封隔器治理丝扣漏失原理及效果评价

针对采油井油管丝扣漏失的原因做了简要分析,指出了油管丝扣漏失的不可避免性。并结合作业区实例,着重介绍了利用封隔器治理丝扣漏失油井的原理及效果,提出了一种在不更换油管的情况下恢复油井正常生产、延长油井免修期的思路。     

井下油管漏失原因分析及对策

油管漏失这一现象，一直困扰和影响着抽油机井的泵况管理。随着目前抽油机井井下油管使用时间不断延长和施工次数的增加，油管漏失、脱扣隐患大量存在。虽然油管在下井的旖工过程中使用了丝扣胶对丝扣进行密封，但是由于在用油管丝扣磨损严重，锥度检测技术的落后，至使近几年油管漏失检泵井数仍居高不下，给油井生产及井下作业造成的损失非常严重。     

油管丝扣漏失原因及修扣标准工艺研究

对旧油管的修复再利用,让废旧物资重新产生效益,是采油企业降低生产成本的重要举措。在油井实施检泵作业中,因丝扣漏失而造成的油管泄露占检泵作业的近二分之一。如能找到准确原因,并采取相应工艺,在不影响其使用功能的情况下,仅需进行简单维修花费少量费用便可重新利用。     

油管粘扣原因分析及应对措施

分析油管粘扣原因,对作业现场造成油管粘扣因素进行分析,并根据现场作业出现油管粘扣的各种因素提出了不同的解决方案及措施,避免油管粘扣造成的各种工程事故,影响作业质量,带来巨大的经济损失,造成不良的社会影响.     

特定段塞气柱的弹性伸缩与油管刺漏的关系

生产过程中，一些抽油井的管油中会形成一个或两个特定的段塞气柱。在活塞上、下冲程中，段塞气柱于特定的位置上交替出现，且在油管内液柱的作用下弹性伸缩，产生旋流、空蚀、热效应及呼吸等作用。最终造成油管丝扣（公扣、母扣）之间刺槽、本体刮擦等，导致腐蚀加剧油管变薄刺漏而躺井。建议通过减少冲次、泵升级、提高丝扣的压紧系数、增加丝扣数量等方法解决该难题。     

气密封检测技术在高压深井中的应用

生产过程中的井筒安全是高温高压气井长期安全生产的重要保证。为了解决部分井在生产过程中的油管气密封渗漏甚至断裂的问题,本文提出了入井前的油管气密封检测技术,总结了完井过程中油管丝扣、入井工具丝扣的气密封检测方法及后期的整改措施,并对气密封检测在高温高压气井的中适用性进行了探讨。     

油管漏失原因分析及解决对策

本文从解决本采油厂油管短期漏失躺井问题出发,从三个方面开展了"油管漏失原因分析"的课题研究,最后得出油管短期漏失躺井的主要因素,并制定了相应的解决对策,从而减少油管漏失对生产的影响。     

浅谈井下作业油管常见故障

在油田井下作业实践中,抽油机井作业油管常见故障就是油管漏失和断脱,本文详细分析了油管故障原因,并提出了相应的治理措施。在日常生产实践中,加强作业施工管理和作业后日常生产管理,就能避免油管漏失和断脱,延长油管的使用寿命。     

油井管柱漏失的影响因素及诊断方法

油管漏失是老油田深抽采油过程中出现的突出问题,由于漏失原因复杂、诊断困难而缺乏有效的治理措施,本文结合鸭儿峡油田生产实际分析了油管漏失的影响因素,提出了有效的诊断方法和防范措施,为油井检泵周期的延长、漏失躺井率的降低提供了途径。     

玻璃钢注水管柱螺纹接头受力分析研究

玻璃钢油管作为注水管柱可以有效解决由于注水水质不达标等问题造成的腐蚀结垢,进而延长注水管柱使用周期。但由于受到注水系统压力波动等影响造成玻璃钢油管丝扣承受着复杂的交变载荷,现场使用过程中螺纹脱扣失效的问题时有发生。为此本文主要采用弹塑性有限元法建立了玻璃钢油管接头接触受力的有限元模型,利用Abaqus有限元分析软件,对玻璃钢螺纹联接处在不同工况下的等效应力、等效应变和接触应力进行了分析研究,为玻璃钢油管的质量检测和油管失效断裂分析提供了一定的理论依据。     

