铜/环氧复合材料导热性能的三维数值模拟研究

通过数值模拟手段研究了铜/环氧树脂复合材料的导热性能。利用ANSYS/APDL参数化有限元分析技术,建立了铜颗粒随机分布的三维模型,研究了模型尺寸、铜颗粒的体积分数、粒径分布、颗粒尺寸、颗粒形貌以及颗粒在基体中的排列方式对导热系数的影响。模拟结果表明,当导热模型边长大于100μm时,复合材料的导热系数趋于稳定;铜/环氧复合材料导热系数随铜颗粒体积分数的增加而增加,且增加的幅度越来越大;填充相同粒径的颗粒和粒径服从正态分布的颗粒,材料的导热系数基本保持一致;复合材料的导热系数随颗粒尺寸的变化而波动;方形填料比球形填料更能提升材料的导热性能;填料在基体中排列方式不同,导热系数也不相同,填料沿热流方向定向排列时,增强作用显著。     

二氧化硅气凝胶的气相热导率模型分析

气凝胶是一种超级隔热材料,具有极低的整体热导率。气凝胶的纳米多孔网络结构极大限制了气体分子热运动,使得气凝胶中的气相热导率低于自由气体的气相热导率。本文介绍并讨论了气凝胶气相热导率的基本理论和模型,考察了孔径尺度和气凝胶固相骨架对气相热导率的影响。结果表明,气凝胶气相热导率随气压和孔径的减小而迅速降低,随气凝胶密度的增大而降低。当压力极低时,气凝胶的气相热导率远低于常压下大空间的静止空气。气凝胶纳米固体网格对气相热导率存在重要影响,在(0.01～100)×10⁵ Pa的压力范围内影响尤其显著。     

遮光剂对气凝胶复合材料隔热性能的影响

纯气凝胶对近红外波长几乎透明,遮光剂的加入可以显著抑制气凝胶的高温辐射性能。采用Mie散射理论计算出掺杂不同种类、粒径遮光剂时复合气凝胶的平均消光系数,从而比较它们的遮光效果。采用基于瞬态平面热源法的Hot Disk TPS2500S导热仪测量了不同温度下复合气凝胶的热导率,获得了遮光剂对气凝胶复合材料隔热性能的影响规律,并与理论分析结果进行了对比。理论计算获得的不同温度下复合气凝胶的热导率与实验值符合良好,表明:在研究的范围内,掺杂的最佳遮光剂粒径在3.5μm左右;SiC的遮光效果比TiO2、ZrO2好;存在一个最佳的遮光剂体积含量(3.75%左右)使得复合气凝胶的整体隔热性能最好;所建立的理论模型可用来预测掺杂遮光剂的影响规律。     

探针法测量微细颗粒固定床有效热导率

针对微小反应器内多孔介质涉及的复杂热质传递问题,设计并搭建热导率测试装置,经标定,测量误差控制在2.97%内,可重复性良好。利用探针法测量了微小反应器固定床内微细树脂颗粒有效热导率,对其随粒径、孔隙率、流速、有无离子交换等工况的变化进行了研究。结果表明:干燥状态下有效热导率随颗粒粒径与孔隙率的增大而减小,低流量(0.8mL/min、1.6mL/min、3.2mL/min)下有效热导率随粒径与孔隙率增大而增大,经交换离子处理前后有效热导率基本不变,说明探针法测量热导率的应用不受颗粒中离子变化和相关化学处理的影响。不同区域细沙和土壤的实验结果进一步验证了上述结论,表明探针法测量微细颗粒固定床有效热导率是一种可靠、有效的在线测量方法。     

影响二氧化硅气凝胶隔热涂料热导率的因素

采用溶胶凝胶法及雾化技术制备了二氧化硅气凝胶微球,同时制备了二氧化硅气凝胶隔热涂料。利用扫描电镜（SEM）对涂料的微结构进行观测,采用激光粒度检测仪对二氧化硅气凝胶微球的尺寸进行检测,采用Hot Disk热导率仪测量了二氧化硅气凝胶隔热涂料的热导率。结果显示：根据SEM 图像,气凝胶微球在涂料中形成明显团聚,且在气凝胶体积分数较高时,涂料中气孔增多。此外,小粒径气凝胶微球更容易形成团聚。由于气凝胶微球热阻极大,气凝胶隔热涂料的热导率随气凝胶微球含量的增加而下降。气凝胶微球的团聚相比均匀分散不利于热导率的降低,而孔隙的增多则有利于涂料热导率下降,因为空气的热阻高。小粒径微球的界面热阻比大粒径微球更大,导致小粒径微球制备的隔热涂料热导率低,混合粒径使气凝胶微球堆积密度增大,有利于降低涂料的热导率。     

