卸围压条件下砂岩变形破坏特性试验研究

从可释放弹性应变能角度对岩石卸围压条件下破坏特性进行研究,利用MTS815电液压伺服可控制刚性试验机进行保持轴向变形不变的卸围压试验,根据卸围压试验数据,分析了该砂岩卸围压过程中变形、强度、弹性模量及能量变化特征。结果表明:随着围压逐渐降低,岩样发生侧向不断扩容;轴向应力逐渐降低,呈现出非线性特征;弹性模量在初始阶段几乎不变化,越过破坏点之后大幅降低;可释放的弹性应变能在初始阶段增大比较缓慢,当围压降低至一定程度时急剧增大;推导出基于可释放弹性应变能的卸荷岩石的整体破坏准则Ue0。     

饱和花岗岩水-力耦合力学特性试验研究

采用全应力多场耦合三轴试验仪,对饱和花岗岩开展了不同加载速率、不同围压、不同孔压下的水-力耦合三轴压缩排水试验,分别给出了饱和花岗岩在不同加载速率、不同有效围压下的应力-应变曲线,分析了峰值强度、峰值应变、弹性模量随加载速率以及有效围压的变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)在不同有效围压和加载速率的条件下,岩样的应力应变曲线均经历了非线性压密、弹性、屈服、峰后四个阶段。偏压加载初期非线性压密阶段比较明显,而随着围压的升高非线性段逐渐消失;由于花岗岩的致密性较高,因而曲线的弹性阶段较长且相对平滑;在屈服和峰后阶段,岩石呈现出明显的脆—延性转化的过程。(2)饱和花岗岩的峰值强度随着加载速率的增加而增大;且当有效围压相同时,岩石的峰值强度大致相等,抵抗外界荷载的能力大致相同。(3)缓慢加载条件下饱和花岗岩的峰值应变表现出加载速率强化效应,但强化效果是有限的;且在有效围压相同条件下,随着围压和孔压的同步增长,峰值应变也呈增长的趋势。(4)弹性模量随着加载速率的增加呈二次多项式增长,但随着围压和孔压的同步增长而逐渐降低。     

盐岩破坏中能量特征应变率效应颗粒流分析

为研究不同应变速率下盐岩损伤中的能量特征,结合室内单轴压缩试验和颗粒流程序(PFC-2D)进行不同应变率下盐岩模型模拟试验,分析盐岩模型的峰值强度,并运用岩石能量耗散理论分析不同应变速率下盐岩模型峰值强度处能量特征和单轴压缩过程中能量特征变化。结果表明:盐岩模型峰值强度随应变速率增加而增大;盐岩模型峰值强度处对应的总输入能量、可释放弹性应变能和耗散应变能均随应变速率的增加而增加;不同应变率下盐岩模型在相同压缩阶段能量特征变化基本相同,能量随轴向应变整体变化趋势受应变速率的影响较小;同一应变率下不同压缩阶段能量特征变化趋势不同,弹性阶段大部分外力功转化成可释放应变能;塑性阶段耗散应变能快速大幅增加;在破坏阶段耗散应变能持续增加,但弹性应变能出现降低。     

含杂质盐岩三轴蠕变特性试验研究

针对杂质盐岩蠕变力学特性问题,利用大型程控流变仪,对两种不同杂质盐岩进行分级加载下的三轴蠕变试验。试验结果表明:围压和杂质含量不同,盐岩破坏形态及力学参数均有差异。围压小于临界围压,盐岩呈剪切破坏;围压大于临界围压,盐岩呈大变形鼓状破坏。围压和杂质含量一定,岩盐稳态速率随偏应力增加呈指数增长;偏应力和杂质含量一定,蠕变速率随围压增大而降低,长期强度有所增大;偏应力和围压一定,低杂质(ω=2.1%)盐岩稳态蠕变速率高于高杂质(ω=46.8%)盐岩。体积变形经历了压密期-平静期-扩容期3个阶段,高杂质盐岩体积应变低于低杂质盐岩。将不溶物杂质含量与应力敏感性常数n的关系同分数阶蠕变本构方程进行耦合,建立耦合杂质的盐岩分数阶非定常蠕变模型;将理论模型与试验数据对比分析证实了该模型的合理性。     