南区采油厂防偏磨采油工艺技术研究

近年来,抽油机井杆管偏磨在延长油田南区采油厂均呈逐年增加的趋势,杆管偏磨已成为影响油井检泵周期和系统效率的主要因素之一,严重的影响着油田的正常生产,是有杆泵生产面对的重要问题。因此,对南区采油厂的管杆偏磨成因和机理进行分析,提出防偏磨技术对策和措施,对提高南区采油厂抽油井产量和有杆抽油系统机采效率、延长偏磨井免修期、降低生产成本具有现实意义。     

影响连续油管摩阻系数及压降因素分析

连续油管作业技术在油田得到广泛的应用,但是钻井液在油管内的摩阻系数的研究比较复杂,尤其是在卷筒上的螺旋段。现有的经验公式有些和工程实际出入较大,有些只适用于某一情况。因此在分析前人的基础上得到了连续油管直管段,螺旋段摩阻系数和影响因素。在牛顿流体方面研究了曲率对摩阻系数的影响,另外发现在雷诺数较高情况下粗糙度对其影响不容忽略;在非牛顿流体方面研究了曲率和流性指数对摩阻系数的影响。根据摩阻计算模型研究了压降与下入深度的关系。分析结果表明,由于二次流的影响,螺旋段的摩阻系数比直管段的要大,所以,在相同的条件下,螺旋段的压降要比直管段的压降大,流性指数增大1倍,摩阻系数增大近1.5倍。     

井筒注汽过程隔热油管传热性能实验分析

稠油热采过程中,热流体由隔热油管组成的管柱注入油层。隔热油管是减少热流体在注入过程中散热损失并保护套管的关键部件,目前国内外学者对隔热油管热损失的研究,多集中在理论分析和数值计算研究方面。隔热油管由内管、隔热层和外管组成,其绝热效果取决于隔热层的视热导率。通过设计和研制的隔热油管地面模拟实验装置,测定了隔热油管的表面温度与热流分布;根据实测数据分别计算了较新隔热油管与较旧隔热油管的视热导率。实验分析发现,接箍与隔热油管外壁之间存在热桥,受影响的隔热油管长度约为0.5 m;接箍处的热通量高于正常隔热油管的3倍以上;较旧隔热油管视热流、表面温度和视热导率明显高于较新隔热油管,隔热性能下降。根据目前隔热油管的生产工艺和结构特点等提出了改进隔热性能的几点建议。     

型管材用PVC树脂企业标准的完善

通过分析PVC型管材加工的流程,根据型管材的加工要求和PVC生产的现实提出了适当的企业合同标准。     

The dyeing and printing of silk fabrics

Wth the recent increase in the printing of natural jibres, silk, the ‘queen of fibres’ is again increasing in popularity. Apart from the traditional indusby of printing scarves, ties and evening gowns there is an increasing trend of more silk in the ‘young’ fashion areas. Dyers and printers of silk have, for obvious reasons, kept their ‘know how’, based on many years of experience, secret and little information on the practical processing of silk has appeared in the technical litemture. The present paper will attempt to reuiew the prepamtion, dyeing and printing of silk based on our experiences in the laboratory, pilot plant and in some cases on practical mill expenience.     