二氧化硅气凝胶高温稳定性研究

二氧化硅气凝胶具有极高的孔隙率和非常低的热导率,在保温隔热领域应用前景十分广阔。探究了二氧化硅气凝胶在不同温度热处理条件下热导率的变化情况,并从微观结构角度解释了其变化机理。随着热处理温度升高,气凝胶热导率先降低后升高。当热处理温度低于400 ℃时,气凝胶的热导率随热处理温度的升高而降低,这是因为较低温度的热处理去除了气凝胶内部的大部分杂质,并且使气凝胶的内部孔隙结构更加均匀;当热处理温度处于400~700 ℃时,更高温度的热处理使得气凝胶内部的孔径明显增大,气凝胶颗粒增大,使得热导率随热处理温度的升高而增加;当热处理温度高于700 ℃时,气凝胶颗粒开始烧结,骨架结构坍塌,密度显著增大,热导率也急剧上升,此时已不具备气凝胶轻质多孔的典型特征,可以认为已经失效。实验结果对亲水型气凝胶的应用给出了一定的指导:为保证气凝胶绝热能力的最优化,可以对气凝胶在400 ℃的温度下进行一段时间的保温;工作温度应在700 ℃以下,温度的升高会轻微降低气凝胶的隔热能力;气凝胶在700 ℃以上时会失去其绝热能力,因此不宜用于温度高于700 ℃的环境。     

遮光剂对气凝胶复合材料隔热性能的影响

纯气凝胶对近红外波长几乎透明,遮光剂的加入可以显著抑制气凝胶的高温辐射性能。采用Mie散射理论计算出掺杂不同种类、粒径遮光剂时复合气凝胶的平均消光系数,从而比较它们的遮光效果。采用基于瞬态平面热源法的Hot Disk TPS2500S导热仪测量了不同温度下复合气凝胶的热导率,获得了遮光剂对气凝胶复合材料隔热性能的影响规律,并与理论分析结果进行了对比。理论计算获得的不同温度下复合气凝胶的热导率与实验值符合良好,表明：在研究的范围内,掺杂的最佳遮光剂粒径在3.5 μm左右;SiC的遮光效果比TiO₂、ZrO₂好;存在一个最佳的遮光剂体积含量（3.75%左右）使得复合气凝胶的整体隔热性能最好;所建立的理论模型可用来预测掺杂遮光剂的影响规律。     

不等粒径流化床的软球模拟

基于颗粒轨道模型,提出了粒径分别服从均匀分布与正态分布的软球方法,其中流体运动用Navier-Stokes方程描述,颗粒运动服从牛顿第二定理.模拟了不等粒径流化床中的气泡和节涌现象,并分别研究了表观气速、颗粒刚度系数、粒径分布不同时,固相颗粒的速度分布规律.其研究结果表明：分布板结构和表观气速对气泡行为有一定影响,随表观气速的增加,气泡形成、上升、破裂的速度加快;并且刚度系数越大,颗粒轴向速度随时间衰减越快;宽粒径分布的颗粒轴向速度大于窄粒径分布的颗粒轴向速度.     

高分子复合材料导热性能研究

以Al2O3、MgO和BN三种无机填料作为尼龙6(PA6)的导热填料,研究填料的种类、填充量、粒径大小和粒径配比等对复合材料热导率的影响。结果表明:PA6基复合材料的热导率随导热填料填充量的增加而增大,随导热系数大的填料填充量的增加增大较快;导热系数大的填料的粒径对复合材料的导热系数的影响比较明显;导热系数大的填料,不同粒径的复配可以显著提高复合材料的导热系。     

金刚石/铝复合材料影响因素研究

采用无压浸渗法制备了金刚石／铝复合材料。结果表明,复合材料组织致密,颗粒分布均匀。文章介绍了浸渗温度、粒径、体积分数对复合材料热导率的影响。说明了最佳浸渗温度为800℃,热导率随金刚石颗粒粒径增大而增加,随体积分数的增加而增加。     

Controllable preparation of porous ZrB2–SiC ceramics via using KCl space holders

In this work, a novel and facile technique based on using KCl as space holders, along with partial sintering (at 1900 °C for 30 min), was explored to prepare porous ZrB₂–SiC ceramics with controllable pore structure, tunable compressive strength and thermal conductivity. The as-prepared porous ZrB₂–SiC samples possess high porosity of 45–67%, low average pore size of 3–7 μm, high compressive strength of 32–106 MPa, and low room temperature thermal conductivity of 13–34 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹. The porosity, pore structure, compressive strength and thermal conductivity of porous ZrB₂–SiC ceramics can be tuned simply by changing KCl content and its particle size. The effect of porosity and pore structure on the thermal conductivity of as-prepared porous ZrB₂–SiC ceramics was examined and found to be consistent with the classical model for porous materials. The poring mechanism of porous ZrB₂–SiC samples via adding pore-forming agent combined with partial sintering was also preliminary illustrated.     

