基于轮廓法测试镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接头内部残余应力

采用轮廓法(contour method)测试小直径FGH96镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接接头的内部环向应力。详细介绍了轮廓法测试步骤,包括试样切割、切割面轮廓测试、数据处理和有限元分析;获得了FGH96镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接接头内部环向应力分布全貌并分析其分布特征。测试结果表明:镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接接头的焊缝中心位置环向应力为非常大的拉应力,峰值拉应力为1200 MPa,达到材料室温时的屈服强度;焊缝区域(距焊缝中心±5 mm区域)近内壁区域的环向应力大于外壁区域环向应力,垂直焊缝方向的环向应力变化梯度非常大;远离焊缝区域,焊缝两侧的环向应力不对称。     

基于轮廓法测试惯性摩擦焊接头内部残余应力

采用轮廓法测试小尺寸镍基高温合金惯性摩擦焊接头的内部环向应力、中等尺寸惯性摩擦焊接头内部环向和轴向应力;分析惯性摩擦焊接头内部环向和轴向残余应力分布特征. 结果表明,轮廓法能测试小尺寸及窄小焊缝试件的内部残余应力,能反映出窄小焊缝内部的大梯度焊接残余应力全貌;惯性摩擦焊接头的环向应力沿轴向变化剧烈,沿环向分布均匀,沿厚度分布不均匀;焊缝中心位置外表层区域环向应力小于内表层区域环向应力;焊缝中心外表面轴向应力为压应力,而内表面轴向应力为拉应力,且轴向应力沿厚度呈线性变化.     

Evolution of residual stresses in dissimilar steel surfacing layers during process of post-weld heat treatment

Abstract

Residual stress relaxation during post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) is a thermodynamic process, which is affected not only by the heat treatment process, but also by the welding residual stress. In this study, the residual stresses in as welded and heat treated surfacing metal were measured using blind hole and X-ray method. The results reveal that the welding residual stresses are compressive at the surface of the weld and tensile at inner weld. However, after PWHT, the residual stresses at surface and inner weld change to the opposite state. Finite element simulations show that the differences of expansion coefficients between base metal and filler material are the main factor to the changes of stress state. The experimental results verify that the expansion coefficients of base metal and filler materials have been changed greatly after long soaking at high temperature.     

双相不锈钢管道全位置焊接残余应力三维有限元数值模拟

以热弹塑理论为基础，利用ANSYS非线性分析有限元程序，对双相不锈钢管道接头环焊缝残余应力进行三维数值模拟。建立了管道全位置焊接瞬态温度场和应力场三维移动热源模型，获得了环焊缝焊接接头轴向和环向残余应力的分布规律：在管道接头内表面的焊缝及近缝区的轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力，随着离开焊缝距离的增加，由拉应力逐渐过渡为压应力。在管道接头外表面焊缝中心处的轴向残余应力为压应力，而环向残余应力为拉应力。从环向位置上的应力变化规律可以看出正半周和负半周的应力分布具有明显的对称性。研究结果为优化生产工艺，控制残余应力提供了理论依据。     

低碳钢管道焊接残余应力有限元分析

利用ＡＤＩＮＡ非线性分析有限元程序,对低碳钢管道环焊缝接头焊接残余应力进行有限元分析。在热弹塑性分析中考虑了材料热物理和力学性能依赖于温度变化。结果表明：在管道接头内表面焊缝中心及近缝区轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力,随离开焊缝距离的增加,逐渐过渡为压应力。在管道接头外表面焊缝中心处的轴向残余力为压应力,而环向残余应力为拉应力。计算预测值和实侧值基本一致,表明有限元法能够经济而有效地预测管道环焊缝接头的焊接残余应力。     

Modifying residual stress levels in rail flash-butt welds using localised rapid post-weld heat treatment and accelerated cooling

