Hot-forged wear-resistant powder meterials based on stainless steels of the austenitic class

The microstructure, tribological and physicomechanical properties of hot-forged composites based on stainless steel of the austenitic class with additions of carbon, Cr₃C₂ and MoS₂ are studied. The possibility is established of using these composites for powder structural articles resistant to wear and corrosion. __________ Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Nos. 1–2(447), pp. 26–35, January–February, 2006.     

Development and application of nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels in Baosteel

In recent years,nitrogen-alloyed stainless steels have been a research hotspot in the field of stainless steel product and technology. Nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels developed by Baosteel and their applications are introduced. These steels are nitrogen-controlled products 304 N and 316 LN,nitrogen containing economical products BN series and high-nitrogen stainless steel( HNS) series. The results show that the presence of nitrogen can significantly improve the strength and corrosion resistance of steel produced. By nitrogen alloying,economical austenitic stainless steels w ith considerably less nickel than 304 can be obtained; the corrosion resistances of these steels are almost the same as 304. Furthermore,by a scientific approach of nitrogen alloying,high-nitrogen steel of0. 8% nitrogen content is fabricated under the non-pressurized conditions,and the pitting potential of this steel is 1. 0 V. At present,nitrogen-alloyed steels developed by Baosteel are w idely utilized in the manufacture of cryogenic storage containers,transportation containers,and many household w ares.     

Effect of strain-induced martensitic phase transformation on the formability of nitrogen-alloyed metastable austenitic stainless steels

Strain-induced martensitic phase transformation and its influence on the formability of newly developed nitrogen-alloyed metastable austenitic stainless steels were systematically investigated. Yield strength for the asreceived steels bearing lownickel content was around 300 MPa and their elongation ratios varied from 55. 2% to61. 7%. Erichsen numbers of these samples differed from 13. 82 to 14. 57 mm. Although its Cu content was lower than that of other samples,steel D2 exhibited better plasticity and formability,which was attributed to γ→α'martensitic phase transformation. EBSD,XRD,and magnetism tests showed that increases in deformation ratio gradually increased the α' martensite phase of a sample,thereby contributing to its strain and inducing the optimal transformation-induced plasticity effect. An M_(d30/50) temperature of around 20 ℃,which is close to the deformation temperature,provided the austenite with adequate stability and gradually transformed it into martensite,thereby endowing lean ASS with better formability.     

晶粒细化对奥氏体不锈钢高温力学性能的影响

摘要：对粗晶201LN奥氏体不锈钢采用60%冷变形结合700℃退火120s工艺制备超细晶奥氏体不锈钢,研究晶粒细化对奥氏体不锈钢高温力学性能的影响。利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、电子背散射衍射技术对粗晶和超细晶奥氏体钢进行了组织表征,并使用万能试验机测试20和650℃环境下力学性能。结果显示粗晶奥氏体不锈钢经过冷变形结合退火工艺处理,平均晶粒尺寸由18μm细化为0.9μm,屈服强度由383MPa提高到704MPa,而伸长率由63.8%下降到46.3%,表明晶粒细化能有效提高奥氏体不锈钢屈服强度的同时较小损害塑性,TEM证实其形变机制均为形变诱导马氏体和孪生协同作用。当温度由20℃提高到650℃时,粗晶奥氏体不锈钢屈服强度和伸长率分别下降到180MPa和28.1%,超细晶奥氏体不锈钢屈服强度和伸长率分别为384MPa和24.2%。这表明在650℃高温环境下细晶强化作用仍然有效,粗晶和超细晶奥氏体不锈钢也有较好的塑性,其形变机制分别变为位错滑移和位错滑移+层错+孪生。     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢强韧化及抗弹性能研究进展

高氮奥氏体不锈钢(high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel,HNASS)是一种目前正在蓬勃发展的新型不锈钢,被广泛运用到交通运输、海洋工程、建筑材料、医疗器材和军事工业等领域.节镍高氮的奥氏体不锈钢相比于传统奥氏体不锈钢,其具有优良的综合力学性能,如高强度、高韧性、大的蠕变抗力、...     

奥氏体不锈钢保护渣的研制

针对奥氏体不锈钢成分的特殊性及可能产生的夹杂物,提出了连铸保护渣的相应研制思路,以此开发的保护渣在宝钢集团浦钢公司进行了数十炉的工业试验。结果证明,研制的奥氏体连铸保护渣各项性能均取得了较为满意的结果,铸坯质量及轧制性能达到了用户要求。     

Cr-Mn-N奥氏体不锈钢的晶间腐蚀性能研究

晶间腐蚀性能是钻铤结构件用奥氏体无磁不锈钢的重要性能之一.采用不锈钢10％草酸浸蚀试验方法、不锈钢65％硝酸腐蚀试验方法以及不锈钢硫酸-硫酸铜试验方法对三种不同成分的Cr - Mn -N奥氏体不锈钢做了晶间腐蚀试验.试验结果表明,A钢种在不同的腐蚀条件下均具有良好的耐晶间腐蚀性能,该材料按0.03％C、18.96％ Cr、0.57％N的化学成分设计可以达到优良的耐晶间腐蚀性能.     