粗砂岩变形破坏过程中的能量演化机制

对粗砂岩进行单轴试验测得其力学参数,然后采用颗粒流和fish程序获得粗砂岩的细观力学参数进行不同围压下的压缩试验,分析粗砂岩的变形和强度特性以及在变形破坏过程中的能量演化规律。获得主要结论:随着围压增加粗砂岩屈服阶段明显增加,峰值强度提高,峰后由明显软化逐渐向塑性流动过渡,表明随着围压增加粗砂岩脆性降低而延性提高,主应力表示的二次型强度准则比直线型更加贴近试验结果。粗砂岩在变形破坏过程中,弹性阶段吸收的能量主要以弹性应变能的形式存储,屈服阶段弹性应变能增速减缓而耗散能增速加快,围压越高峰值处对应的耗散能越大表明高围压下破坏时岩石内部损伤严重,峰后阶段弹性应变能在低围压下急剧减小而高围压下缓慢减小。弹性储能极限随围压增加呈现线性增大趋势,弹性应变能与岩石吸收总能量之比先减小而后趋于常值。     

高围压卸荷条件下大理岩变形破坏及能量特征研究

能量的耗散与释放是岩石变形破坏的本质。基于MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验平台,通过室内三轴卸荷试验和数学物理分析方法,揭示了大理岩在高围压三轴卸荷条件下的应力应变关系及能量变化特征。结果表明,初始围压的增大将显著提升岩样峰值强度时的可释放应变能以及最终总能量;随着围压的增大,岩样所吸收的能量变化的快慢程度随着偏应力变化而有所减缓;峰值强度时岩样可释放应变能占总能量的比例随着围压的增大而急剧增大,而残余强度时所吸收的总能量几乎全部转化为耗散能;大理岩能量指标存在明显的围压效应,即峰值总能量和残余总能量随着围压增大而显著提高,且具有良好的线性关系。     

不同围压下茅口灰岩渐进性破坏的试验研究

利用MTS815电液伺服控制刚性试验机进行不同围压下茅口灰岩三轴压缩试验,通过计算绘得相应裂隙体积应变图,分析得出裂纹起始应力、裂纹破坏应力。结果表明:随着围压的增大,应力门槛值均呈非线性增长态势,当围压超过17 MPa时,裂纹起始应力、裂纹破坏应力分别增加48.5%和20.1%,茅口灰岩延性开始增强;裂纹破坏应力为峰值强度的64%~75%,三轴压缩下茅口灰岩裂隙不稳定发展阶段较长;环向应变值随围压增大而增大,当轴力超过裂纹破坏应力进入裂隙不稳定发展阶段,环向应变增大2.7~3.2倍,用环向-轴向应力应变曲线图能较好的反映岩石应力门槛值。     

含杂质盐岩三轴蠕变特性试验研究（研究生论坛稿件）

针对杂质盐岩蠕变力学特性问题,利用四川大学大型程控流变仪,对两种不同杂质盐岩进行了分级加载下的三轴蠕变试验。试验结果表明：围压和杂质含量不同,盐岩破坏形态以及力学参数均有差异。围压小于临界围压,盐岩呈剪切破坏,围压大于临界围压,盐岩呈大变形鼓状破坏;围压和杂质含量一定,岩盐稳态速率随偏应力增加呈指数增长;偏应力和杂质含量一定,蠕变速率随围压增大而降低,长期强度有所增大;偏应力和围压一定,低杂质(ω=2.1%)盐岩稳态蠕变速率高于高杂质(ω=46.8%)盐岩。体积变形经历了压密期-平静期-扩容期三个阶段,高杂质盐岩体积应变低于低杂质盐岩。将不溶物杂质含量与应力敏感性常数n的关系同分数阶蠕变本构方程进行耦合,建立了耦合杂质的盐岩分数阶非定常蠕变模型,将理论模型与试验数据对比分析证实了该模型的合理性。     

隐晶质玄武岩的应变演化规律与强度破坏特征

针对白鹤滩隐晶质玄武岩的变形演化机理,通过室内试验分析了其应力-应变曲线演化规律与强度破坏特征,应用裂纹体积应变模型确定了启裂强度与损伤强度.结果表明:单轴压缩条件下,隐晶质玄武岩的启裂强度为峰值强度的52.07%,损伤强度为峰值强度的93.6%;三轴压缩条件下,启裂强度为峰值强度的48.4%～53.1%,损伤强度为峰值强度的92.4%～96.6%,随着围压的增大,启裂强度和损伤强度随之增大;启裂阶段内摩擦角小于损伤阶段的内摩擦角,损伤阶段的内摩擦角与峰值阶段的内摩擦角相当.     

