A River-wide Survey of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and Selected Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Sediments of the Detroit River—1999

The spatial distribution of hydrophobic organic contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and octachlorostyrene (OCS) in sediments of the Detroit River was established using data from a 1999 river-wide survey. The survey employed a stratified random sampling design that divided the river into six geostatistical zones consisting of upper, middle, and lower U.S. and equivalent Canadian river reaches. Organic carbon normalized OCS sediment concentrations demonstrated no significant differences between U.S. or Canadian sediments or upstream/downstream gradients suggesting that OCS is derived primarily from sources upstream of the Detroit River. In contrast, sum PCBs and sum PAHs were significantly elevated at U.S. as compared to Canadian stations and demonstrated significant increasing upstream/downstream gradients in organic carbon normalized sediment contamination. The upper and middle U.S. river reaches contained a number of near-shore stations with high localized PCB and PAH sediment concentrations suggesting multiple inputs along the upper U.S. portion of the river. Consistent with past surveys, wide-spread sediment contamination of PCBs and PAHs continues to be observed in the highly industrialized Trenton Channel and downstream of Grosse Isle. Threshold effect level (TEL) sediment quality guidelines for PAHs and PCBs were exceeded in 92.6 and 77.8%, respectively, of stations in Trenton Channel and downstream of Grosse Isle. This large reservoir of degraded sediments in the lower U.S. river reach has the potential to enter Lake Erie during sediment disturbance events and likely contributes to gentoxic stress and increased bioaccumulation of PCBs in resident benthos, fish, and wildlife.     

Biomonitoring of Bioavailable PAH and PCB Water Concentrations in the Detroit River Using the Freshwater Mussel,Elliptio complanata

Bioavailable PAH and PCB water concentrations were evaluated along the Detroit River using the freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata. Bioavailable concentrations ranged from 64.2 to 620.7 ng/L for ΣPAHs and 0.1 to 3.0 ng/L for ΣPCBs. A principal component analysis grouped contaminants primarily on the basis of hydrophobicity, indicating that physical-chemical properties regulate the relative concentrations and distributions of PAHs and PCBs among sites. Concentrations of the more hydrophobic PAHs and more water soluble PCBs were present at elevated concentrations at the Detroit Edison Generating Station, in the Trenton Channel. Elevated PAH levels were also detected at three other sites: West Windsor Sewage Treatment Plant, Grassy Island, and Ambassador Bridge, along the Detroit River. This study supports the conclusion that E. complanata is an effective biomonitor of water PAH and PCB concentrations in aquatic systems. In addition, the results indicate that areas of high contamination in the Detroit River are a result of continued loading of these chemicals into the Great Lakes system.     

Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Biota from the Detroit River and Western Lake Erie

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PCBs in zebra mussels were elevated to concentrations greater than 5,000 ng/g lipid and 15,000 ng/g lipid, respectively, at the Ambassador Bridge in the Detroit River and concentrations gradually declined at downstream locations, which included three stations in the western basin of Lake Erie (Middle Sister Island, East Sister Island, Pelee Island). PCB concentrations in zebra mussels collected at the stations in western Lake Erie were elevated relative to the concentrations in mussels at the upstream end of the Detroit River (Stoney Point). There is no evidence that PAH contamination in the Detroit River elevated PAH concentrations in zebra mussels in western Lake Erie relative to mussels at Stoney Point. Fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) representing metabolites of PAHs were analyzed in the bile of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) and freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) collected from several sites in the Detroit River and western Lake Erie. Mean FAC concentrations were >l,000 ng BaP equivalents per mL of bile in fish from the Trenton Channel and Boblo Island in the Detroit River, but FAC data provided no evidence that fish captured at two sites in western Lake Erie (East Sister Island, Pelee Island) were exposed to elevated concentrations of PAHs through ingestion of contaminated biota or exposure to contaminated sediments.     

