张家界不同产地杜仲叶/皮中矿质元素含量的测定及比较

采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定了张家界不同产地杜仲叶及皮中Fe、zn、Cu、Mn、Mg、K、Ca等7种矿质元素的含量,结果表明杜仲叶及皮中各种矿质元素含量丰富,各元素含量的高低趋势在杜仲叶中大致为：Mg〉K〉Ca〉Zn〉Fe〉Mn≥Cu,在杜仲皮中大致为：Mg〉Ca〉K〉Fe〉Zn〉Mn≥Cu。K—S检验可以看出杜仲叶及皮中各矿质元素含量均服从正态分布,LSD检验可以得出张家界不同产地杜仲叶中Fe、Mn、Mg及杜仲皮中Fe、Mn、K元素的含量存在差异性显著。这一结果可以为不同产地杜仲叶／皮的药理活性及其品质的差异提供一定的理论依据。     

种植北五味子和土壤中微量元素的测定

研究了土壤和种植北五味子果实中微量元素的含量差异。采用梅花形布点法采样,用ICP-MS测定土壤和果实中的微量元素含量。试验地土壤中含有丰富的微量元素,其含量大小依次为:CaKMgFeMnZnCu,所测北五味子果实中微量元素含量大小依次为:KMgCaFeMnZnCu。所测北五味子对土壤中微量元素的吸收具有选择性,北五味子中K含量明显高于土壤,Cu、Cr、Fe含量明显低于土壤,说明五味子对K有富积作用,对Cu、Cr、Fe无富积作用。     

Relationship between soil physical and chemical characteristics and ear-leaf concentration of P,K, Mg,Zn, Fe,Cu, Mn and relative yield of maize in soils derived from sedimentary rocks of South-Western Nigeria

In a four-season field experiment conducted in 18 locations covering two different ecological zones of the sedimentary forest soils of South-Western Nigeria, relationships were established by simple correlation between the ear-leaf content of P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, relative yield of maize (RY), soil physical characteristics and soil nutrient status. Soil pH was strongly related to the relative yield, soil clay, available P, exchangeable Ca, K, Zn, and Mn in soils, P and Cu concentration in the ear-leaf.Organic matter did not appear to play a very significant role in nutrient supply or relate to nutrient element concentration in the ear-leaf and relative yield in soils that are relatively low in soil organic matter.Nitrogen was not determined. Phosphorus among all the elements determined seemed to have a high significant effect on Ca, K, Zn, Mn and RY. However, the effect on RY was negative. Manganese in both soil and ear-leaf had the highest negative significant relationship with yield in the zone.The multiple regression analysis indicated a relationship meaning that the soil physical and chemical properties and ear-leaf content of the elements P, K, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn are important to maize cultivation in this zone. Hence consideration of a combination of soils and plant factors are essential before meaningful fertilizer recommendation can be made for maize in the zone under study.     

Distribution and nature of organic/mineral bound elements in Assam coals, India

This study focuses on the determination and concentration of twelve elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd) occurring in sub-bituminous Assam coals and their geochemical association. Distribution of these elements between organic and mineral matters was studied. Comparison of the results of three coals has shown that three elements (Mg, Ca and Mn) are significantly organic bound, while five elements (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) are significantly mineral bound; Cd is 50% bound to either organic or mineral matter. FTIR and XRD studies reveal qualitative information about the bonding pattern and nature of components of the mineral matters. The results obtained in this study have considerable geochemical and technological interests.     

Agronomic and nutritional effects of Linz-Donawitz slag application to two pastures in Northern Spain

Most grassland soils in western European countries are acidic in their natural state and require a liming material to bring them to their optimum pH. A study was conducted to determine whether Linz-Donawitz (LD) slag, a by-product of the iron and steelmaking industry, could be used as a dolomitic agent for pastures. Six rates of slag (0, 1, 1.5, 3, 5, and 7.5 t ha^–1), with and without fertilizer, were investigated for their effects on soil properties, pasture yield and botanical composition, and herbage mineral concentrations. The three-year study was conducted on a newly established pasture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and on a resident pasture dominated by Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus L.) and browntop (Agrostis tenuis Sibth.). Application of slag increased soil pH (0.15 and 0.11 units per ton of slag applied at Derio and Abadiano, respectively) and decreased Al percentage of the soil complex to levels not considered harmful to plant growth. Exchangeable Ca increased markedly and exchangeable Mg slightly. In general, herbage Ca and Mg concentrations increased accordingly to their increase in the soil, while Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn decreased with increasing rates of slag. LD slag appears to be a useful liming material for correcting soil acidity in pasture scils, and for increasing Ca and Mg, and decreasing Mn concentrations, in herbage.     