循环温度作用下石膏矿岩强度劣化效应试验研究

为研究循环温度对石膏矿岩的影响,采用波速表征石膏矿岩的完整度、单轴抗压强度表征石膏矿岩的强度劣化效应,开展循环温度作用下石膏矿岩强度劣化效应试验。结果表明：随着循环温度次数增加,石膏矿岩波速整体呈现平→急→波动→稳的变化规律,完整度最大降低率为27.3%,证明循环温度作用可造成石膏矿岩内部结构的变化和损伤;随着循环温度次数增加,石膏矿岩应力-应变曲线的压密阶段时间增长、弹性阶段时间减少、塑性阶段时间增加、峰值强度对应的应变增大,强度整体呈降低趋势,最大强度劣化率为12.60%,证明循环温度对石膏矿岩强度有劣化效应。研究成果对揭示石膏矿大面积采空区坍塌机理和防控具有一定的理论指导和借鉴意义。     

不同围压下灰岩力学特性及破坏力学模型研究

为了研究围压对灰岩力学特性及破坏力学模型的影响,采用MTS815对完整灰岩岩样进行三轴压缩试验。基于岩样宏观破坏形式,建立张拉剪切破坏模型,构建峰值强度与围压关系表达式;讨论张拉剪切模型与纯剪切模型对岩石剪切强度参数值（粘聚力与内摩擦角）的影响。研究结果表明：岩样弹性模量、抗压强度及残余强度均随围压升高而增大,且残余强度与围压呈非线性相关;当岩样最终破坏时,环向应变与轴向应变比值随围压升高呈负指数降低;一定围压范围内,岩石抗压强度受剪切强度参数和抗拉强度影响;张拉剪切模型确定岩石剪切强度参数值随破裂角增大而增大,与纯剪切模型相比,数值均较小。因此,低围压时,考虑岩石破坏模型具有一定的实际意义。     

Damage constitutive model for strain-softening rock based on normal distribution and its parameter determination

Firstly, using the damage model for rock based on Lemaitre hypothesis about strain equivalence, a new technique for measuring strength of rock micro-cells by adopting the Mohr-Coulomb criterion was developed, and a statistical damage evolution equation was established based on the property that strength of micro-cells is consistent with normal distribution function, through discussing the characteristics of random distributions for strength of micro-cells, then a statistical damage constitutive model that can simulate the full process of rock strain softening under specific confining pressure was set up. Secondly, a new method to determine the model parameters which can be applied to the situations under different confining pressures was proposed, by deeply studying the relations between the model parameters and characteristic parameters of the full stress-strain curve under different confining pressures. Therefore, a unified statistical damage constitutive model for rock softening which can reflect the effect of different confining pressures was set up. This model makes the physical property of model parameters explicit, contains only conventional mechanical parameters, and leads its application more convenient. Finally, the rationality of this model and its parameters-determining method were identified via comparative analyses between theoretical and experimental curves.     

Strength properties and evolution laws of cracked sandstone samples in re-loading tests

To study the strength properties and evolution laws of cracked sandstone samples in re-loading tests,strength and damage evolution properties of intact sandstone samples were first analyzed through the triaxial compression tests carried on TAW-2000 microcomputer control electro-hydraulic servo rock triaxial test system. Damage evolution models were established based on dilatancy properties realizing the real-time and quantitative evaluation of samples damage state in loading process. On this basis, samples with different damage were obtained by pre-peak, peak point, post-peak and residual strength stage unloading tests in the loading process of intact samples. The characteristics of the stress-strain curves and strength evolution laws were studied through the re-loading tests of samples with different damage under different stress states. The experimental results showed that the slope of stress-strain curves, peak strength and residual strength of cracked samples increased linearly with confining pressure and decreased linearly with damage. The equivalent cohesion decreased with damage in the exponential decay curves. The mechanics properties of samples transformed from strain softening to strain hardening with damage.     

Mechanical properties of deep-buried marble material under loading and unloading tests

The mechanical properties are essentially different when rock material is subjected to loading or unloading conditions. In this study, loading and unloading tests with various confining pressures are conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of marble material samples taken from the deep diversion tunnels of Jinping II Hydropower Station. The stress-strain relationship, failure characteristics and strength criterion are compared and analyzed based on the experiment results. The results show: in the loading and unloading test, peak strength, lateral strain, axial strain and plastic deformation increase significantly as the confining pressure increases. Lateral strain increased significantly and obvious lateral dilatancy can be observed to the change of confining pressure; The fracture mode is mainly the single shear fracture for the triaxial compression test and post-peak test, angle between the failure surface and the ends of the rock material becomes smaller as the confining pressure increases. Hoek-Brown strength criterion reflects the strength characteristics of marble material under two different unloading conditions, and has some supplementary effects to the rock material of mechanical field.     