三类随机分形结构下干土壤有效热导率的介观研究

地埋管换热器的换热能力是设计地源热泵系统的关键,而环境土壤的有效热导率是影响地下传热量的重要参数。为探究土壤的介观结构参数对有效热导率的影响,提出三类随机分形结构,并结合格子玻尔兹曼方法,对土壤类多孔材料的传热特性进行了基础研究。通过对热探针实验结果和三类重构结构下模拟结果的对比分析,发现孔隙率仍然是影响干土壤有效热导率的主要因素,分形维度数和粒径比的影响则较小;干土壤介观结构的随机性对有效热导率有较大的影响,随机颗粒分布的微小变化会导致差异高达到24.5%。     

Thermal insulation characteristics of roll forming alumina ball material

Rolling ceramic thermal insulation balls have advantages of low cost, large output and easy control of particle size, so it is likely to become the main raw material for 3D printing in the future, but there is little research on its thermal insulation. In this study, we used three kinds of rolling aluminum oxide balls as raw materials to obtain single-granularity-level and multi-granularity-level bulk materials. And the effects of temperature, particle size, and thermal fatigue times on the thermal conductivity of the samples were analyzed. Additionally, the experimental results were verified by FloEFD heat conduction simulation software using finite analysis method to analyze their heat conduction characteristics. With the increase of temperature from 400 °C to 1500 °C, the thermal conductivity of single-granularity-level and multi-granularity-level bulk materials increased linearly. The thermal conductivity of single-granularity-level bulk materials have no direct relationship with the particle size, and the thermal conductivity of multi-granularity-level materials with small particle size difference was a bit lower than that of materials with large particle size difference, and a bit higher than that of materials with single-granularity-level. The simulation results showed that the main reason for the above phenomenon was that the point contact between particles played a dominating role in the heat transfer process. When the contact area increased, the thermal conductivity increased obviously, and the thermal conductivity with the increasing of temperature decreased in a quadratic curve. The improved model considering the shrinkage could improve accuracy of simulation results. Heat flux at the surface contact area was 10.19 times higher than that of the point contact and 15.10 times higher than that of the solid-gas contact at 400 °C. Therefore, reducing the surface contact area and increasing the porosity could significantly reduce the thermal conductivity of the materials.     

In-situ growth of mullite whiskers and their effect on the microstructure and properties of porous mullite ceramics with an open/closed pore structure

Porous mullite ceramics with an open/closed pore structure were prepared by protein foaming method combined with fly ash hollow spheres. Both the open porosity and total porosity of samples were enhanced by increasing the hollow sphere content. Mullite whiskers with a diameter of 0.2–4 μm were grown in-situ in the porous mullite ceramics with an AlF₃ catalyst, conforming to a vapor-solid growth mechanism. The pore structure of the porous mullite ceramics was significantly affected by the mullite whiskers which increased the open porosity and total porosity. Moreover, the median pore size was reduced from 65.05 μm to 36.92 μm after the introduction of mullite whiskers. The flexural strength and the thermal conductivity of the samples decreased with increasing total porosity. The porosity dependence of the thermal conductivity was well described by the universal model, providing a reference for the prediction of thermal conductivity of porous ceramics with open/closed pores.     

Study on the effect of micro geometric structure on heat conduction in porous media subjected to pulse laser

Based on fractal theory, different two-dimensional fractal structures were constructed to simulate the practical porous media. Effective thermal conductivity for porous media was calculated by means of the finite volume method. Theoretical analysis of thermal response in the porous media under various heating conditions was performed with a multi-layer hyperbolic heat conduction model with volumetric heat generation. The results obtained in this paper indicate that pore size and micro distribution have a far-reaching impact on the heat conduction in porous media. If we assumed that both the thermal conductivity and the heat capacity of the solid phase is larger than those of liquid phase, decreasing the pore size and porosity is helpful to enhance the heat transfer in porous media and the peak of temperature increases with pore size and porosity. With the same pore size and porosity, the effect of the pore micro-geometric distribution on heat conduction in porous media is obvious. The method presented in this paper may suggest a valuable approach to theoretically evaluate the effect of pore micro-geometric structure on heat conduction in porous media.     

The thermal,electrical and mechanical properties of porous α-SiC ceramics bonded with Ti3SiC2 and β-SiC via low temperature in-situ reaction sintering

Porous SiC ceramics have recently attracted wide attention for their applications in the electrically heatable filter. Further improvement of the thermal and electrical conductivity without sacrificing permeability is a critical parameter for such applications. In the present work, porous SiC/Ti₃SiC₂ ceramic composites with Ti₃SiC₂ and micro/nano SiC have been prepared from TiC/Si/α-SiC mixtures at a low sintering temperature (1400 °C). Nano-laminated Ti₃SiC₂ enhanced the electrical conductivity, while the good thermal conductivity was achieved through in-situ formed nano β-SiC and raw coarse α-SiC in the porous ceramics. Along with the increase of initial α-SiC particle size from 0.76 to 16.13 μm, the permeability, thermal and electrical conductivity improved due to the decreased porosity and increased pore size in porous SiC/Ti₃SiC₂ ceramics. The results suggested that the decoupling of the electrical conductivity from the thermal conductivity could be tuned by adjusting the initial α-SiC particle size.     

