Real-Time Facial Feature Tracking on a Mobile Device

This paper presents an implementation of the Active Appearance Model that is able to track a face on a mobile device in real-time. We achieve this performance by discarding an explicit texture model, using fixed-point arithmetic for much of the computation, applying a sequence of models with increasing complexity, and exploiting a sparse basis projection via Haar-like features. Our results show that the Haar-like feature basis achieves similar performance to more traditional approaches while being more suitable for a mobile device. Finally, we discuss mobile applications of the system such as face verification, teleconferencing and human-computer interaction.     

Integrating methods of human-computer interface design with structured systems development

Various methods for specification and design of the human-computer interface have been proposed but practice of such methods is not widespread. Possible reasons for this may be the lack of integration of human-computer interface design with software engineering and the specialized nature of HCI methods. A method of interface design is proposed which integrates the development of the human-computer interface with structured systems analysis and design. The method covers task and user analysis, interface specification and dialogue design. A case study of a library system is used to illustrate the method which is discussed in relation to different approaches that have been adopted for interface specification and design. It is argued that software design methods should cover all aspects of process design and the human-computer interface.     

Specifying relations between research and the design of human-computer interactions

This paper argues the need for more effective: human-computer interactions; design of such interactions; and research to support such design. More effective research for design would result in more effective human-computer interactions. One contribution to more effective research would be the specification of relations between research and the design of human-computer interactions. The aim of this paper is to propose such a specification. Frameworks for specifying relations are proposed for: disciplines; the human-computer interaction (HCI) general design problem; and validation. The frameworks are used to model, and so to specify, the relations: between HCI research and the HCI general design problem; and within the particular scope of HCI, to support HCI research. Together, the models specify the relations between HCI research and the design of human-computer interactions. Meeting these specifications renders HCI knowledge coherent, complete and “fit-for-design-purpose”. An illustration of the relations, thus specified, is provided by a model of the planning and control of multiple task work in medical reception and its hypothetical application. The same frameworks are also used to specify the relations between Cognitive Science and the understanding of natural and artificial forms of intelligence. Lastly, they are further used to identify the relations not specified between Cognitive Science and the design of human-computer interactions. The absence of such relations renders Cognitive Science knowledge not coherent, complete nor “fit-for-design-purpose” (as opposed to “fit-for-understanding-purpose”). It is proposed how the relations specified for HCI and Cognitive Science might be used in the assessment of relations between other research and the design of human-computer interactions. Finally, the paper recommends that such an assessment should be undertaken by any discipline, such as Cognitive Science, which claims a relation between its research and the design of human-computer interactions. Such an assessment would establish whether or not such relations are, or can be, specified. The paper concludes that specification of relations is required for more effective research support for the design of human-computer interactions.     

基于认知心理学知识的人机界面设计

提出把认知心理学知识应用于人机界面设计的理念。首先对传统人机界面设计方法的缺陷进行了分析,然后论述如何利用认知心理学知识建立合理、有效、良好的人机界面,并总结出设计人机界面的多个原则。运用这些原则进行实际设计取得了良好的效果。     

Special Feature: Interactive Graphics Teleconferencing

Interactive graphic displays of layouts or design plans, already in widespread use as design aids, can be even more effective when used in conjunction with teleconferencing.     

Human-computer interface design and implementation details

The paper presents a model of how the availability of implementation details affects performance in designing a human-computer interface. Two experiments have been used to test the validity of this model. The experiments involved varying the amount of implementation detail presented to interface designers and having the designers perform an interface design task. The amount of work performed and the quality of the resulting human-computer interface design are analysed.

The results presented in this paper show that the quality of a human-computer interface design improves if the designer is presented with some information about implementation details. However, presenting a designer with all implementation details of the system functions results in a lower quality design. The relevance of these results to human-computer interface design and future directions for research are discussed.     

一种新型的P2P-SIP VoIP网络会议的研究与设计

针对SIP服务在C/S方式下网络电话会议部署中可能出现的单点失效和性能瓶颈问题,提出一种新型的分层服务下的P2P-SIP网络电话会议解决方案,在VIP和Ordinary两个层次上分别通过直传和应用层组播分发媒体数据流,该设计基于分布式结构化P2P网络,采用信令集中、媒体流分布的会议模型,能满足参与人数较多的大型VoIP网络会议的需要.     