以等应变速率曲线为基础的岩石长期强度确定方法

长期强度是岩石时效强度的一种,是影响和评价岩体工程长期稳定性的一个重要性质.为更准确地求解长期强度,以等应变速率曲线为基础,提出了等应变速率曲线拐点法及极限应变法两种确定岩石长期强度的新方法.对锦屏二级水电站的绿片岩开展了单轴和三轴应力状态的常规和分级加载蠕变试验以验证上述方法,并利用文中提出的方法对绿片岩长期强度求解,得到了不同围压状态下绿片岩的长期强度值.同时,在极限应变法的求解过程中,结合蠕变曲线,得到了蠕变变形稳定时间以及相应的极限应变值.试验成果表明:两种方法均可求得长期强度,数值接近且符合长期强度的经验值;单轴以及三轴应力状态下长期强度分别为瞬时强度的66.9%(单轴)、68.0%(围压10 MPa)、79.6%(围压10 MPa).文中提出的确定长期强度的方法具有一定的可行性,同时,围压是影响长期强度的主要因素之一,具体表现为随着围压的升高,长期强度与瞬时强度的比值升高.     

Experimental investigation on dilatancy behavior of water-saturated sandstone

It is important to study the dilatancy property of water-saturated rock for understanding the engineering behavior of loaded rock mass. This study carried out the uniaxial and triaxial compressive experiments on the water-saturated red sandstone, analyzed the influences of confining pressure and pore pressure on dilatancy property of water-saturated rock, and discussed the reasonable basis of the stress of dilatancy onset as a strength design parameter of rock engineering, finally established the prediction model of the stress of dilatancy onset under the impacts of confining pressure and pore pressure. The results show that the strength parameters(the stress of dilatancy onset and peak strength) and deformation parameters(axial strain and circumferential strain) of water-saturated sandstone increase with the confining pressure, and the relations can be fitted with a positive linear function. The cohesion and internal friction angle obtained from the stress of dilatancy onset decrease by 11.57% and 7.33%, respectively, when compared with those obtained from the peak strength. The strength parameters and deformation parameters of water-saturated sandstone decrease basically with the increase of pore pressure, in which the relations between strength parameters or axial strain and pore pressure can be fitted with a negative linear function. However, the relation between the peak circumferential strain and the pore pressure should be characterized by a negative exponential function, and the circumferential strain at dilatancy onset isn't affected by the pore pressure.     

Mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression

To study the mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression,we analyzed the stress strain curve characteristics,deformation and strength properties,and failure process and characteristics of sandstone samples under different stress states.The experimental results reveal that peak strength,residual strength,elasticity modulus and deformation modulus increase linearly with confining pressure,and failure models transform from fragile failure under low confining pressure to ductility failure under high confining pressure.Macroscopic failure forms of samples under uniaxial compression were split failure parallel to the axis of samples,while macroscopic failure forms under uniaxial compression were shear failure,the shear failure angle of which decreased linearly with confining pressure.There were significant volume dilatation properties in the loading process of sandstone under different confining pressures,and we analyzed the damage evolution properties of samples based on acoustic emission damage and volumetric dilatation damage,and established damage constitutive model,realizing the real-time quantitative evaluation of samples damage state in loading process.     

基于Mohr准则的岩石损伤本构模型及其修正研究

基于Mohr准则,重新定义了岩石微元强度。考虑岩石微元强度服从随机分布的特点,结合损伤力学理论和统计强度理论,建立了三轴压缩条件下岩石损伤本构模型。为使建立的模型更具一般性,分析了模型参数与围压的关系,并据此对模型参数进行合理修正,从而建立出完整的岩石损伤本构模型。与试验结果比较,所建模型可以灵活地模拟各级围压下岩石破裂过程的全应力应变关系,尤其是应变软化特性。同时,该模型形式简单,应用方便,接近工程实际。     

弱胶结泥质软岩的三向压缩损伤特性

针对西部矿区弱胶结软岩在复杂应力状态下的损伤行为,采用三轴压缩试验和等效应变原理,得到泥岩在三轴压缩下损伤变量的演化规律.基于weibull分布,引入修正系数λ建立可考虑泥岩残余阶段变形的统计损伤本构模型.结果分析表明：在三轴压缩下损伤变量呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,损伤演化过程没有水平段,表明受压时泥岩没有实际意义上的线弹性阶段;损伤变量减增变化的转折点恰好为全应力-应变曲线的屈服点和残余阶段起始点,说明该类泥岩的破坏起始于屈服点;当围压<3 MPa时,损伤起始点随围压增大而后移,当围压>3 MPa时,损伤初始点有前移的趋势,高围压下泥岩的峰前塑性提高,产生整体塑性剪切破坏;本构模型能够较准确地描述泥岩破坏的三阶段.