Abstract

Flash-butt welding is used in the manufacture of continuously-welded rails. Finished welds typically exhibit high tensile residual stresses in the rail web and at the upper surface of the rail foot, which may increase the risk of fatigue failure in service. An understanding of the influence of the welding process, including post-weld cooling, on the residual stress distribution is necessary to improve the performance of flash-butt welds by post-weld heat treatment (PWHT), since incorrect treatment may have adverse effects on both residual stress and weld material characteristics. A finite element model has been developed to simulate post-weld cooling in flash-butt welded AS60 kg m^–1 rail. Computed thermal histories for normal (air) cooling, rapid PWHT, and accelerated cooling (water spray) were used as inputs to calculate sequentially coupled stress–time histories, including phase transformations. In addition, the localised influence of the initiation time for rapid PWHT, after final upset, on the reduction of tensile residual stresses was investigated. Heating the rail foot immediately after final upset reduced tensile residual stresses in the web region of the weld. Preliminary numerical predictions showed that water quenching the entire weld region too soon after the austenite–pearlite transformation is completed can induce further tensile residual stresses without affecting the microstructure. The results of the numerical analysis can be used to modify the flash-butt welding procedure to lower residual stress levels, and hence improve weld performance.     

GH4049高温合金在表面不同状态下的残余应力

采用扩展扫描方法在X射线衍射应力分析仪上测定了由GH4049高温合金所制叶片表面铣加工、磨加工、表面吹砂和表面渗铝等不同状态下的表面残余应力。结果表明,铣加工产生了残余拉应力而磨加工和表面渗铝产生了残余压应力。     

数值计算模拟工艺参数对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响

以热——弹塑性理论为基础,建立了厚壁管环焊缝残余应力的二维轴对称有限元模型,利用ANSYS有限元程序分析了三种焊接工艺参数对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响,计算中考虑了材料热物理性能参数和力学性能参数的温度相关性.结果表明,管道内表面焊缝和近缝区的轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力,而管道外表面焊缝和近缝区的轴向残余应力和环向残余应力均为压应力;接头内表面应力水平高于外表面;残余应力的最大值均位于距管道外表面一定距离处,其数值接近于材料的屈服应力;随着焊接热输入的增加,残余应力峰值变化不大,塑性变形区宽度增加.     

Study on residual stress in socket weld by numerical simulation and experiment

In this paper, welding residual stress in socket weld of 304L stainless steel pipe was investigated using numerical simulation and validated by X-ray stress measurement. From the simulation results, the maximum tensile residual stresses were located at weld root and weld toe on both sides of the weld along pipe, which led to the fatigue failure. Pre-bevelling and low transformation temperature (LTT) dressing could decrease tensile residual stress both in hoop and axial direction at weld root and weld toe. After LTT dressing, compressive residual stress was generated throughout weld toe. Compressive stress can delay fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Therefore, pre-bevelling and LTT dressing can improve the fatigue life of socket weld.     

Effects of post-weld heat treatments on the residual stress and mechanical properties of electron beam welded sae 4130 steel plates

The distribution of the residual stresses of electron beam welded SAE 4130 and the effect of stress relief after various post- weld heat treatments (PWHT) were measured using X- ray diffraction. The mechanical properties and microstructure were also examined. Experimental results show that the tensile residual stress increased with the heat input of the electron beam. Most of the residual stresses were relieved by the PWHT at 530 °C for 2 h followed by furnace cooling to 50 °C. The strength of the welds decreased slightly, and the elongation of the welds increased after PWHT.     

Residual stress variation in a thick welded joint after ultrasonic impact treatment

The effects of ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) on the residual stress within a 45?mm-thick high-strength steel welded joint were investigated. The internal residual stresses after UIT was measured with contour method and compared with the as-welded stresses simulated by finite element method. The surface stresses were also measured by X-ray diffraction method and hole-drilling method to validate the simulation model. Results show that UIT introduces compressive stress layer in the weld zone and has the same effect on the longitudinal and transverse welding stresses; the interior stresses increase and demonstrate more uniform distribution after UIT; UIT would not affect the initial compressive stress presented far away from the weld zone.     