Assessment of Sediment Quality in Dredged and Undredged Areas of the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River,Michigan USA,using the Sediment Quality Triad

The “sediment quality triad” approach was used to assess the effects of dredging on the sediment quality of a new marina in the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River, and to evaluate spatial and temporal variation in sediment quality in the Trenton Channel. Samples were collected in November of 1993 (10 months after dredging) and characterized by chemical analysis, sediment bioassays, and assessment of benthic invertebrate communities. The three study components indicated little difference in sediment quality at dredged sites in the marina relative to nearby areas in the Trenton Channel, and little change in sediment quality of Trenton Channel sites relative to conditions reported in the mid-1980s. These results suggest that improvement in sediment quality in the Trenton Channel, due to dredging or natural processes, will depend on elimination of sediment “hot spots” and other upstream contaminant sources. Concentrations of chemical contaminants, especially metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, exceeded concentrations associated with effects on biota and were significantly correlated with results of sediment bioassays and characteristics of benthic communities. Laboratory sediment bioassays with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans produced better discrimination among sites with differing degrees of contamination than did characterization of benthic communities, which were dominated by oligochaetes at all sites in the marina and the Trenton Channel.     

Volatile Halocarbons in the Detroit River and their Relationship with Contaminant Sources

Volatile halocarbon measurements show that presently active point sources for contaminants in the Detroit River are primarily sewage treatment plants (STP) and combined storm sewers. From the observed ratios of municipal and industrial type contaminants, it is deduced that the waste water processed by sewage treatment plants contains significant contaminant loadings of industrial origin. Major sources of such loadings were found along the Trenton Channel, at the confluences of several tributaries including the Ecorse River, River Rouge, Conners Creek, Little River, and Turkey Creek, and at outfalls from several industrial areas including the Detroit STP, Ford Canada, West Windsor STP, and Allied Chemical Canada.     

Nutrient concentrations and loadings in the St. Clair River–Detroit River Great Lakes Interconnecting Channel

Long-term (2001–2015) water quality monitoring data for the St. Clair River are presented with data from studies in the Detroit River in 2014 and 2015 to provide the most complete information available about nutrient concentrations and loadings in the Lake Huron–Lake Erie interconnecting corridor. Concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in the St. Clair River have reflected declines in Lake Huron. We demonstrate that St. Clair River TP concentrations are higher than offshore Lake Huron values. The recent average (2014 and 2015) incoming TP load from the upstream Great Lakes is measured here to be 980 metric tonnes per annum (MTA), which is roughly three times greater than previous estimates. Significant TP load increases are also indicated along the St. Clair River. We treat the lower Detroit River as three channels to sample water quality as part of a two year monitoring campaign that included winter sampling and SRP in the parameter suite. We found concentrations of many parameters are higher near the shorelines, with the main Mid-River channel resembling water quality upstream measured at the mouth of the St. Clair River. Comparison with past estimates indicates both concentrations and loadings of TP have dramatically declined since 2007 in the Trenton Channel, while those in the Mid-River and in the Amherstburg Channel have remained similar or have possibly increased. The data demonstrate that the TP load exiting the mouth of the Detroit River into Lake Erie is currently in the range of 3740 (in 2014) to 2610 (2015) MTA.     

Organochlorine Contaminants of Wintering Ducks Foraging on Detroit River Sediments

Organochlorine analysis was performed on carcasses of 13 diving ducks from a 1981 wintering population that foraged on contaminated sediments in the lower Detroit River. Mean total PCB concentrations were 10 mg/kg for seven lesser scaups (Aythya affinis), 11 mg/kg for three greater scaups (A. marila), and 7.6 mg/kg for three goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula). Highest mean levels of other residues were measured for hexachlorobenzene (1.7 mg/kg) in goldeneyes, and transnonachlor (0.33 mg/kg) and 4,4’-DDE (1.3 mg/kg) in greater scaup. Quantitative analysis of 72 PCB congeners also was applied to water, seston, sediment, benthie oligochaetes, and carp from the same site. Principal congeners in most of the samples included some of the more toxic and persistent PCBs. Results of a multivariate analysis indicated that ratios of more conservative to less conservative PCBs did not vary significantly among ducks (α = .05), but differed from those in carp, oligochaetes, and sediment. For the February through March period of fat mobilization, concentrations of total PCB in lipid were inversely correlated with percent lipid (r = 0.76) in ducks. The percentage of conservative PCBs increased slightly. The distribution and partitioning of organochlorines, including toxic PCB congeners, varied considerably within this water column-sediment-fauna ecosystem. Estimates of toxic exposure based on total PCB values may be unreliable.     