低光照度下人机界面背景色眼动分析评价研究

为研究在低光照度情景下不同明度背景色人机界面的视觉工效,从而为此情景下的人机界面设计提供一定的参考,针对1.0~3.5 lux光照条件下的低光照度情景,对两个不同明度背景色的汽车中控人机界面设计方案进行视觉目标捕捉的眼动测试与主观感受评测,筛选出视觉工效较好的设计方案。在此过程中,对设计方案进行眼动测试,并收集用户主观评分,最后通过评价指标数据与权重进行计算,并依据两个设计方案的加权得分对其进行比较。结果表明,在1.0~3.5 lux的光照条件下,低明度背景色人机界面的视觉工效优于高明度背景色人机界面。     

Human-computer dialogue design considerations

The three critical elements of quality human-computer dialogue design include a compilation of existing design guidelines, behavioral research to expand the general dialogue principles, and a computer-aided implementation for retrieval of the guidelines by dialogue authors. The need for empirically based dialogue guidelines relating to generic human-computer taks is stressed. The results of two studies dealing with interactive text editing are presented as examples of research directed toward specifying dialogue design principles and developing formal tools for human-computer dialogue research. One of these studies deals with a methodology for developing user models, and the second study deals with the design of HELP information. Computer-aiding in the form of rule-based systems for selecting appropriate dialogue guidelines and software tools for authoring dialogues are discussed as means for implementing these dialogue design considerations.     

Human-computer interface design and implementation details

Abstract

The paper presents a model of how the availability of implementation details affects performance in designing a human-computer interface. Two experiments have been used to test the validity of this model. The experiments involved varying the amount of implementation detail presented to interface designers and having the designers perform an interface design task. The amount of work performed and the quality of the resulting human-computer interface design are analysed.

The results presented in this paper show that the quality of a human-computer interface design improves if the designer is presented with some information about implementation details. However, presenting a designer with all implementation details of the system functions results in a lower quality design. The relevance of these results to human-computer interface design and future directions for research are discussed.     

以人为本的人机界面设计思想

为使计算机的人机界面适应人的思维和行为特性,在进行人机界面设计时,需要依据用户的认知特点,采用折中功能的设计方法,从而使设计出的人机界面能减少用户的记忆负荷,减少用户的学习操作时间,简化操作方法。     

基于人类认知规律的应用系统人机界面设计

提出一种以人类认知规律为基础设计应用系统人机界面的方法。首先介绍了人类在视觉活动、记忆、听觉活动中的认知规律以及它们对人机界面设计的影响和指导,然后以一个典型应用系统—-空中交通管制检测指挥系统(ATC CMS)为例,详细阐述了基于人类认知特性的界面设计的方法和特点,最后从人类认知规律的角度总结出设计人机界面的基本原则。     

工业环境下的人机交互状态数据仿真研究

传统人机交互状态数据模拟过程数据视域特征采集不准确、数据模拟不连续,导致人机交互状态数据检测能力偏低,提出基于模糊关联聚类分析的人机交互状态数据模拟及挖掘方法。采用定量递归分析法完成数据模糊关联聚类。利用关联特征分布序列调度法,得到人机交互状态数据的规则训练集。在模糊扰动约束下,得到人机交互状态数据的聚类目标函数。采用相关性检测方法进行数据的人机交互设计,采用替代数据法对工业环境下的人机交互状态数据进行复指数检测,提取人机交互状态数据的弱关联性指数特征,分离工业环境下人机交互状态数据的信息,实现对工业环境下的人机交互状态数据仿真。仿真结果表明,采用上述方法进行人机交互状态数据模拟数据视域特征采集准确,且具有连续性,提高了研究方法的可应用性。     

科技展品人机交互设计研究

从人机交互的角度对科技展品设计进行了分析探讨,结合科技展品的特点,提出了其人机交互设计应遵循的一般原则,并在此基础上进行了方案设计,为科技展品设计提供了一定的参考。     

DMS—A system for defining and managing human-computer dialogues

As the complexity of human-computer interfaces increases, those who use such interfaces as well as those responsible for their design have recognized an urgent need for substantive research in the human factors of software development. Because of the magnitude of the task of producing software for human-computer interfaces, appropriate tools are needed for defining and improving such interfaces, both in research and in production environments. DMS (dialogue management system) is a complete system for defining, modifying, simulating, executing, and monitoring human-computer dialogues. It is based upon the hypotheses that: (1) dialogue software should be designed separately from the code that implements the computational parts of an application, and (2) different roles are defined for the dialogue author and the programmer to achieve that goal. This paper discusses several of the technical aspects underlying the design of DMS.     