高温低周疲劳损伤对FGH96合金力学性能影响的实验研究

通过设计FGH96粉末高温合金的高温低周疲劳试验和高温单轴拉伸试验,研究了不同应力水平下高温低周疲劳损伤对合金力学性能的影响,结合对断口形貌的观察和成分分析,分析了合金力学性能改变的微观机理。结果表明,受疲劳载荷作用期间位错运动的影响,合金的屈服强度、抗拉强度在损伤前期表现出上升的趋势;损伤后期,随着材料内部裂纹的不断增多及扩展,合金的弹性模量、抗拉强度不断退化。合金力学性能的变化与疲劳加载的应力水平表现出明显的相关性。断口显微组织分析表明,随着损伤程度的增加,合金高温拉伸断裂模式由韧性逐渐向脆性转变,高温氧化加速了断裂模式的转变。     

Residual stresses in face finish turning of high strength nickel-based superalloy

This paper investigates the residual stresses distributions introduced in a new generation nickel-based superalloy RR1000 by surface finish turning. The residual stresses introduced as a function of depth have been analysed for a series of machining trials with round and rhombic inserts, coated and uncoated inserts, new and worn tools, and chipped tool. The residual stress depth profiles obtained by X-ray diffraction, and layer removal show that the tool type, tool coating, tool wear and tool breakage influence the residual stress. The extent of plastic deformation for different cutting conditions has been inferred from the different peak width. Overall, residual stresses tend to have a tensile character at all depths in the hoop direction, but exhibit a significant compressively stressed zone in the radial direction.     

Cr-Mo钢管子局部焊后热处理加热宽度准则的确定

采用粘弹塑性有限元方法从应力释放角度讨论了Cr-Mo钢局部热处理下各种优化加热条件.研究表明,局部热处理过程产生的瞬态和残余应力受蠕变性能和温度关系弹性模量等因素的影响.当加热宽度足够大时,局部热处理后的应力与炉中热处理的应力接近.通过与现有标准的比较,从应力释放角度位于焊缝中心5√Rt的加热宽度较为合理.提出了考虑焊接冷却过程Cr-Mo低温膨胀现象的相变模型.给出了焊接残余应力与局部焊后热处理应力的试验结果与模拟结果的对比.     

激光冲击对电火花修复SiCp/Cu复合材料裂纹力学性能的影响

利用钕玻璃激光冲击强化设备对经电火花堆焊修复的 SiCp/Cu 复合材料裂纹进行了激光冲击强化处理,研究了激光冲击强化处理对电火花堆焊修复裂纹的影响.用 X 射线应力仪测定了沿垂直焊缝方向表面残余应力的分布状况,用微机控制电子万能试验机测量拉伸性能,用显微硬度计测试了焊缝表面的显微硬度.结果表明,当激光脉冲能量为 35J,激光光斑直径为 5mm 时,激光冲击强化处理可以减小或消除焊缝表面残余拉应力,提高经电火花堆焊修复的 SiCp/Cu 复合材料裂纹试样的抗拉强度,还可以提高堆焊焊缝表面显微硬度.

Abstract：

The crack of SiCp/Cu composite weld restored by electro-spark overlaying was processed by Nd: glass laser, and effects of laser shock processing on the electro-spark overlaying weld crack were analyzed. Surface welding residual stress distribution alone the transverse direction of the weld was investigated by X-ray diffraction techniques, the tensile strength of the weld was investigated by strength test, and the micro-hardness distribution of the weld surface was measured with a micro-hardness tester. The results show that when laser power is 35 J and laser spot diameter is 5 mm, the laser shock processing can reduce the welding residual stresses,which even change from the tensile stress into compressive stress,and improve the tensile strength and the hardness of SiCp/Cu composite weld restored by electro-spark overlaying.     