Butyltin Species and Inorganic Tin in Water and Sediment of the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers

Water and sediment samples from 29 locations in the Detroit and St. Clair rivers were analyzed for the highly toxic tri-n-butyltin (Bu₃Sn⁺) species and for the less toxic di-n-butyltin (Bu₂Sn²⁺) and n-butyltin (BuSn³⁺) species and inorganic tin. In general, locations sampled in the St. Clair River were less contaminated with butyltin species than those in the Detroit River. Inorganic tin and BuSn³⁺ were detected in over 90% of all subsurface water samples, while Bu₂Sn²⁺ and Bu₃Sn⁺ were detected in 45 and 28% of the same samples, respectively. The highest concentration ofBu₃Sn⁺ in subsurface water, 5.9 × 10^?10 mol Sn/L, was at the mouth of the Ecorse River, a tributary of the Detroit River. The three butyltin species and inorganic tin were also detected in 23–46% of all sediment samples. The highest concentrations of Bu₃Sn⁺ in sediment were found close to the mouths of the River Rouge, another tributary of the Detroit River, and the Ecorse River, and were 6.2 × I0^–7 and 1.7 × I0^–7 mol Sn/kg dry weight, respectively, for the top 2 cm of sediment.     

茅洲河河口建闸对闸上水质的影响研究

采用 MIKE FLOOD 模型建立了茅洲河河口一、二维耦合的水动力、水质模型,模拟分析茅洲河河口建闸后对茅洲河干流及河口附近水质的影响。通过模型模拟表明,由于茅洲河干流中下游的污染物以及交椅湾地形的影响,交椅湾内水体流速变慢,茅洲河河口易形成污染带。通过茅洲河河口建闸前后的工况模拟分析,共和村断面在 2020 年工况下洪水期氨氮浓度在 1. 6 ～2. 3 mg /L 之间波动,均值为2 mg /L,建闸后基本稳定在 2. 13 mg /L。枯水期时建闸前氨氮浓度在 1. 4 ～2. 1 mg /L 之间波动,均值为1. 8 mg /L,建闸后基本稳定在 1. 83 mg /L。研究发现,河口闸的建设对茅洲河干流的水质基本没有改善作用。从污染物均值来看,河口建闸后闸上水质略有恶化,主要原因是河口处靠近外海区域污染物浓度较干流下游浓度低,建闸后闸址下游河水无法上溯,对断面污染物的稀释作用减小。本研究成果可供茅洲河水环境治理的相关决策提供参考,也可为其他流域的河口闸建设研究提供参考。     

长江中、下游干流磷的沿程分布特征研究

为了解长江中下游磷营养盐的分布特征及磷素的污染状况,2014年5月29日至6月7日沿长江中、下游干流在湖北武汉,江西九江,安徽安庆,江苏的南通、镇江、南京,上海等地设置采样断面,现场监测表层、中层和底层水体中总磷（TP）、溶解性总磷（TDP）、颗粒态总磷（TPP）、溶解性正磷酸盐（SOP）的含量,分析干流磷的沿程分布特征。研究结果表明：长江中、下游干流各采样地TP平均含量范围在0．15～0．25 mg／L,各采样地下游TP平均含量高于上游,各采样地下游左岸及右岸TP平均含量较中泓处高,且左岸TP平均含量较右岸高;各采样地TDP平均含量范围为0．02～0．13 mg／L,且采样地下游TDP平均含量较上游高;各采样地TPP平均含量范围为0．10～0．20 mg／L,沿长江中下游沿程方向TPP占TP百分比逐渐减小,但TPP仍是长江中下游TP的主要贡献者,TPP分布与叶绿素a的分布极为相似,二者呈显著正相关;各采样地SOP平均含量范围为0．02～0．11 mg／L,且 SOP平均含量沿长江中、下游沿程方向显示出增加趋势,SOP是TDP的主要组成部分,SOP平均含量占TDP平均含量70％以上。总体上,长江中下游水体中各形态磷含量较低,水质良好。     

First Report of the Asian Fish Tapeworm in the Great Lakes

The Asian fish tapeworm (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) is an introduced species that has spread throughout much of the United States and into Canada. This cestode was found in a specimen of bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) collected from Grosse Îsle in the Detroit River in September, 2002. This parasite is a known pathogen that can cause weight loss, anemia, and mortality in young fishes. This is the first report of B. acheilognathi in the Great Lakes.     