奥氏体不锈钢中硫含量的研究

通过对不同硫含量铸坯和成品硫化物夹杂大小以及等级进行分析,研究了奥氏体不锈钢中硫含量对性能的影响。结果表明,随着硫含量的增加,不锈钢铸坯和成品中最大夹杂物尺寸逐步增加,成品夹杂物等级也相应提高,当硫的质量分数不大于21×10~(-6)时,成品硫化物夹杂低于最小评级要求;奥氏体不锈钢冲击性能与硫含量呈反比例关系,当硫的质量分数高于75×10~(-6)时,可能导致304不锈钢脆断。     

固溶时效后高氮奥氏体不锈钢的物理化学相分析

采用物理化学相分析技术研究了高氮奥氏体不锈钢固溶时效后的碳、氮化物析出行为,确定了析出相的类型、粒度分布、含量及组成结构式.结果表明:氮含量低的1Cr22Mn15N0.6以M₂₃C₆型碳化物析出为主,氮含量高的1Cr22Mn15N0.9以(CrFe)₂N_1-x型氮化物析出为主,高氮奥氏体不锈钢中析出物的总量随时效时间的延长而增加.     

不锈钢生产现状及广钢开发不锈钢的探讨

分析国内外不锈钢的生产现状和消费情况及广东省对不锈钢的需求，并对广钢集团介入不锈钢的生产提出了建议；最后就珠钢续建工程生产不锈钢的生产规模、生产品种、装备配置提出了初步设想。     

Study of Cu-rich phase precipitation in austenitic antibacterial stainless steel

Cu precipitation behaviors in two Cu-bearing austenitic antibacterial stainless steels,type 304 and type 317L,were systematically studied by using relatively simple methods for materials analysis,including micro-hardness,electrical resistivity,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry.The results indicated that after aging at elevated temperature,the micro-hardness, electrical resistivity,electrochemical impedance and lattice constant of the steel were all varied at different degrees due to the precipitation and growth of Cu-rich phases.The results also showed that the heat evolution during the process of Cu precipitation could be sensitively detected by means of differential scanning calorimetry,obtainning the starting temperature,peak temperature,peak area of the Cu-rich precipitation,and even the activation energy by calculation.The results confirmed that the Cu-rich phased precipitation in the Cu-bearing austenitic antibacterial stainless steel should be a thermal activation process controlled by Cu diffusion.All the materials analysis methods used in this study can be more simple and effective for application in R & D of the Cu-bearing antibacterial stainless steels.     

Precipitation of carbide and its effects on the properties of nickel-saving austenitic stainless steel

In this work,the effects of temperature and cooling rate on the precipitation of carbides in nickel-saving metastable austenitic stainless steel were studied.The test results show that the temperature range of carbide precipitation in the test steel was 500-950℃,and 750℃was the most sensitive temperature.However,when completely solution treated samples were cooled from high to room temperature at a cooling rate of more than 50 K/s,no carbides precipitated.The carbide precipitates increased the yield strength but decreased the corrosion resistance of the steel,with little impact on toughness.     

Effect of heating mode and electrochemical response on austenitic and ferritic stainless steels

Abstract

Powder metallurgical (P/M) processing has the main advantage of making near net shape products. Nowadays, in automobile industries, stainless steels have become the most promising material owing to their good corrosion resistance. In the current study, 316L and 434L stainless steel powders were sintered using microwave and conventional methods through powder metallurgy route. The effects of sintering modes on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion responses of 316L and 434L stainless steel composites are investigated in detail. The results showed that the sample prepared through microwave sintering route exhibited significantly superior densification, higher hardness and better corrosion resistance as compared to the conventionally processed counterpart. On the whole, 316L composites showed better corrosion resistance than 434L stainless steels.     

σ相析出对不锈钢力学性能的影响概述

σ相是不锈钢中常见的一种硬而脆的金属间相,它可在铸造、轧制、热处理以及焊接等过程中析出,显著影响不锈钢的力学性能.从冲击韧性、塑性、拉伸强度、高温蠕变以及耐磨性等方面综述了国内外关于σ相对不锈钢力学性能影响研究的状况,分析了σ相的影响机制,并提出了目前研究中存在的一些问题以及将来可能的研究方向.     