Boron uptake and toxicity in wheat in relation to zinc supply

Zinc deficiency may enhance B absorption and transport to such an extent that B may possibly accumulate to toxic levels in plant tops. Therefore, a screen house experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of B levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mg B kg^–1 soil) as influenced by Zn levels (0, 10 and 20 mg Zn kg^–1 soil) on DM yield of wheat tops and tissue concentration and uptake of B, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ca, Mg, K and P. Application of B decreased the dry matter yield of wheat significantly at all levels of Zn. Conversely, increasing levels of Zn increased the wheat yield significantly. The application of B increased the tissue concentration and uptake of B by wheat plants more in the absence than in the presence of Zn application. Consequently, concentration of B in wheat plants decreased with increasing levels of Zn application to the soil. This decrease in tissue B concentration was not only due to increased growth of wheat plants. Zinc application appears to have created a protective mechanism in the root cell environment against excessive uptake of B, as evidenced by the reduction of B uptake in Zn treated plants. The uptake of Mn, Mg and P decreased while the uptake of Cu, Fe, and K by wheat plants increased with Zn application. Whereas, the uptake of all nutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, K and P) decreased significantly with the application of B. However, this depressive effect of B on nutrient uptake was less marked in the presence of applied Zn.     

Liming impacts barley yield over a wide concentration range of soil exchangeable cations

Liming has widespread and significant impacts on soil processes and crop responses. The aim of this study was to describe the relationships between exchangeable cation concentrations in soil and the relative yield of spring barley. The hypothesis was that yield is restricted by the concentration of a single exchangeable cation in the soil. For simplicity, we focused on spring barley which was grown in nine years of a long-term experiment at two sites (Rothamsted and Woburn). Four liming rates were applied and in each year the relative yield (RY) and the concentrations of exchangeable cations were assessed. Liming had highly significant effects on the concentrations of most exchangeable cations, except for Cu and K. There were significant negative relationships (either linear or exponential) between the exchangeable concentrations of Mn, Cd, Cr, Al, Fe, Cu, Co, Zn and Ni in soil and soil pH. The relationships between RY and the concentrations of selected exchangeable cations (Mn, Ca and Al) were described well using log-logistic relationships. For these cations a significant site effect was probably due to fundamental differences in soil properties. At both sites the concentrations of exchangeable soil Al were excessive (>?7.5 mg kg^?1) and were most likely responsible for reduced barley yields (where RY?≤?0.5) with soil acidification. At Rothamsted barley yield was non-limited (where RY?≥?1) at soil exchangeable Mn concentrations (up to 417 mg kg^?1) greater than previously considered toxic, which requires further evaluation of critical Mn concentrations.

     

原子吸收分光光度法测定野蜂蜜中微量金属元素含量

采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了野蜂蜜中Fe、Cu、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn等微量金属元素的含量,建立了Fe、Cu、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn的标准工作曲线方程及其线性范围.该法简便易行,可连续测定多种微量金属元素的含量,效果较好.     

