激光触发真空开关时延特性优化

为了提高触发开关的触发精度和使用寿命,结合触发真空开关和激光触发气体开关的优点,设计了一种平板电极激光触发真空开关(laser triggered vacuum switch, LTVS)。为进一步优化LTVS性能,调整触发材料种类、激光波长和能量及电极间距等参数,实验研究了LTVS的触发时延特性。实验结果表明,利用KCl和Ti作为靶极材料,KCl较低的触发阈值和Ti较强的热传导能力可使LTVS获得更短的触发时延;随着激光波长的减小、激光能量的增加及电极间距的缩短,LTVS的触发时延逐渐降低。参数优化后LTVS工作电压范围可达40 V～30 k V,触发时延低于650 ns,抖动50 ns。LTVS优异的运行特性使之在宽电压范围关合大电流领域展现出良好发展前景。     

激光触发变压器型脉冲调制器的实验研究

本文设计了一台激光触发变压器型脉冲调制器并开展了单次及1Hz重频实验研究。该调制器由水介质同轴脉冲形成线、激光触发开关、脉冲变压器、假负载等组成。在调制器主开关导通电压为-795k V时,激光到达开关25ns后调制器主开关导通,在负载上得到了电压-402k V、电流26k A、脉冲宽度128ns的准方波高功率电脉冲。当调制器主开关分别为氮气、六氟化硫时对调制器激光触发气体开关的延时、抖动特性进行了实验研究,266nm激光触发时,氮气具有较小的延时和抖动;同时对自击穿和激光触发两种情况下负载电压的前沿特性进行了对比,最后对实验结果进行了分析。     

激光触发多级气体真空混合开关

触发真空开关的电寿命是制约其发展的瓶颈,基于激光触发和快速操动机构的开关可解决此问题。当其工作电流过大时,快速操动机构动作联动激光触发间隙电极闭合。因为主电极和靶电极的烧蚀和相应的材料损耗是造成电寿命较短的主要原因,因此快速操动机构的应用所带来的开关寿命的增加是显著的。设计了基于激光触发和快速操动机构的开关,对其进行了静电场仿真,以优化参数。对开关进行了基本特性实验,当工作电压为250 k V,激光能量为2 m J时,开关延时为60 ns,抖动为5 ns。通过实验发现,随着激光能量和开关工作电压的升高,开关导通延时和抖动显著减少。该开关可应用在对寿命要求较高的脉冲功率系统中。     

伪火花放电开关的半导体氧化锌表面放电触发装置研究

准确可靠的触发技术是伪火花开关研究中的一项重要内容。因为触发方案的选择不仅关系到开关电极的结构设计 ,而且对开关的工作电压范围 ,频率和寿命有很大影响。本文首次采用半导体氧化锌 (ZnO)为材料 ,设计了伪火花开关的表面放电触发器 ,该触发器体积小 ,结构简单 ,可焙烧 ,大量实验 (>1 0 5次 )表明 ,其可靠性高 ,寿命长 ,用它触发的伪火花开关 (放电电压 30～ 2kV)具有稳定的放电时延 (80～ 4 0 0ns)和时延抖动 (2 0～ 5 0ns) ,由于触发电流大 ,因而可以在极低的开关电压下触发开关 ,对着火电压 30kV的伪火花开关 ,其最低可触发开关电压可至 4 40V。     

一种多间隙气体开关击穿特性的实验研究

快前沿直线型变压器驱动源(FLTD)是一种可以直接获得100 ns脉宽的脉冲功率源新技术,在Z箍缩、闪光照相、强激光和高功率微波方面具有重要应用。为了寻求用于FLTD的多间隙气体开关的合适结构,设计了一种场畸变多间隙气体开关。该开关含有6个间隙,各个间隙距离相等,开关间隙总长度为30 mm。开关中间电极为锚式固定结构,每个电极由3只螺钉固定在绝缘筒壁内侧,数值计算了开关的电场分布,实验研究了开关的自击穿及触发特性。结果表明,开关自击穿特性曲线与经验公式曲线基本符合,自击穿电压的分散性<3.2%;在工作系数为50%时,开关仍能正常触发,触发时延约百ns;在工作系数为60%时,触发脉冲为150 kV/15 ns的情况下,开关触发时延约60 ns,抖动时间约5 ns。     

