磷系阻燃剂在常用塑料中的应用进展

介绍了磷系阻燃剂分类、反应机理,综述了磷系阻燃剂在常用几种塑料如聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氨酯、尼龙中的应用进展,并对磷系阻燃剂在塑料中的应用前景及未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

磷系阻燃剂在塑料中的应用进展

介绍了磷系阻燃剂的分类和阻燃机理,并重点讨论了无机和有机磷系阻燃剂在塑料中的应用进展。     

浅析磷系阻燃剂的机理及应用进展

磷系阻燃剂作为一种高效、无烟、低毒、无污染的阻燃剂,备受当今广大的研究者关注。本文拟就磷系阻燃剂的阻燃机理及制备技术等理论问题进行分析研究,然后再对其应用现状及将来应用动向进行简要的阐述和展望。     

磷系织物阻燃剂

主要介绍了磷系织物阻燃剂及其阻燃机理,并介绍了几种目前较先进的阻燃剂品种,认为开发磷系阻燃剂是云南省磷精细化工发展的方向之一     

磷系阻燃剂的合成和应用

介绍了磷系阻燃剂的分类和发展概况，重点论述了一些具有发展前途的磷系阻燃剂典型品种的合成方法和应用。     

磷系阻燃剂现状与展望

综述了磷系阻燃剂最近几年的发展状况,全面介绍了这几年开发研制成功的磷系阻燃剂,并介绍了它们的合成方法及其应用,最后展望了磷系阻燃剂的发展方向。     

磷系阻燃剂的应用及研究进展

磷系阻燃剂以其用量少、不影响材料加工效果、高效阻燃、对环境危害小、低烟、低毒等优势得到了广泛的应用。对磷系阻燃剂的阻燃机理进行了介绍,总结归纳红磷、磷酸盐、磷酸酯、膦酸酯等4类磷系阻燃剂的研究进展及磷系阻燃剂在塑料和纺织品中的应用情况,指出未来磷系阻燃剂发展趋势。     

无机磷系阻燃剂的开发应用

对磷系阻燃剂的阻燃机理及其与其他化合物的协效机制作了介绍,着重介绍了无机磷系阻燃剂中的红磷和聚磷酸铵,并提供了无机磷系阻燃剂的实用配方和山西省化工研究所的研究成果。     

磷系阻燃剂的现状和发展

介绍了磷系阻燃剂的主要品种，重点论述了一些具有发有前途的磷系阻燃剂典型品种的合成方法和应用，指出磷系阻燃剂应努力开发高分子量的多功能品种。     

Effects of phosphorus-containing flame retardants on pyrolysis of cotton cellulose

Unmodified cotton and cottons finished with high levels of seven different phosphorus-containing flame retardants were pyrolyzed in a temperature-programmed solid probe of a mass spectrometer, and mass spectra were recorded continuously throughout the pyrolyses. The spectra at the maximum rates of volatiles evolution during the pyrolyses were analyzed to determine relative amounts of water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, furfural, furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, hydroxymethylfurfural, levoglucosan, and 1,6-anhydro-β-glucofuranose. These volatile materials accounted for 64% to 90% of the total ionization in the spectra. The flame retardants increased the fractions of nonfuel volatiles (water and carbon dioxide) and decreased those of anhydroglucoses, but had less effect on the carbon monoxide and furan derivatives. The flame retardant fabrics differed greatly in the fractions of anhydroglucoses (from 1% to 23%) and water (from 19% to 57%) in their pyrolysis products. These results indicate that mechanisms of flame retardant action differ among phosphorus-containing finishes.     

Synthesis of phosphorus-containing flame retardants and investigation of their flame retardant behavior in textile applications

Flame retardants are a growing area of research interest. Nonhalogenated, durable, and nonleachable flame retardants are one of the main strategies used in the research of flame retardant polymers. In this regard, the covalent attachment of phosphorus-containing flame retardants onto cotton fabric has been developed. Two types of reactive phosphorus-containing flame retardants (MKT-1 and MKT-2) have been synthesized and used as a surface coating for cotton fabric. MKT-1 possesses anhydride and acid functionalities that can react with the  OH functionalities in cellulose. In addition, MKT-2 has both acid and organosilicon groups that can also react with the hydroxy group present in cellulose. The structures of the reactive flame retardants (MKT-1 and MKT-2) were characterized using ¹³C and ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the coated and uncoated cotton fabrics were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. Surface characterization was carried out using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A standard test method used to evaluate the flammability of blankets (BS 5852) was also applied to characterize the fire retardant properties of the coated and uncoated cotton fabrics studied. Different loadings of MKT-1 and MKT-2 on the fabric (10, 20, and 30% by weight in dimethylformamide solution) were applied in the dip coating process. The cotton fabric coated with 30% MKT-2 does not burn after being subjected to a propane burner for 20 s and also produced the highest char yield (36%) at 500 °C. Inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry showed that MKT-1 contains 8.23 ± 0.33 P% whereas MKT-2 contains 3.88 ± 0.15 P%. Although MKT-1 possess a higher P content than MKT-2, the additive effect caused by the organosilicon and nitrogen groups present in MK-2 enhance its flame retardant properties. Furthermore, the covalently attached flame retardant materials are durable and do not hydrolyze during washing. The mechanical properties of coated fabrics were characterized by a tensile test and significant change in elongation at break was observed. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47935.     