长江中游岸线水域典型污染物种类与来源解析

以长江中游宜昌段、武汉段和黄石段3个监测断面为研究对象,选取农业渔业、工业生产、港口物流、过江交通和城镇生活共5种典型开发类型岸线,鉴别了不同开发类型岸线水域主要污染物种类,同时解析了其时空分布状况。结果表明,依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006),3个监测断面不同类型岸线水域污染物主要包括常规污染物总氮、总磷、氨氮以及重金属铁、锰。不同污染物呈现一致的空间特征,3个断面中宜昌段水质最差,武汉段最好。而季节规律存在一定差异,3个断面常规污染物平均浓度秋季最高夏季最低,重金属则为秋冬季较高春季较低。5种岸线开发类型中,城镇生活岸线污染最为突出,总氮、总磷、氨氮、铁和锰平均浓度分别为11.58、0.83、5.85 mg/L,351.67、147.66 μg/L,超标倍数分别为11.58、4.15、5.85、1.17、1.48倍。3个断面农业渔业岸线,水体中共检出8种拟除虫菊酯类农药、33类有机磷农药和12种有机氯类农药,化工企业岸线上检出13种多环芳烃,其含量最高的分别为胺菊酯、特普、4.4′-滴滴涕和茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘,但均低于标准限值。依据比值法分析的源解析结果,多环芳烃主要来源为木材、煤以及少量油类。研究结果可为长江岸线的合理开发和结构优化以及长江大保护提供一定的数据支持。     

Biological Monitoring of Organochlorine Contaminants in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers Using Introduced Clams, Elliptio Complanatus

Introduced clams (in cages) were effective biomonitors in determining the distribution, biological availability, and source areas of a number of chlorinated organic contaminants in the St. Clair River-Detroit River corridor during 1982 and 1983. In the St. Clair River, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), octachlorostyrene (OCS), pentachlorobenzene (QCB), hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), 2,3,6-trichlorotoluene (TCT), and alpha-BHC were most frequently identified in tissues after 3 weeks’ exposure. When compared to other locations in the St. Clair and Detroit rivers, significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of QCB, HCB, OCS, and HCBD were found in clams exposed along the Sarnia to Corunna, Ontario, shoreline. Elevated concentrations of HCB and OCS were also detected in water samples from this section of the river. TCT was found in clams from most locations, at low levels, with no obvious source area. Low levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were restricted to clams from the Sarnia area. In the Detroit River, PCBs, HCB, and OCS were most frequently detected in clams. PCB levels were significantly (p<0.05) higher along the Michigan shore and the highest concentrations were found in the Rouge River area. PCBs were also detected in some water samples from urbanized areas of the river. HCB and OCS were found at near-detection levels in clams from most stations. Contaminant levels in clams from around Fighting Island were low or non-detectable, indicating an absence of biologically available organochlorine contaminants in this area of the river. In the St. Clair River, p,p-DDE was only detected in the Sarnia area, whereas it was found in clams from both sides of the Detroit River, also at low levels. Aldrin, chlordane, and DDT were only sporadically detected in both rivers.     

PCB Residues in Bottom Sediments Collected from the Bay of Quinte,Lake Ontario 1972-73

Surficial sediment samples (214) were collected in 1972-73 on a systematic grid throughout the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario. PCB analysis was carried out on all samples and the data were collated for depositional basins and non-depositional zones. The mean residue for the whole bay was 48 ± 43 ng/g. Mean residues in the basins and non-depositional zones were not significantly different, being 50 and 47 ng/g respectively. The Trenton basin had the highest mean residue of 74 ng/g and Adolphous basin had the lowest at 33 ng/g. Variations in concentrations were found within basins and within the non-depositional zone. The over-all distribution was patchy but high concentrations off the Trent River and east of the Moira River indicated these two rivers as the major sources of PCB to the bay.     