铁电体触发开关的实验研究

利用铁电体作为脉冲开关的触发源,是当前脉冲功率技术发展的一个重要研究方向,为掌握铁电体作为触发极的工作性能,阐述了铁电体触发开关在真空条件下的工作原理和实验结果,给出了铁电体触发开关的设计思路及电极结构图并进行了真空条件下铁电体触发开关的实验研究,在开关间距0.3mm、真空压力度8cPa的条件下测得开关的抖动<800ps。实验结果表明:触发电压的高低对开关抖动的影响很大,随着触发电压的升高开关的抖动越来越小,但触发电压超过某一值时开关的抖动又会增加;开关阴阳极之间的间距对开关抖动基本无影响,对于不同的铁电体触发极,其触发电压的最佳值不同。     

双间隙伪火花开关的触发及导通特性

伪火花开关是一种工作于巴申曲线左半支、引燃于空心阴极结构、主放电通道呈现弥散特征的低气压脉冲放电开关,具有导通电流大、重复频率高、工作范围宽、寿命长、抖动低和烧蚀小等优点,在重复频率脉冲功率中具有非常大的应用潜力。文中研制了一款双间隙多通道伪火花开关,采用陶瓷金属半密封结构,工作气体为氦气,触发单元为基于高介钛酸钡薄片的电荷注入式结构。研究了不同触发脉冲作用下触发单元的放电特征和工作模式,以及气压、阳极电压和脉冲参数对触发单元电荷注入特性、开关导通时延与抖动及阳极电压跌落速率等的影响规律。此外,根据电极烧蚀形貌分析了开关的多通道同步触发特性,根据放电波形讨论了实验中遇到的电流淬灭现象。实验结果表明:触发单元放电存在脉冲电晕和沿面闪络两种工作模式;高气压和大能量的触发脉冲有利于降低开关时延、抖动和阳极电压跌落时间;快前沿的触发脉冲有利于降低开关抖动;阳极电压对触发时延和抖动的影响不大;开关能够实现多通道的同步触发和导通,且在小电流条件下存在两种淬灭形式。     

铁电体触发赝火花开关实验研究

本文阐述了铁电体触发开关的工作原理,进行了铁电体触发开关的实验研究。得出了气压与开关导通时间和延时的关系,并对此实验结果进行了分析。在开关间距为3mm、真空度为2.5Pa、阴极腔的深度为19mm、小孔直径为4mm的条件下测得开关的抖动小于3ns。实验结果表明触发电压的高低对开关抖动的影响很大,随着触发电压的升高开关的抖动越来越小。当触发电压达到6kV左右时,开关的抖动小于1ns。     

触发管型气体开关导通时延的分析及估算

触发管型三电极气体开关导通时延的分析估算对于开关工程设计具有重要意义。结合近年来国内外对触发管型气体开关放电物理机制的研究进展,利用电子崩–流注理论分析解释了触发管气体开关主间隙的击穿过程,由Raether击穿判据推导了以空气为绝缘介质的触发管型气体开关导通时延的数值计算模型,并制作了一个触发管型气体开关及其触发装置进行验证性实验。仿真和实验结果的比较表明:Raether判据可用于判定快、慢导通机制的发生;高欠压比和低欠压比下,计算模型能够正确地反映出触发管型气体开关的导通时延特性,而且符合理论研究中的慢触发和快触发机制特点;触发间隙的击穿在中等欠压比值下,对促进主间隙流注的形成有作用,导致实测导通时延减小。分析计算模型可作为触发管型气体开关设计的参考依据。     