Pot experiments on the zinc nutrition of spruce seedlings in relation to the new kind of forest decline

In a pot trial with spruce seedlings growing in washed quartz sand, Zn concentration in needles could be reduced to 13 ppm in dry matter, but no visual symptoms of Zn deficiency appeared within two years. With Zn applied at 0.31 mg/kg substrate concentrations in seedlings were up to 133 ppm with no symptoms of damage or inhibition of growth. Needle contents of Zn, Ca, Mg, Fe and Al increased from year 1 to year 2. Zn content decreased in case of Ca- or Mg- and especially in combined Ca and Mg deficiency; when no Zn was applied in the second year, the lowest values were recorded. Zn content was positively correlated with N, K, Ca, Mn, and Fe, and N with Mg and Mn. There were no other antagonistic effects of Zn. The best growth of 2 year old seedlings was at needle Zn contents of 28–36 ppm in one year old and of 93–112 ppm in two year old needles. Spruce on areas of new forest damage has a lowered Mg content and lessened accumulation of Ca and Mn with increasing needle age as well as low Zn content (despite atmospheric deposition of Zn). Such low Zn levels could only be achieved in pot culture by taking strong precautions against contamination. Ca + Mg + Zn fertilizer should be tested on strongly acid upland soils low in Zn.     

Needs for controlled-availability micronutrient fertilizers

Use of micronutrients for agronomic and horticultural crops has increased markedly in recent years. Increased use is related to higher nutrient demands from more intensive cropping practices and also from farming marginal lands. Most of the fertilizers used to correct micronutrient deficiencies are water- soluble inorganic sources or soluble organic products such as synthetic chelates or natural organic complexes. These fertilizers may react with soil to decrease their availability to plants. The rates of such chemical reactions may differ considerably with each micronutrient fertilizer and soil environment.Recommended micronutrient rates have been based on results of numerous experiments, and these rates vary with crop, soil, and other factors. The usual application rates (on an elemental basis) range from 1 to 10 kg ha^–1 for Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn; < 1 kg ha^–1 for B; and < 100 g ha^–1 for Mo.Because the metallic micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) generally are sorbed strongly by soil clays, they do not move significantly in soil. Hence, they are not leached readily from the zone of application to lower soil depths or into groundwaters. Mobility of these micronutrient cations is higher in sandy soils, especially with high leaching conditions. Therefore, their movement out of the root zone is possible under some situations. Significant residual effects of soluble Cu and Zn sources greatly reduce the need for controlled-availability Cu and Zn products. Controlled-availability Fe and Mn fertilizers have not been effective because the rapid oxidation of Fe and Mn and reactions with soil reduce their availability upon release.Because soluble B fertilizers form boric acid molecules in soil, they are mobile and subject to leaching conditions. While mobility of B is less than that of NO ₃ ^- -N in soil, field results have demonstrated loss of applied B from the root zone in sandy soils. Slightly soluble B fertilizers, such as colemanite and ulexite, and fritted B products (powdered glass-like materials whose solubility is controlled by particle size) have been used in sandy soils for some crops.Molybdenum requirements are much lower than those of the other micronutrients. Deficiencies generally are corrected by liming the soil or by seed or foliar applications, so there is little need for controlled-availability Mo fertilizers.Little research has been conducted on controlled availability micronutrient fertilizers. While fritted products are considered in this category, they are difficult to handle and only may be of value in supplying B under specific conditions. Coating soluble granular micronutrient fertilizers also has been attempted, but there are few reported results of their relative effectiveness in comparison with conventional fertilizers and application methods. New micronutrient products may be needed for specific conditions such as greenhouse-culture or container-grown crops, but plant needs also may be met by multiple applications of soluble sources.     

The uptake and distribution of mineral nutrients in the banana in response to supply of K,Mg and Mn

The effects of differential K, Mg and Mn supply on the uptake and distribution of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Cu and Zn in the Williams banana were examined over the three crop cycles. Plants were grown in sand culture in 1 m³ drainage lysimeters.In terms of total plant uptake the standard solutions used were balanced in respect of P, K and Ca, possibly low in Mg and high in Mn, Cu and Zn compared with field grown plants. K and Mg supply influenced total plant uptake of most elements similar to the way they influenced dry matter production. Exception were total plant uptake of Mg and Cu. High Mn supply depressed the uptake of Mg and Cu and increased the uptake of Mn sevenfold.Increase in K supply reduced the proportion of all nutrients, except K, retained in the roots and increased the proportion located in the fruit. A large proportion (20–36%) of N, P and K were located in the fruit, Ca, Mg and Mn accumulated in the trash (29–44%) and roots were high in Na, Cu and Zn (29–50%).     