钢管混凝土拱桥大管径拱肋环焊缝焊接数值模拟

为了研究大管径拱肋环焊缝焊接接头残余应力分布规律,用ANSYS软件对直径1 400 mm,厚度26 mm的拱肋环焊缝进行了焊接温度场及应力场数值模拟. 分析了焊接过程的温度分布云图及应力分布云图,获取了特征节点的热循环曲线,分析了焊后内外表面各残余应力分布情况及内表面残余应力形成过程. 结果表明,等效残余拉应力峰值出现在钢管内表面焊缝底部. 焊后径向和环向残余应力在内、外表面大部分区域形成压应力,轴向残余应力在内、外表面形成拉-压相间的应力分布,等效残余应力在内、外表面均为拉应力. 残余应力形成过程中,第2 ~ 7层的径向、环向、轴向及等效残余应力曲线与第1层径向、环向、轴向及等效残余应力曲线相比,除在波峰及波谷处有较小变化外,其它区域残余应力几乎不变.     

Non-destructive measurement of residual stresses in carbon steel weld joints

Abstract

Residual stress measurements have been carried out on 8 and 12 mm thickness carbon steel single V weld joints by X -ray diffraction and ultrasonic techniques. The maximum tensile and maximum compressive stresses on the surface of the 12 mm carbon steel weld joint are higher than those on the surface of the 8 mm carbon steel weld joint. The results also indicate that the variation in the surface residual stress across the weld is different from that for the through thickness residual stresses. The effect of constraint, which depends on the thickness of the weld joint, is found to influence the surface and through thickness residual stresses. The effect of stress relief annealing heat treatment on residual stresses was also studied.     

典型封闭环焊缝多道焊焊接残余应力的模拟分析

针对两种典型的封闭环焊缝焊接--圆盘镶块和平板垂直接管的多道焊焊接进行了三维数值模拟,分析采用子程序来实现高斯分布表征的热源移动,得到了焊接的热循环过程及焊后残余应力分布.分析表明,封闭环焊缝在起焊/收焊区域的残余应力状况复杂,存在较大的环向残余拉应力,往往会诱使焊缝开裂失效.相比而言,接管环焊缝的应力状况更应引起足够的重视.     

GH4169疲劳试样加工残余应力的表征及其对低周疲劳寿命的影响

为了探究GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工过程中表面残余应力的变化及残余应力对低周疲劳性能的影响,采用X射线衍射法对“车 磨 抛”不同加工工艺的试样表面残余应力进行表征及对成品试样进行残余应力层深度测试,通过中子衍射法对试样内部进行残余应力测试。采用电液伺服万能试验机进行了低周疲劳试验。结果表明：GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工表面残余应力随着切削量的增加由表面残余压应力变为残余拉应力。根据残余应力层深度测试,机加工对试样表面造成残余应力层深度小于0.01 mm,内部残余拉应力减小;根据疲劳试验结果,GH4169合金疲劳寿命与表面轴向残余压应力呈正相关关系。     

GH4169疲劳试样加工残余应力的表征及其对低周疲劳寿命的影响

为了探究GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工过程中表面残余应力的变化及残余应力对低周疲劳性能的影响，采用X射线衍射法对“车 磨 抛”不同加工工艺的试样表面残余应力进行表征及对成品试样进行残余应力层深度测试，通过中子衍射法对试样内部进行残余应力测试。采用电液伺服万能试验机进行了低周疲劳试验。结果表明：GH4169合金低周疲劳试样加工表面残余应力随着切削量的增加由表面残余压应力变为残余拉应力。根据残余应力层深度测试，机加工对试样表面造成残余应力层深度小于0.01 mm，内部残余拉应力减小；根据疲劳试验结果，GH4169合金疲劳寿命与表面轴向残余压应力呈正相关关系。