油井杆管偏磨原因分析及防治方法研究

本文介绍了油井杆管偏磨原因,同时提供多种有效防治方法,为油井稳产增产提供了保证。     

Physical properties and dyeability of NaOH-treated silk fibers

Domestic (Bombyx mori) and wild (tussah, Antheraea pernyi) silk fabrics were treated with diluted NaOH solutions by the pad/batch method. The equillbrium moisture regain of tussah silk fibers increased steadily with alkaline treatment, while that of B. mori did not change. B. mori tensile strenght and elongation at break were slightly impaired. The average molecular orientation and crystallinity of both kinds of silk remained unchanged. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermomechanical analysis(TMA) showed that the thermal behavior of B. mori silk was almost unaffected, while that of tussah exhibited slight changes in the temperature range 250–300°C. By dynamic mechanical measurements (DMA) it was elucidated that both storage and loss moduli of B. mori silk fibers decreased following NaOH treatment. On the other hand, tussah silk exhibited a noticeable upward shift of the major loss peak. Alkali-treated tussah silk fibers, dyed with an acid dyestuff, attained a lower degree of dye-bath exhaustion. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Grafting of vinyl monomers onto silk using redox systems. Yellowing of silk

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of temperature, initiator concentration, and vinyl monomer on silk yellowing during grafting. A series of silk fabrics was treated at four different temperatures (70, 75, 80, and 88°C), with different concentrations of initiator in the range 1–4% owf, with and without methacrylamide (MAA) or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). By treating silk with ammonium persulphate (APS), in the absence of a monomer, the degree of silk yellowing increased linearly with increasing both initiator concentration and treatment temperature, indicating that the initiator plays a specific role in enhancing silk yellowing through macroradical formation. The graft copolymerization of MAA (with APS as the initiator) caused only slight changes in the intensity of silk yellowing compared to blank-treated fabrics. On the other hand, the use of HEMA resulted in a deeper yellowing of silk fabrics, especially in the 70–80°C temperature range, due to its higher reactivity and to the tendency to form a homopolymer, leaving unreacted macroradicals on silk fibroin backbone. Compared to APS, other initiators, such as 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) and 2–2′-azobis-(2-amidino propane) dihydrochloride (ADC), caused a significantly lower degree of silk yellowing when tested in the absebce of a monomer. The yellowness of silk fabrics tended to increase by grafting with HEMA, while decreased by grafting with MAA. The use of variable amounts of monomer (25–150% owf) did not influence the degree of yellowing with ADC as the initiator. The results reported in this study show that the extent of yellowing induced on silk fabrics by grafting MAA and HEMA with APS as the initiator can be limited by a suitable selection of the processing parameters (initiator concentration, temperature). Moreover, the use of both AIBN and ADC appears promising, owing to their negligible effect on silk yellowing. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 239–246, 1998     

磷酸腺苷对蚕丝织物的生物阻燃耐久整理

为了满足对蚕丝织物生态阻燃的需求，以1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺 (EDC)和 N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)为催化剂将磷酸腺苷(AMP)引入蚕丝织物。采用FTIR、SEM、EDS等对改性前后丝织物的化学结构、表面形貌和元素含量进行表征，采用极限氧指数仪、垂直燃烧测试仪、锥形量热仪和热重分析仪对其阻燃性能和热稳定性进行测试，同时对改性前后丝织物的拉伸断裂性能和织物风格等物理机械性能进行测试。结果表明，改性丝织物表面呈现颗粒状覆盖物，且均匀分布着磷元素。改性丝织物增重率达13.3%时，极限氧指数达30.10%，相比于原丝织物失重率降低13.1%，热释放速率降低30.6%，损毁长度减少11.1 cm，并出现明显炭层。经50 次洗涤后，改性丝织物极限氧指数仍能达到25%以上，说明改性丝织物具有较好的耐洗性能。     

Enhancement of Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites Using Silk Fibroin Electrospun Nanofibers

In this article, the effect of silk fibroin nanofibers as a toughening agent of carbon fiber/fabric-reinforced epoxy composites is experimentally investigated. The composites showed up to 30% improvement in Mode II fracture toughness at 0.1 wt% of silk fibroin nanofibers content. The scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that the fracture surface of silk fibroin nanofibers modified carbon fiber/fabric-reinforced epoxy composites appearance of the broken fiber and the ductile-like matrix cracks showed a good adhesion between matrix resin and carbon fibers, which are reasons for the enhanced mode II interlaminar fracture toughness.