The impact of scaling on a multimedia connection architecture

As the last two meetings of the Internet Engineering Task Force have shown, the demand for Internet teleconferencing has arrived. Packet audio and video have now been multicast to approximately 170 different hosts in ten countries, and for upcoming meetings the number of remote participants is likely to be substantially larger. Yet the network infrastructure to support wide-scale packet teleconferencing is not in place. These experiments represent a departure from the two- to ten-site telemeetings that are the norm today. They represent an increase in scale of multiple orders of magnitude in several interrelated dimensions.This paper discusses the impact of scaling on our efforts to define a multimedia teleconferencing architecture. Three scaling dimensions of particular interest are: (1) very large numbers of participants per conference, (2) many simultaneous teleconferences, and (3) a widely dispersed user population. Here we present a strawman architecture and describe how conference-specific information is captured, then conveyed among end systems. We provide a comparison of connection models and outline the tradeoffs and requirements that change as we travel along each dimension of scale. In conclusion, we identify five critical needs for a scalable teleconferencing architecture.     

The Effect of Pictogram-Based Interface Design on Human-Computer Performance

Metaphors are commonly used in human-computer interface design. These metaphoric designs, however, often do not extend beyond the surface-level interface. It stands to reason that more valid test of the benefits of such context-based designs would be derived from an analysis of metaphors that more closely approximate human-environment interaction. In this study, the influence of pictogram-based versus symbolic interface designs on human-computer performance was empirically evaluated. First, a Goals, Operators, Methods, Selection rules analysis was performed to determine how closely each of the designs assimilated the actual procedures an individual would use in real life. As expected, the symbolic design was found to break from the analogy at an earlier stage than the pictogram-based design, thus providing impetus for empirical testing. Novice and expert participants were given a set of computer-based tasks to perform using both designs, Dependent variables were performance time, total number of steps to task completion, and subjective reports workload. The performance results indicated that the novices significantly benefited from the use of the pictogram-based design in terms of performance time and efficiency. In addition, the performance of experts was significantly more efficient while using the pictogram-based design. These results provide empirical evidence to support the current trend in pictorial human-computer interface designs.     

Multidisciplinary Medical Team Meetings: An Analysis of Collaborative Working with Special Attention to Timing and Teleconferencing

In this paper we describe the process of a multi-disciplinary medical team meeting (MDTM), its functions and operation in colocated and teleconference discussions. Our goal is to identify the elements and mechanics of operation that enhance or threaten the dependability of the MDTM as a “system” and propose technologies and measures to make this system more reliable. In particular, we assess the effect of adding teleconferencing to the MDTM, and identify strengths and vulnerabilities introduced into the system by the addition of teleconferencing technology. We show that, with respect to the system’s external task environment, rhythms of execution of pre-meeting and post-meeting activities are critical for MDTM success and that the extension of the MDTM to wider geographic locations with teleconferencing might disrupt such rhythms thereby posing potential threats to dependability. On the other hand, an analysis of vocalisation patterns demonstrates that despite difficulties related to coordination and awareness in video-mediated communication (evidenced by increased time spent in case discussion, longer turns, decreased turn frequency and near lack of informal exchanges) the overall case discussion structure is unaffected by the addition of teleconferencing technology into proceedings.     

emWin GUI的RFID手持终端界面设计

为了给 RFID 手持终端设计一个良好的人机交互界面,本文从手持终端的具体使用场景出发,采用 ARM 32位Cortex-M4内核的STM32F407ZGT6处理器和FreeRTOS操作系统,结合在低端嵌入式平台大受欢迎的 emWin GUI,完成了 emWin的移植、对手持终端的界面设计和实际功能开发.实验证明,该 GUI移植简单,实际操作方便快捷,触控屏幕能够实现 RFID标签数据读写显示、实时定位及数据传递等功能,具有良好的人机交互体验,很好地解决了手持终端的使用需求问题.     

人机交互界面测试研究

人机界面是软件与用户最直接的交互层．界面的好坏决定用户对软件的第一印象。良好的界面设计越来越受到系统分析、设计人员的重视,但是如何对人机界面进行测试并给出客观、公正的评价,却没有一个统一的标准。从通用规则和个性突出的角度,给出一些人机界面的测试原则和建议。