Interactions between flame retardants and stabilizers in polyethylene systems

The influence of flame retardants and stabilizers on the thermooxidative and thermal stability of polyethylene systems has been investigated. In the present study 18 polymeric composites were prepared and their stabilities investigated by static and dynamic methods; their flammability parameters were also determined.     

Photooxidative degradation of polyethylene containing flame retardants by monochromatic light

Photodegradation of incombustible polymer materials [high-density (HD) and low-density (LD) polyethylene (PE) containing 0.5 to 2.0 phr of decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE) or tetrabromobisphenol A (TBA) as a flame retardant] were studied using an Okazaki Large Spectrograph (OLS). Samples were irradiated in air at 23°C with monochromatic light of wavelengths at 260, 280, 300, 320, 340, and 360 nm. Ultraviolet and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were taken to estimate the chemical changes caused by photoirradiation. Molecular weight change was followed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements. It was found that the photostability of PE samples was reduced by the addition of flame retardants. The threshold wavelengths of photodegradation are 320 nm and 360 nm for PE–TBA samples and PE–DBDE samples, respectively. Main-chain scission is favored when the irradiation was carried out with the light of wavelength 300 nm for HDPE–DBDE and HDPE–TBA samples. The most effective irradiation wavelengths for crosslinking are found to be 300 nm and 280 nm for LDPE–DBDE and LDPE–TBA samples, respectively. 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis and testing of nonhalogenated alkyne/phosphorus-containing polymer additives: Potent condensed-phase flame retardants

In this article, the syntheses and thermal properties of several alkyne- and phosphorus-containing materials are discussed. The materials were synthesized using substituted phenolic molecules which were added to phosphorus oxychloride. The materials synthesized include phosphine oxides, phosphates, diphosphates, and oligophosphates. The thermal properties of the synthesized materials were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). In general, the DSC and TGA data showed that synthesized materials containing alkynes and phosphorus had good-to-excellent thermal stability with high-onset decomposition temperatures. Materials with a high alkyne-to-phosphorus ratio showed the highest char yields. DSC data showed crosslinking events for the alkynes and the phosphorus moieties. DSC also showed that the alkynes crosslinked at lower temperatures than the phosphates. Based on the TGA and DSC data of the alkyne-containing phosphorus materials, alkynes generally appeared to be better char-inducing groups than was phosphorus. The materials were blended into polycarbonate and tested for ignition resistance using the UL-94 flame test. In two cases, these halogen-free compounds, with their dual alkyne/phosphorous crosslinking mechanisms, are condensed-phase flame retardants that can be easily blended into polycarbonate at 10 wt % loadings to afford blends that give a UL-94 V-0 rating. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 707–718, 1999     

膨胀型阻燃剂在纤维及纺织品上的应用

介绍了螺环季戊四醇二磷酰氯(SPDPC)、环状1,3-丙二醇磷酰氯(CPPC)、环状2,2-二乙基-1,3-丙二醇磷酰氯(CDPPC)3种多元醇磷酰氯膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)及其在纤维和纺织品上的应用;分析了3种纤维磷酸化的条件及结果。IFR能与聚酰胺纤维、羊毛及棉纤维反应而使之磷酸化,赋予纤维以耐久阻燃性。这类阻燃纤维耐沸水处理,具有膨胀型特征,与环境兼容,建议尽早开发,实现工业化生产。     

三聚氰胺基阻燃剂的应用研究进展

介绍了三聚氰胺基阻燃剂在尼龙、环氧树脂以及EVA树脂等方面的应用研究进展,指出了其今后的发展方向.     

Application of cyclophosphazene derivatives as flame retardants for ABS

Cyclotriphosphazene derivatives were synthesized for use as a non-halogen flame retardant for ABS. Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene was reacted with phenol, catechol, or 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene, respectively, and the fire retardant ability of each product in ABS resin was characterized by UL 94 and LOI tests. The mechanical properties of ABS compounds containing one of these flame retardants were also examined. The derivative (HNCP) synthesized from 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene showed the best flame retardance among these derivatives studied. Synergistic effects with novolac were observed in the cases using the derivative (PNCP) obtained from phenol, but little synergistic effects were observed in cases using HNCP.