HEC-HMS模型在南水北调东线水资源调度中的应用

介绍了HEC-HMS水文模型系统，利用HEC—GeoHMS模块，由数字高程模型（DEM）生成洪泽湖、骆马湖、南四湖及东平湖上游数字流域，并对每个流域进行降雨径流模拟，模型考虑了流域内水利工程及河道取水的影响。结果表明：HEC-HMS模型应用方便，对南水北调东线沿线地区有较好的适用性，计算结果和观测入湖流量有较好的拟合，能为东线工程的水资源调度决策提供区间来水模拟预报。     

一种高效的SWAT模型参数自动率定方法

本文分析了SWAT模型和PSO算法的原理,将PSO算法引入SWAT模型中,构建了新的SWAT模型参数自动率定模块,通过在天津蓟运河流域实例研究,发现该方法率定精度较高,收敛速度快,运行结果稳定,整体率定效果优于模型自带的参数率定模块。如果用改进后的模块在Linux平台开展自动率定,可以使模型自动率定效率提高到当前水平的7倍,适用于大型流域或长时间系列模拟。而PSO算法作为一种通用的优化算法,可广泛用于各种水文模型的参数率定。     

Modelling Rainfall Runoff Relations Using HEC-HMS and IHACRES for a Single Rain Event in an Arid Region of Jordan

The HEC-HMS and IHACRES rainfall runoff models were applied to simulate a single streamflow event in Wadi Dhuliel arid catchment that occurred on 30–31/01/2008. Streamflow estimation was performed on the basis of an hourly scale. The aim of this study was to develop a new framework of rainfall-runoff model applications in arid catchments by integrating a re-adjusted satellite-derived rainfall dataset (GSMaP_MVK+) to determine the location of the rainfall storm. The HEC-HMS model was applied using the HEC-GeoHMS extension in ArcView 3.3 while the IHACRES is Java-based version model. The HEC-HMS model input data include soil type, land use/land cover, and slope. By contrast, the lumped model IHACRES was also applied, based on hourly rainfall and temperature data. Both models were calibrated and validated using the observed streamflow data set collected at Al-Za’atari discharge station. The performance of IHACRES showed some weaknesses, while the flow comparison between the calibrated streamflow results fits well with the observed streamflow data in HEC-HMS. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (E_f) for the two models was 0.51 and 0.88 respectively.     

InfoWorks RS、FloodWorks软件及应用

Info Works RS和FloodWorks软件是英国Wallingford软件公司开发的用于实时洪水预报、预警和水资源管理软件.软件包含有关河道、漫滩、堤防以及水工建筑所有的水力学模拟计算,同时也提供了基于事件和概念性水文模型的流域降水-径流模拟,如溶雪模型、降雨径流模型、汇流模型等.软件具有图形化操作及动态显示运行结果等先进管理理念与附属工具,通过地理平面视图、剖面视图、总断面、表格及逐时变化图表等进行所有模型数据的交互,与Maplnfo Professional和ArcView GIS无缝连接,可容易地将GIS软件生成的地理数据转化为Infowork8 RS和FloodWorks模型数据.本文详细介绍了软件功能及实时洪水预报配置.通过山西省汾河水库实时洪水预报系统的应用,说明了预报点、模型点的配置;河道断面、旁侧人流点和上、下游边界点的配置及预报方案的构建.最后综述了该软件的优点及有待改进之处.     

HEC-HMS水文模型在大渡河流域的应用研究

HEC-HMS模型是一个具有半物理机制的半分布式降雨径流模拟模型,在洪水分析和洪水预报中具有广泛的应用。以大渡河流域上游为例,结合流域实测水文气象资料,构建了流域的HEC-HMS模型,基于Morris筛选法确定了模型敏感性参数为CN、初损、滞时以及峰值系数。通过大渡河上游的7场洪水过程对该模型进行了率定验证,结果表明纳什效率系数均在0. 72~0. 88之间,洪峰流量相对误差均小于14. 4%。分析表明该模型在大渡河流域洪水模拟中有较好的适用性。     

Sewer modelling based on highly distributed calibration data sets and multi-objective auto-calibration schemes

Pollutant load modelling for sewer systems is state-of-the-art, especially for the estimation of discharged pollutant loads and development of sewer management strategies. However, conventionally obtained calibration data sets are often not exhaustive and have significant drawbacks. In the Graz West catchment area (Graz, Austria), continuous high-resolution long-term online measurements for discharge and pollutant concentration have been carried out since 2002. In this paper, the application of single- and multi-objective auto-calibration schemes based on evolution strategies for a deterministic hydrological pollutant load model will be discussed. Three approaches for pollutant load modelling are examined and compared: using a constant storm weather concentration and two build-up wash-off approaches with basic respectively extended wash-off equations. It is shown that the applied auto-calibration method leads to very satisfying results for both the calibration and the validation data set, and also for the dry and the storm weather runoff. However, until now, convective storms have not been convincingly represented. The build-up wash-off approach using the basic wash-off equation shows the best correlations between measured data and simulation results. As one of the chosen objectives for the multi-objective optimisation reacted highly sensitively to measurement errors, additional improvements can be expected after refining the criteria used in this algorithm.     

