selected management functions, water distribution and agricultural productivity are evaluated and compared. Results indicate the better performance of management models with increased involvement of farmers in the decision-making process. It is recommended that the hydraulic boundaries should be taken into consideration in reforming management systems for irrigation projects.     

An ARMA-type section model for average ten-day streamflow synthesis

Most of the rivers in Taiwan are short and run on a steep slope due to the island's topography. Because of the weak correlations of streamflow in time and the occurrence of extreme events such as typhoons, classical autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) models have difficulties in forecasting and synthesizing the average 10-day streamflow in Taiwan. In this study, the synthesis of the average 10-day streamflow of the Tanshui River in Taiwan is accomplished by a section model. The model divides the year-round streamflow records into several sections according to their distinguishable patterns, and each section is modeled by a separate ARMA model. For parameter control, a heuristic grouping procedure, based on statistical inference of the random noise part, is used to separate a year into a minimum number of sections. The section separation procedure follows the general precipitation pattern in a year. The case study results indicate high statistical agreement between synthesized series and historical records. Additionally, a new procedure, extended autocorrelation function (EACF), is introduced and applied in this study to assist in model identification.     

水库三角洲河道输沙之研究

水库进口附近三角洲河道之水流系近似均匀流，并非真正之均匀流。三角洲河道动床之自我调整作用，因水库水位之回水影响，其输沙特性有异于明渠均匀流，传统上，将明渠均匀流平衡条件之下输沙公式应用于估算的三角洲河道之输沙能力，似有其不稳定性。本研究进行一系列水流区输沙试验，并纳入文献「１０」Ｈｏｔｃｈｋｉｓｓ之试验数据一并分析。     

The Cycles and Spirals of Justice in water-allocation decision making

Managing for social and environmental justice in water allocation is a necessary yet challenging goal. Often, what can appear as a just or equitable outcome for a specific location or group of stakeholders can also result in injustices at other locations or for other stakeholders. This paper describes a conceptual framework, The Cycles and Spirals of Justice, that helps make sense of the relationship between justice and injustice in the context of water-allocation decision making by explicitly utilizing a landscape-ecology understanding of scale and levels. The framework is illustrated using a case study from the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia and describes how justice and injustice are part of a cycling continuum of “justice for whom” and how this plays out in a multi-level system where the problem of scale can surface.     

Selecting Model Parameter Sets from a Trade-off Surface Generated from the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II

There is increasing trend in the use of multi-objective genetic algorithms (GAs) to estimate parameter sets in the calibration of hydrological models. Multi-objective GAs facilitate the evaluation of several model evaluation objectives, and the examination of massive combinations of parameter sets. Typically, the outcome is a set of several equally-accurate parameter sets which make-up a trade-off surface between the objective functions, usually referred to as Pareto set. The Pareto set is a set of incomparable parameter sets as each solution has unique parameter values in parameter space with competing accuracy in the objective function space. As would be required for decision making purposes, a single parameter set is usually chosen to represent the model calibration procedure. An automated framework for choosing a single solution from such a trade-off surface has not been thoroughly investigated in the model calibration literature. As a result, this study has outlined an automated framework using the distribution of solutions in objective space and parameter space to select solutions with unique properties from an incomparable set of solutions. Our Pareto set was generated from the application of Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) to calibrate the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for simulations of streamflow in the Fairchild Creek watershed in southern Ontario. Using cluster analysis to evaluate the distribution of solutions in both objective space and parameter space, we developed four auto-selection methods for choosing parameter sets from the trade-off surface to support decision making. Our method generates solutions with unique properties including a representative pathway in parameter space, a basin of attraction (or the center of mass) in objective space, a proximity to the origin in objective space, and a balanced compromise between objective space and parameter space (denoted BCOP). The BCOP method is appealing as it is an equally-weighted compromise for the distribution of solutions in objective space and parameter space. That is, the BCOP solution emphasizes stability in model parameter values and in objective function values—in a way that similarity in parameter space implies similarity in objective space.     