平板电极型激光触发真空开关的导通特性研究

强激光触发方式的真空开关由于触发精度高、可靠性好、并能有效避免触发装置的电磁干扰,在快速关合开关、电磁发射、串联补偿电容保护等领域具有非常广阔的应用前景。设计了一种平板电极型激光触发真空开关。为了提高其触发寿命,针对触发电极进行优化。触发电极耐烧蚀,靶材选取TiH_2,其能为开关导通提供丰富的初始等离子体,开关的触发性能得到加强,开关的最短时延可达650 ns。详细讨论激光参数、聚焦镜位置、主电压值等对开关的触发阈值、最低工作电压和时延特性的影响,提出触发阈值理论和电弧形成机制,为此类开关的性能优化提供理论依据。实验表明:开关稳定的触发阈值达4.5×10~7W/cm~2,最低工作电压为30 V;采用正常聚焦模式能大幅度降低开关的时延;电弧电流的开始阶段存在强烈振荡过程,电流值大于5 A后,如果外加电压足够高,振荡现象消失,真空电弧稳定燃烧。     

Study of laser target triggering for spark gap switches

The use of laser targets as a method to decrease the required laser energy to trigger a laser triggered gas switch has been investigated at the University of Missouri. Target materials were identified based on durability, melting point, reactivity and reflection coefficient. Laser targets were placed into a cathode of a laser triggered gas switch. The switch was pulse charged by the Tiger pulsed power machine to between 185 kV and 330 kV. The switch was triggered by directing a 1064 nm or 266 nm wavelength laser pulse from an Nd:YAG laser onto a laser target to ablate material and create plasma, closing the switch. The goal of the project was to trigger a high voltage gas switch with less than 1 mJ of laser energy while maintaining a switch jitter comparable to present electrically triggered switches for LTD based systems. The study successfully demonstrated that triggering the switch using a 1 mJ infrared pulse and a graphite target resulted in a jitter less than 5 ns. Findings will be used in the design of switches for LTD based systems.     

An ultra compact back-lighted thyratron for nanosecond switching applications

An ultra-compact back-lighted thyratron (BLT), which is also named as mini-BLT, with effective volume of 15 cm^{3 was developed to serve as a high voltage switch in compact transient plasma ignition systems. The mini-BLT can hold off 40 kV and was used to conduct a peak current up to 4.5 kA. A 30 ns switching delay with 2 ns jitter was achieved when triggered by a 70 mJ, 355 nm laser pulse. Delay and jitter increase as the photon energy of the trigger pulse decreases. The plasma density in the switch measured at a peak current of 3.2 kA is 9×1014 cm-3. The mini-BLT was successfully used as the switch in a 100 ns, 60 kV pulse generator for generation of streamers in a plasma ignition system.}     

A corona-stabilised plasma closing switch

Corona-stabilised plasma closing switches, filled with electronegative gases such as SF6 and air, have been used in pulsed-power applications as repetitive switching devices for the last 10 years. Their high repetition-rate capabilities coupled with their relatively simple design and construction have made them suitable alternatives to thyratrons and semi-conductor switches. As well as having repetitive switching capabilities, coronastabilised plasma closing switches have the potential to operate at elevated voltages through the incorporation of multiple electrode sets. This allows high-voltage operation with inherent voltage grading between the electrodes. A further feature of such switches is that they can have relatively low jitter under triggered condition. This paper reports on some of the operational features of a new design of corona-stabilised, cascade switch that utilises air as the insulating gas. At pressures between 0 and 1 bar gauge the switch has be shown to operate over the voltage range of 40 to 100 kV with a jitter below 2 ns.     