Mineral elements in mate herb (Ilex paraguariensis St. H.)]

The importance of the research works on mate rests on the fact that this is greatly consumed in many South American countries. Our interest in this subject has increased because, in Europe, it use as an infusion seems to be increasing. The Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry techniques. Prior to this, samples were incinerated and dissolved in an acid mixture (HCl/HNO3). Results apparently show a high content of mineral elements, especially K. Mg and Mn, in mate, findings which we consider to be of great relevance.     

Long-term nutrient absorption rates and competition between ions in banana in relation to supply of K,Mg and Mn

To provide data on the diagnosis and correction of deficiencies of K, Mg and high Mn experienced in the banana plantations of New South Wales, a sand culture experiment, in 1 m³ containers, was conducted using ‘Williams’ banana. Here we report the effects of K, Mg and Mn treatments on plant and root uptake rates of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Cu and Zn and the interaction beween K, Mg and Mn. Increased K supply increased the plant uptake rate of K and P whereas N, Ca, Mg and Cu were decreased. There was no large overall effect of Mg supply on the uptake of elements other than Cu. Within the K series the proportion of roots decreased as K supply increased and the root uptake rate of K, Mg, Mn and Cu was proportional to the concentration in the external medium. For other elements uptake was influenced more by demand within the plant. High Mn supply reduced the uptake of Ca, Mg and Zn but had little effect on the other elements. Values of root uptake rate were only 10% of those reported on other crops, but our data apply to a long time period (~ 1300 days). K and Mn non-competitively inhibited Mg uptake. The K/(Ca + Mg) ratio of the lamina was unable to distinguish between K and Mg deficiency as it did not show an optimum relationship with yield.     

微波消解-ICP-OES法测定黑芝麻中的18种矿质元素

采用HNO3/H2O2湿法微波消解制样,利用全谱直读电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES),全面详细地分析测定了黑芝麻中的矿质元素,共检出Ca、P、S、Mg、K、Al、Si、Fe、Na、Zn、Se、Sr、Cu、Mn、Ba、B、Ti、Cr等18种矿质元素,RSD值在1.21%～10.1%,其中13种元素在5%以内。黑芝麻中所含人体常量元素Ca、P、S、Mg、K、Na等的质量分数分别为1.79%,1.08%,0.59%,0.43%,0.41%和0.009 1%;微量元素Fe、Zn、Se、Cu、Mn、B、Cr、Sr、Si、Al等的含量分别为18.6,4.55,3.87,1.74,1.62,0.91,3.21,78.8,125.8 mg/100 g,未检出Pb、Hg、Cd、As以及Ni、Co、Mo等元素。     

Fluoreszenz-Detektion für die Multielement-Bestimmung von Kationen nach HPLC-Trennung

Fluorescence Detection System for the Multielement Determination of Cations after Separation by HPLC Fluorescence determination of cations after HPLC separation requires an unselective detection principle to achieve multielement capability. Following the principle of the photometric Zn-EDTA-PAR-system, 2, 2′-pyridylbenzimidazole (PBI) is used as a fluorescent indicator. Cations are separated on a Nucleosil 5SA column using tartaric acid as eluent. Zn is replaced by the eluent traces in a post column reactor and determined as the fluorescent Zn-PBI-chelate. Detection limits for Mn, Mg, Ca, Cu, Cd are 7–92 ng in 20 μL of sample volume.     

Influence of treated sewage sludge applications on temporal variations of plant nutrients and heavy metals in a Typic Xerofluvent soil

The objective of this study is to determine influence of Treated Sewage Sludge (TSS) rates as organic matter and nutrient resource on temporal variations of some macronutrients and micronutrients and heavy metals concentrations in a Typic Xerofluvent soil. The experiment was conducted in Menemen Plain, in the Western Anatolia Region of Turkey in 2003–2005. Moist TSS was added to the soil at the rates of 0, 30, 60 and 90 Mg ha⁻¹ on May 1, 2003. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) was planted as the first crop. On the other hand, mixture of green barley (Hordeum vulgare) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) was planted as the second crop. During the experiment, soil samples were taken five times. Increasing TSS applications to this soil resulted in significantly increased concentrations of total N, Cu, Pb and Ni, and available P, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn concentrations in soil. However, concentrations of available Mg and Na, total Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd, Co and Cr in soil did not significantly change. Micronutrients and heavy metals concentrations in soil were found under threshold values in all sampling periods in this study. Available nutrient concentrations in the soil decreased particularly in the last sampling periods because of plant uptake of nutrients from the applied TSS. It is recommended that 90 Mg ha⁻¹ moist TSS can be added once in a 2-year period for improving nutrient concentrations in Typic Xerofluvent soil.     