Application of HEC-HMS for flood forecasting in Misai and Wan'an catchments in China

The hydrologic model HEC-HMS(Hydrologic Engineering Center,Hydrologic Modeling System),used in combination with the Geospatial Hydrologic Modeling Extension,HEC-GeoHMS,is not a site-specific hydrologic model.Although China has seen the applications of many hydrologic and hydraulic models,HEC-HMS is seldom applied in China,and where it is applied,it is not applied holistically.This paper presents a holistic application of HEC-HMS.Its applicability,capability and suitability for flood forecasting in catchments were examined.The DEMs(digital elevation models)of the study areas were processed using HEC-GeoHMS,an ArcView GIS extension for catchment delineation,terrain pre-processing,and basin processing.The model was calibrated and verified using historical observed data.The determination coefficients and coefficients of agreement for all the flood events were above 0.9,and the relative errors in peak discharges were all within the acceptable range.     

HEC-HMS 模型在江西省山区中小河流洪水预报中的适用性研究

山区洪水暴涨陡落,常造成严重经济损失和人员伤亡,实现中小河流洪水预报在防洪减灾中十分重要。为探究HEC-HMS 分布式水文模型在江西省山区中小河流的适用性,以蜀水流域为研究区,构建了基于HEC-HMS 的蜀水流域分布式水文模型,选用2013-2019 年间的12 场降雨对模型进行参数率定、敏感性分析和洪水过程模拟。结果表明：模型参数中CN 值为最敏感参数;模型预测值与实测值结果显示洪峰流量和峰现时间合格率均为91.67%,径流深合格率为100%,确定性系数均高于0.7;HEC-HMS 模型在蜀水流域中有较好的模拟效果,可为江西省山区中小河流域洪水预报提供参考。     

Development and application of GIS based K-DRUM for flood runoff simulation using radar rainfall

The aim of this paper is to develop a physical based distributed runoff model for flood simulation considering spatially and temporally varied rainfall and to evaluate the feasibility of an offline mode under typhoon and convective storm events for Korean watershed. Additionally, an auto-calibration method for initial soil moisture conditions that have an effect on discharge was proposed, and Namgang watershed (2,293 km²) was applied as study site. Distributed rainfall according to grid resolution was generated by using a pre-process program of radar rainfall from the JNI radar. Also, GIS hydrological parameters were extracted from basic GIS data such as DEM, land cover and soil map, and used as input data of the model. The Namgang watershed was divided into square grids of 500 m resolution and calculated by kinematic wave into an outlet through channel networks to evaluate capability of the developed model.     

FFMS模型与HEC-HMS模型在暴雨洪水预报中的应用比较

针对小流域暴雨洪水预报难的问题,利用模块化小流域暴雨洪水预报FFMS(Flash Flood Modul Simulation System)模型和HEC-HMS(Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrological Model System)模型,以河南栾川、韩城及辽宁郝家店、梨庇峪4个山丘区小流域为例,对比分析了4个流域的暴雨洪水预报过程,以洪峰相对误差、峰现时间误差以及纳什系数等为评价准则,比较和分析了2个模型的预报精度和适用性。实例验证结果表明:虽然2种模型均能实现小流域暴雨洪水的预报,但从3个评价准则的结果来看,FFMS模型的预报精度优于HEC-HMS模型。研究成果证明了FFMS模型在山丘区小流域暴雨洪水预报中的有效性和可行性,可以在类似山丘区小流域暴雨洪水预报中进行推广应用。     

Snowmelt Modelling Approaches in Watershed Models: Computation and Comparison of Efficiencies under Varying Climatic Conditions