基于元素特征分析的东川小江河谷Cd污染源诊断

云南东川小江河谷Cd污染是源自铜矿开采还是农业污染目前尚无定论,这严重制约了当地重金属污染的高效防治。通过Cd元素在河谷的空间分布调查入手,结合铜矿开采污染物及当地施用化肥的Cd含量分析,对小江河谷Cd污染源进行综合研判。通过元素特征分析发现:①铜矿开采的主要污染物是铜矿石和尾矿渣,其Cd含量平均值仅为0.30 mg/kg,远低于受Cd污染的耕地(平均值4.60 mg/kg)和河漫滩(平均值2.53 mg/kg),它们不具备构成流域Cd主要污染源的能力;②当地常用磷肥Cd含量平均高达83.45 mg/kg,高出受Cd污染耕地Cd含量的18倍,相比采矿污染物,磷肥更有可能成为流域Cd的主要污染源;③河漫滩Cd含量的空间分布没有表现出从采矿活动区向下游持续衰减的趋势,不支持Cd污染源自铜矿开采的污染物扩散模式;④耕地的Cd含量普遍高于河漫滩,说明耕地更接近污染源,符合农业活动的污染物扩散模式;⑤耕地、河漫滩Cd与速效磷(AP)的相关性远高于代表铜矿开采的Cu元素,表明Cd污染与磷肥的施用比铜矿开采关系更为紧密。基于上述结果,认为农业活动中磷肥施用对Cd污染的贡献可能远大于铜矿开采。     

Nonpoint N Runoff from Agricultural Watersheds into the Great Lakes

Eleven agricultural watersheds were continuously monitored for discharge and intensively sampled for runoff N, 1975-77, as part of the IJC Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG), Task Group C (Canadian). The watersheds, located in southern Ontario, were sampled between 30 to more than 500 times for NH₄-N, N0₃+N0₂-N, and total Kjeldahl N (TKN).The predominant chemical form of runoff N was N0₃-N with flow weighted concentration means on sampled days ranging from 0.57 to 5.62 mg/L. In contrast, TKN means ranged from 0.64 mg/L to 2.37 mg/L while average soluble NH₄-N concentrations varied from 0.03 mg/L to 0.60 mg/L. High runoff N0₃-N concentrations occurred from watersheds with extensive areas of tile drainage, row crops (especially com), and high kg/ha fertilizer N application rates. Elevated stream TKN concentrations were associated with watersheds with more impermeable soils.Stream N0₃-N loadings ranged from 2.1 ± 0.2 to 39.0 ± 7.6 kg N0₃-N/watershed ha. Significant N fertility losses in excess of 30 kg N0₃-N ha occurred from some watersheds, while other watersheds with extensive areas of hay and pasture and unimproved land gained more N0₃-N in precipitation than was lost as runoff. TKN loads averaged 32% and 25% of total N runoff for the 11 watersheds in 1975 and 1976 respectively. Efforts to reduce Ontario watershed N runoff should concentrate first on soluble N and therefore on improved efficiency of N fertilizer use on the extensive areas of tile drained corn in the lower Great Lakes basin. The effectiveness of standard soil erosion control methods, including grassed waterways and contour planting, should be investigated for reduction of TKN runoff.     

瓦埠湖沉积物中氮与磷赋存形态分析

利用连续提取法研究了瓦埠湖沉积物中磷的赋存形态和氮的组成特征。结果显示:瓦埠湖沉积物中总磷含量为293～874 mg/kg,平均为470 mg/kg,总磷主要由无机磷组成;在沉积物的提取磷中铁结合态磷为主要赋存形态;铁磷、钙磷、铝磷的相对百分含量指示出该湖泊的磷源自污染较少的区域。瓦埠湖沉积物中总氮的含量为208～464 mg/kg,平均为265 mg/kg,氮的主要组成为有机氮,有机氮、有机指数等显示该湖泊属于清洁类型,未遭受污染。瓦埠湖流域的社会与自然状况的调查结果、湖泊底泥的有机碳氮比等均表明湖泊营养物质来自面源,各指标含量在空间分布的特点与相关性的差异,说明了物质沉积存在重力分离与水动力作用的过程。     