Porous single-fired wall tile bodies: Influence of quartz particle size on tile properties

This study examines the effect of quartz particle size in raw material composition customarily used for the manufacture of porous single-fired wall tile bodies on the characteristics of the green tiles and on the thermal and mechanical properties of the fired tiles. Quartz particle size was varied, while the quantity and particle size of the other raw materials were kept constant. Tile compacts were formed by uniaxial pressing and fired at different peak temperatures. The resulting fired microstructure was then characterised and tile thermal and mechanical properties were determined. Microcrack formation around quartz particles leads to hysteresis of the coefficient of thermal expansion during heating and cooling. The studied mechanical and thermal properties are shown to be a function of the magnitude of the hysteresis and porosity. This relationship is independent of the operating variables (pressing pressure, operating temperature, and quartz particle size) used. The results obtained confirm that the green and fired properties of porous single-fired wall tiles may be considerably enhanced, while holding low shrinkage and high porosity, compatible with low moisture expansion, by reducing quartz particle size and appropriately adjusting the pressing pressure and peak firing temperature. This should enable thin and/or large-sized porous wall tiles to be manufactured, without (immediate or delayed) curvatures, and with a higher breaking load than that required by the standards.     

轻质环氧基复合材料隔热性能的实验与数值研究

通过实验和数值模拟方法研究了空心玻璃微球/环氧树脂复合材料隔热性能。首先使用ANSYS/APDL建立代表性体积单元,探讨了模拟过程中模型尺寸、填料体积分数、填料平均粒径及基体与填料导热系数之比(λ_m/λ_p,λ_m保持不变)对复合材料导热系数的影响。数值研究结果表明:当代表性体积单元尺寸大于500μm时,模型尺寸对复合材料导热系数的计算结果影响较小;复合材料导热系数随填料体积分数和λ_m/λ_p的增大而减小,且基本不受填料粒径影响。其次,将复合材料导热系数实验值和计算结果进行对比,比较发现导热系数计算结果和实验值及Agari模型理论值吻合较好,证明了计算方法的可靠性。同时,空心玻璃微球的掺入有效地降低了树脂的密度。轻质隔热的空心玻璃微球/环氧树脂复合材料有潜力成为一种具有广泛应用前景的节能环保材料。     

Natural convection heat transfer of nanofluids along a vertical plate embedded in porous medium

The unsteady natural convection heat transfer of nanofluid along a vertical plate embedded in porous medium is investigated. The Darcy-Forchheimer model is used to formulate the problem. Thermal conductivity and viscosity models based on a wide range of experimental data of nanofluids and incorporating the velocity-slip effect of the nanoparticle with respect to the base fluid, i.e., Brownian diffusion is used. The effective thermal conductivity of nanofluid in porous media is calculated using copper powder as porous media. The nonlinear governing equations are solved using an unconditionally stable implicit finite difference scheme. In this study, six different types of nanofluids have been compared with respect to the heat transfer enhancement, and the effects of particle concentration, particle size, temperature of the plate, and porosity of the medium on the heat transfer enhancement and skin friction coefficient have been studied in detail. It is found that heat transfer rate increases with the increase in particle concentration up to an optimal level, but on the further increase in particle concentration, the heat transfer rate decreases. For a particular value of particle concentration, small-sized particles enhance the heat transfer rates. On the other hand, skin friction coefficients always increase with the increase in particle concentration and decrease in nanoparticle size.     

Thermal conductivity of pressed powder compacts: tin oxide and alumina

Three aspects, which significantly reduce heat transfer through a polycrystalline material, are considered in this paper: porosity, grain boundary thermal resistance and the state of the grain–grain contacts. Tin oxide and alumina were chosen as model systems. Tin oxide, without a sintering additive, does not densify during thermal treatment but grain growth is not inhibited and consequently the microstructure can be varied. In alumina, variation of the thermal treatment conditions varies both grain size and porosity. Thermal conductivity measurements, using the laser-flash technique, reveal that the thermal resistance of a pressed powder compact is almost independent of temperature and at least a factor of 2.5 greater than a consolidated material with similar pore volume fraction and grain size. The reduced contact area of the grain–grain interfaces in the green body can explain this as demonstrated by numerical simulation. We also show that larger grain size increases the thermal conductivity of the porous ceramic.