Concentration of trace elements in arable soil after long-term application of organic and inorganic fertilizers

The Ruzyně Fertilizer Experiment (RFE, the Czech Republic) was established on a permanent arable field (illimerized Luvisol) in 1955. The effects of long-term application of several organic fertilizers (dung water, farmyard manure, poultry litter) and mineral N, P and K fertilizers on plant-available (extracted by CaCl₂), easily mobilizable (extracted by EDTA), potentially mobilizable (extracted by HNO₃) and total concentrations of trace elements were investigated in 2008. Concentrations of all analyzed trace elements in the applied fertilizers did not exceed the limits permitted by Czech national legislation. Concentrations of As, Cd and Cr were highest in single superphosphate, those of Cu, Mn and Ni were highest in poultry litter and those of Pb and Zn were highest in dung water. Poultry litter had the second highest concentration of As and Zn. Poultry litter supplied the soils with considerable amounts of Cu, Mn and Zn and increased their concentrations in the soil. There was also a significant increase in plant availability of Mn, Ni and Zn and a decrease in soil pH. Although all fertilizers were applied for five decades, total concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in soil remained far below Czech legislation limits. For Cu and Zn this was probably due to the relatively low mean annual application rates of poultry litter. Total Cd concentrations in soil exceeded the legislative limit even in the control (without any fertilizer inputs) and the effect of treatment was not significant. This indicates that fertilizers were not the main source of Cd in the experimental area. Therefore, common cropping practices do not induce soil contamination by trace elements even if they have been applied for more than 50 years.     

Mineral matter identification in some Pakistani coals

Extractions of some of the inorganic elements from Pakistani coal samples were made with ammonium acetate, HCl, HNO₃, and acid mixture. The various extracts and the residues were analyzed for the inorganic elements like Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ca, Mg, K and Na. Even though ammonium acetate and acids extracted a considerable amount of inorganic elements, complete demineralization was not achieved. These elements are present both in the form of ion exchangeable cations (extractable with ammonium acetate) and as part of discrete-mineral particles (extractable with acids).     

Characterization of Carnauba Wax Inorganic Content

In this work the analysis of inorganic elements (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn) in different types of carnauba waxes (types 1, 3 and 4) was implemented. The Box‐Behnken experimental design was used to optimize the digestion of the carnauba wax sample using a microwave‐assisted approach. The following parameters were evaluated: microwave power applied (600–1,000 W), time of microwave power application (5–20 min) and nitric acid volume (1–4 mL). The residual carbon content (%RCC) was measured by ICP OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) to evaluate the efficiency of the digestion. The %RCC values in all of the experiments were below 16 %. The best conditions for carnauba wax digestion were found: 800 W applied power for 15 min using 2.5 mL of HNO₃. In these conditions the %RCC was lower than 4 %. The amounts of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Zn in these samples were determined by ICP OES. The average contents of Al, Ca, Fe and K found in the carnauba wax type 1 were 28.6 ± 1.5, 33.8 ± 2.8, 18.5 ± 1.1 and 37.2 ± 2.5 mg kg^?1, respectively. For carnauba wax types 3 and 4 larger amounts were found. The principal components analysis (PCA) showed three groups of carnauba wax with the first two principal components.     

男女头发中微量元素的分析比较研究

采用4∶1的硝酸与高氯酸的混酸体系作为消化液进行样品消解,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法(FAAS)测定了6名成年男女头发中微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ca和Mg的含量,发现被测头发样本中,Mg、Zn的含量普遍偏高,男头发中铁含量高于女的。