Firms’ willingness to invest in a water fund to improve water-related ecosystem services in the Lake Naivasha basin,Kenya

A valuation scenario was designed using a contingent-valuation approach and presented to decision makers in business firms in Kenya’s Lake Naivasha basin to test how applicable a water fund might be as a potential financing mechanism for a payment for water-related ecosystem services scheme. The findings indicate that measuring a firm’s willingness to invest in ecosystem services could help determine whether a firm would invest and engage with other stakeholders to pool their investments in ecosystem services. Linking the institutional decision-making behaviour of a firm and its willingness to invest in a water fund is the novelty of this article.     

Mineralisation of hazardous organic compounds in a sludge reed bed and sludge storage.

Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) and nonylphenolethoxylates (NPE) may be detrimental to the environment if spread in inappropriately large concentrations. Mineralisation of LAS and NPE in mesophilic digested sludge was observed during a 9-month monitoring programme where three separate treatment methods were investigated. Sludge was treated in a sludge reed bed under aerobic conditions, by storage in a container under anaerobic conditions, and by storage in a sludge pile turned over mechanically at intervals to improve the oxygen influx. Treatment in a sludge reed bed was shown to be effective. Mineralisation of 98% of LAS and 93% of NPE was observed. Only limited mineralisation occurred on the surface of the sludge stored in a container. A reduction of LAS and NPE of 90% and 43%, respectively, was observed in the sludge which was stored in a pile and frequently turned.     

1971-2018年汉江流域陕西段降水时空特征分析

基于1971-2018年汉江流域陕西段 27个气象站点的逐日降水数据,选择了年降水量、降水强度、最大日降水量、年降水日数、中雨日数和大雨日数6个降水指数分析其降水时空特征,分析方法包括线性估计法、小波分析法、滑动均值法、IDW 空间插值法及Mann-Kendall检验法。结果表明：在研究时段内,汉江流域陕西段降水强度有缓慢增加趋势,其余5个降水指数均呈缓慢减小趋势,且6个降水指数的变化趋势均不显著;研究区域仅年降水日数无突变点,且在1995年后呈现显著减小趋势,其余降水指数均有突变点;年降水量有7 a的副周期和27 a左右的主周期,主周期有3个循环交替,且丰、枯交替突变点在1983和2000年。汛期降水量与年降水量周期基本一致,而非汛期有4和16 a两个副周期和1个28 a的主周期;年降水量空间分布呈现由北到南逐渐增大的趋势,除了年降水日数的高值中心在宁强县外,其余5个降水指数的高值中心均在镇巴县,而低值中心除了降水强度在太白县外其余的均在商县。在研究时段内各年代际降水指数的比较中,1971-2018年的年降水量、降水强度和年降水日数均仅次于最大值,预计未来极端降水事件可能更加频繁,严重的情况下会影响水生态、水环境、水安全等的健康发展。     

Removal of mercaptans from a gas stream using continuous adsorption-regeneration

The removal of the mercaptan, 1-methyl-1-propanethiol, from aqueous solutions using a non-porous, electrically conducting carbon-based adsorbent (Nyex 1000) was investigated. The adsorption process was found to be rapid (equilibrium capacity achieved within 5 minutes) with low adsorptive capacity (of the order of 0.4 mg g(-1)) when compared with activated carbon. Electrochemical regeneration of the Nyex 1000 in a simple divided electrochemical cell within a sequential batch treatment unit restored 100% of the adsorbent's adsorptive capacity using treatment times as low as 20 minutes by passing a current of 0.5 A. The sorptive characteristics of a Nyex-water slurry were also modelled and investigated both in a bubble column and in a continuous adsorption-regeneration treatment system. It was demonstrated that the continuous removal-destruction system could achieve a step reduction in challenge gas concentration of approximately 75% for a period of 35 minutes with a current of 5 Amps. This was attributed to mass transfer enhanced by a combination of adsorption and chemical reaction with free chlorine species generated in the electrochemical process.     

VISCOUS FLOW BEHAVIOR IN A CURVED ANNULAR DUCT

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