Fate,Transport and Effects of Pollutants Originating from Acid Mine Drainage in the Olifants River,South Africa

Concentrations of pollutants were measured in water, sediment and algal samples collected along a longitudinal gradient from a stretch of the Olifants River, South Africa, that receives acid mine drainage (AMD) from the Klipspruit River. The effects of AMD were determined through macroinvertebrate biotic indices (SASS5) and multivariate analysis of macroinvertebrate communities. The acidic Klipspruit River caused increased concentrations of total Al, Fe and Mn in the Olifants River. Upon mixing of the Klipspruit with that from the alkaline Olifants River, Al and Fe precipitate rapidly, leading to lower concentrations in the dissolved phase and higher concentrations in the suspended phase and in sediment at sites in close proximity to the confluence. Similarly, filamentous algae accumulated high concentrations of Al, Fe and Zn immediately after the confluence. Mn remains in the dissolved phase, and sediment and algal concentrations increase with increasing distance downstream. Metal speciation analysis indicate that Al is rapidly converted from more toxic forms (e.g. Al³⁺ and Al(OH)²⁺) to less toxic forms (e.g. Al(OH)₃(aq) and Al(OH)^4?). In contrast, Mn remains in the soluble Mn²⁺ form. Macroinvertebrate metrics and community structure showed clear signs of deterioration in water quality in the Olifants River downstream of the point of AMD input. While total TDS concentrations at all sites fall within ranges likely to affect macroinvertebrates, the relative composition of major ions changes as a result of AMD input, which may also account for the observed changes in macroinvertebrate communities. Further downstream, the Wilge River discharges into the Olifants River and significantly improves water quality downstream of the confluence. Future mining and development activities in the Wilge catchment should be carefully managed and monitored so as to ensure sufficient flows of acceptable quality to prevent further deterioration of water quality in the Olifants River and downstream reservoirs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chlorinated Contaminants in Surficial Sediments of Lakes Huron,St. Clair,and Erie: Implications Regarding Sources Along the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers

Surficial sediments from southern Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Erie have been analyzed for a broad spectrum of chlorinated organics including PCBs, chlorobenzenes, and several pesticides. The differences between sediment contaminant concentrations in Lake Huron and Lake St. Clair indicated sources of hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, octachlorostyrene, and several other chlorinated benzenes along the St. Clair River. Similar differences between sediment PCB concentrations in Lakes Huron/St. Clair and Lake Erie indicated major PCB sources along the Detroit River. Specific PCB congener analysis revealed that PCBs discharged to the Detroit River contained especially high concentrations of highly chlorinated hexa-, hepta-, and octachloro-biphenyls which are major constituents of the industrial mixture Aroclor 1260. The analysis of individual PCB congeners made it possible to trace PCBs of Detroit River origin to the central and eastern basins of Lake Erie, and to estimate the contribution of the Detroit River to the PCB burden in sediments of these basins.     

Characteristics of litter waste in highway storm runoff.

Litter characterization is an integrated part of the Caltrans First Flush Characterization Study. These data will provide a basis to develop potential treatment technologies and best management practices to control pollutants in runoff from freeways. During monitoring periods in Southern California areas, the first flush phenomenon was evaluated and the impacts of various parameters such as rain intensity, drainage area, peak flow rate, and antecedent dry period on litter volume and loading rates were evaluated. First flush phenomenon was generally observed for litter concentrations, but was not apparent with litter mass loading rates. Total captured gross pollutants, defined as larger than 0.5 cm, was 90% vegetation with only 10% being litter. The normalized cumulative litter loadings were determined from 1.25 to 13.39 kg/ha for dry litter weight and 0.40 to 8.99 kg/ha for dry biodegradable litter weight. The portions of biodegradable litter to non-biodegradable litter were roughly the same across the entire event. Event mean concentrations were ranged 0.0021 to 0.259 g/L for wet gross pollutants, 0.0001 to 0.027 g/L for wet litters and 0.00007 to 0.018 g/L for dry litters. The mass emission rates should be useful to estimate total litter production for developing total maximum daily loads.