Cold deformation and heat treatment influence on the microstructures and corrosion behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel

Abstract

In the present study AISI 304 stainless steel with different degrees of cold deformation and annealing parameters were investigated. Microstructural evolutions by optical micrography and scanning electron microscopy showed relatively fully austenitic ultrafine-grained structure obtained after annealing at 700°C for 80 min. The volume fraction of α′-martensite increased with increasing compressive deformation rate and maximum volume fraction of α′-martensite was attained in the samples subjected 0?65% strain. The potentiodynamic polarization results in 3% NaCl indicated that the corrosion current density increased with cold deformation, while after annealing, it reduced from 2?86 to 2?29 μA cm^?2, showing an enhancement of corrosion resistance. The immersion test showed that the austenitic ultrafine-grained structure exhibits moderate and more uniform pitting corrosion attack compared to the coarser grain in NaCl solution.

Dans cette étude, on a examiné un acier inoxydable AISI 304 ayant différents taux de déformation à froid et différents paramètres de recuit. L’analyse de l’évolution de la microstructure par micrographie optique et par microscopie électronique à balayage a montré une structure à grains ultrafins et presque complètement austénitique obtenue après un recuit à 700°C pendant 80 minutes. La fraction volumique de martensite α′ augmentait avec l’augmentation du taux de déformation en compression et la fraction volumique maximale de martensite α′ était atteinte par les échantillons soumis à une déformation de 0·65%. Les résultats de polarisation potentiocinétique dans 3% de NaCl indiquaient que la densité du courant de corrosion augmentait avec la déformation à froid, alors qu’après le recuit, elle était réduite de 2·86 μA/cm² à 2·29 μA/cm², montrant ainsi une augmentation de la résistance à la corrosion. L’épreuve d’immersion dans la solution de NaCl a montré que la structure austénitique à grains ultrafins exhibait une attaque par corrosion localisée modérée et plus uniforme comparée au grain plus grossier.     

Researches on the problems in the production of low nickel austenitic stainless steel

Problems encountered in the production of low nickel austenitic stainless steel have been studied. These problems primarily include the changes to the microstructure of the slab during the heating process,the formation and removal of deformation- induced martensite during cold rolling,and the effects of the annealing process on the surface oxide structure. A reasonable manufacturing process has been proposed on the basis of the research results and highquality cold-rolled strips of low nickel austenitic stainless steel have been produced.     

Effect of vanadium on the microstructure and properties of metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 301LN

In this study,the effect of vanadium on the microstructure and properties of the metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 301LN w as investigated. Results of the study show that the addition of vanadium can refine grains and increase the strength of AISI 301LN by solution treatment. After 60%cold-rolling reduction,the microstructure of the steel w as composed of w ork-hardened austenite bands and deformation-inducedɑ'martensite.Considerable w ork-hardening and phase transformation strengthening occurred. After cold rolling and subsequent annealing,the deformation-inducedɑ'martensite w as reversed into fine-grained austenite. The w orkhardened austenite bands underw ent recrystallization; how ever,the structure of the recrystallized austenite grains w as coarser than that of the reversed ones.Simultaneously,the strength of the experimental steels decreased w ith the increase in annealing temperature. The pinning effect of precipitates of vanadium inhibited the grow th of austenite grains.Thus,the desirable combination of strength and ductility w as obtained by grain refinement.     

Fe-17Mn-13Cr-0.3N奥氏体不锈钢的晶间腐蚀研究

用电化学动电位再活化(即EPR)法研究了Fe-17Mn-13Cr-0.3N奥氏体不锈钢的耐晶间腐蚀的程度.通过改变敏化时间和敏化温度,研究了不同的时间和温度对不锈钢的耐晶间腐蚀性能的影响,并结合Thermo-calc相图进行分析.结果表明在一定温度下,Ra值随时间变化的基本趋势都是先逐渐增大,达到1个峰值然后开始下降,Fe-17Mn-13Cr-0.3N奥氏体不锈钢种在750 ℃左右敏化时晶间腐蚀倾向最严重,不同于一般的Cr-Ni奥氏体钢种.w(Cr)太低,即使w(C)低于0.02 %,而且在没有碳化物析出的情况下,也会有严重的晶间腐蚀倾向;在w(Cr)为13 %以上,w(C)为0.065 %左右时,晶间腐蚀倾向不明显;氮有利于防止晶间腐蚀的发生,却对抗选择性腐蚀不利.     

高能球磨及烧结制备含氮不锈钢的研究

在流动氮气氛下,采用高能球磨法制备出了含氮不锈钢粉末,随后利用冷压及烧结工艺获得了含氮不锈钢材料,研究了粉末随球磨时间的增加其物相、粒度、形貌、氮含量的变化及烧结体的显微组织.结果表明:随球磨时间的延长,粉末不断细化,氮含量也呈增加趋势,但球磨超过4h后,粉末不再发生细化,氮含量的增长也变得极其缓慢.烧结体为奥氏体-铁素体双相组织,相对密度达到97%,最终氮含量为(质量分数)0.27%,其拉伸性能优于高压熔炼法制得的含氮不锈钢.