高介碳酸钡陶瓷沿面闪络伪火花开关的研究

为了满足脉冲功率技术和脉冲电流试验技术对放电开关的要求,笔者设计了BaTiO3高介电常数的电介质沿面闪络伪火花开关的触发装置。通过对表面放电触发器的实验发现:在伪火花开关的工作气压范围内,高介沿面闪络触发器显示出很强的电荷发射能力和快速的电荷注入能力,在气压为7 Pa时,触发器能够在30 ns内释放1.5μC,触发电流的上升陡度为1.2×1011A/s,发射的电子数达到9.4×1012。对自放电电压为28 kV的伪火花开关,可靠工作的最低电压可降低到130 V,放电时延为35～100 ns,最小抖动为6～25 ns。     

Nanosecond, electrical triggering of water switches

Spark gaps, which use water as a switching medium, allow fast closing and high repetition rate operation for high power and high voltage switching. They are usually operated in the pulse-charging mode and have a large jitter. To reduce the jitter, a trigger electrode with positive polarity is used to initiate breakdown between a negative high voltage electrode and a ground electrode. The trigger electrode consists of a tungsten wire with a diameter of 50 μm, enclosed in glass tubing. At the triple point where the three dielectrics (glass, water and metal) meet, the electric field is greatly enhanced. From the triple point, a trigger voltage of +16 kV at a pulse duration of 100 ns produces two streamer branches traveling towards the high voltage and ground electrodes. These two streamer branches bridge the main gap and serve as preionized channels for the initiation of the breakdown between the main electrodes. Arc transition develops along the two channels and completes the switching. It allows for the gap to be fired at various voltages independent of the gap?s self-breakdown voltage. The delay between application of the trigger pulse and the electrical breakdown is on the order of hundred nanoseconds. The jitter in breakdown is on the order of ten nanoseconds. It is less by more than an order of magnitude than that obtained with pulse charging.     

Switching characteristics of vacuum gap switch employing UV‐laser triggering

The switching time and arc‐ignition probability of a sustained main discharge in a laser trigger vacuum gap were measured. The third harmonic beam of an Nd:YAG pulse laser (wavelength 355 nm, energy 5 mJ/pulse, power density 4 × 10⁷ W/cm²) was used to trigger the gap. The main electrodes 85 mm in diameter were made of oxygen‐free copper. The gap length was 1.6 mm and the experimental chamber was evacuated to about 1.3 × 10⁴ Pa by a turbomolecular pump. The UV beam from the laser was focused at normal incidence onto the grounded cathode. The switching time decreased and the arc‐ignition probability increased with increasing applied voltage. The switching time was 326 ns at 15 kV with a circuit inductance of 107 μH. Its jitter was 24.8 ns. The advantageous results obtained with the UV beam are compared to the previously reported data on triggered vacuum gaps. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(3): 8–13, 2000     

轴向磁场控制的旋转电弧开关的研制

开关在脉冲功率技术中极其重要，其已成为制约脉冲功率技术发展的主要技术瓶颈。为了满足高电压、大电流、高电荷转移量、电极烧蚀小、寿命长的要求，文中设计了一个由轴向磁场控制的旋转电弧间隙开关，研究了其电磁场分布及轴向磁场下电弧的运动机制，并进行了初步实验。结果表明此开关中的电弧确实在轴向磁场控制下做旋转运动，且运动速度很快，不需要对触发脉冲进行陡化就能得到纳秒级脉冲。实验放电波形比较稳定，分散性为2ns；开关电极表面的烧蚀小，有利于延长开关的寿命；开关工作参数为：电压23kV，单脉冲能量0.314MJ，峰值电流100kA，电荷转移量27.3C/脉冲。     

激光触发真空开关触发稳定性及时延特性

为了研究影响激光触发真空开关(LTVS)导通时延及抖动特性的关键因素,搭建LTVS高电压大电流实验平台,分别改变触发激光能量、工作电压、触发极性以及触头间距等参数,考察其对LTVS导通时延和抖动特性的影响,并对LTVS的导通机制及触发稳定性进行理论分析。实验结果表明:在一定范围内,增加触发激光能量、增加主间隙电压、采用阴极触发方式或者缩短触头间距均可减少开关的导通时延及时延抖动;LTVS的导通是激光轰击触发极产生初始等离子体的热过程与主间隙两端电场加速初始等离子体扩散过程共同作用的结果,实验中所得到的结论对LTVS的优化具有重要意义。