Most of the watershed models contain snowmelt-computing options but there are modelling difficulties in snow-covered watersheds either due to paucity of data or in addressing snowmelt computation weakly. The temperature index (TI) and/or energy balance (EB algorithms of HEC-1, NWSRFS, PRMS, SHE, SRM, SSARR, SWAT, TANK, and UBC models have been investigated. The performance has been evaluated at the point (station specific) snowmelt computation with and without snowpack accounting. The computations have been performed for Solang station at 2?485 m altitude located in the western Himalayas. Springtime weekly snow and meteorological data of 1?983, 2003, and 2008 have been used. Data year 2008 has been used for weekly simulation with the observed snowpack ablation. The probability of success in simulating the snowmelt using TI/EB of all the models in average is 0.77. Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) efficiency coefficients for simulation with snowpack accounting are found to vary between 0.84 and 0.97. Although NS coefficients for verification year 2003 are satisfactory (0.5 to 0.88) but snowmelt prediction/verification efficiency at an interval of 25 years (1983) is below average. However, verification on probability criteria for data year 1983 in the case of TI/EB is 0.63/0.48. Results from EB approach show wind dependent fluctuations. Uncertainty arises due to inter-decadal variability of the snowpack/snowmelt. The approach applied in this paper is valuable in order to have a quick evaluation of snowmelt algorithm before integrating it with any operational watershed model.     

HEC-HMS模型在城市化流域洪水模拟中的应用

流域城市化过程影响了城市洪水形成的产汇流条件,显著增大了流域洪水模拟预报难度。采用HECHMS水文模型,选取秦淮河流域城市化前1980~1988年间共8场降雨-径流过程、城市化后2007~2013年间共7场降雨-径流过程开展洪水模拟研究,率定城市化前后不同土地利用情景下的产汇流参数,并设计城市化影响洪水模拟方案,对比分析城市化影响下的流域水文响应。结果表明:HEC-HMS模型在秦淮河流域城市化前后均具有很好适用性,且单峰洪水过程模拟精度高;城市化后流域内其他用地向城市建设用地转移,流域内不透水面积增加明显,使得产流量增加,洪峰流量增大,峰现时间提前约2 h。     

基于改进降水输入模块的融雪径流模拟:以拉萨河为例

降水是自然界物质循环和水循环的重要组成部分,是高寒地区径流的重要来源,水文模型中降水数据的输入精度对提高高寒地区融雪径流模拟效果具有十分重要的作用。青藏高原地区气象站点较少,站点数据无法全面反映流域内降水时空分布的真实情况,传统的融雪径流模型在地形、风向和水汽等要素对降水垂直分布的影响考虑不够全面,制约了模型在山区融雪模拟以及预测中的应用,因此有必要对模型的降水输入项进行改进,以期提高半干旱高寒地区融雪径流模拟效果。本文基于改进的遥感卫星数据校正理论,开发了适用于半干旱高寒地区的降水输入模块,将其与度日因子模型进行耦合,利用高程分带将降水组合成半网格半站点的降水输入数据驱动模型,并在拉萨河流域进行试验研究。结果表明:降水输入模块能够显著提高降水卫星反演地面降水精度,改进后的融雪模型在率定期和验证期的NSE(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient)分别为0.741和0.770,高于原融雪模型的模拟效果,表明改进后的模型能够在流域各个分区获得较为精确的降水数值,融雪径流模拟精度比原模型精度得到提高。总之,耦合降水输入模块的融雪模型可以有效提高降水输入精度,对缺资料半干旱高寒地区融雪模拟具有重要的参考价值。     

Comparison of Process-Based and Temperature-Index Snowmelt Modeling in SWAT

Snowmelt hydrology is an important part of hydrological analyses where significant proportion of precipitation is expected to fall in a snow form. Many models have long been introduced to enable the simulation of snowmelt processes in the watershed ranging from simple temperature based equations to complex and sophisticated process-based equations. Usually, mixed results have been reported whether or not the difference between results achieved by incorporating data demanding models vis-à-vis simple temperature-index models is justifiable. In this study, we compared the performances of physically based energy budget and simpler temperature-index based snowmelt calculation approaches within the SWAT model at three sites in two different continents. The results indicate insignificant differences between the two approaches. The temperature-index based snowmelt computation method had the overall model efficiency coefficients ranging from 0.49 to 0.73 while the energy budget based approach had efficiency coefficients ranging from 0.33 to 0.59 only. The magnitude of the differences varied based on where the models were applied. However, comparison between two process-based snowmelt estimation procedures (with and without the inclusion of aspect and slope as factors dictating the incoming solar energy) indicate that accounting for ground surface slope and aspect in the snowmelt model slightly improved the results. We conclude that for most practical applications where net solar radiation, not turbulent heat flux, dominates the snowmelt dynamics, a simpler temperature-index snowmelt estimation model is sufficient.     

基于LUCC的秦淮河流域暴雨洪水响应分析

利用CA-Markov模型预测流域2028年土地利用情况,设置3种土地利用情景(自然发展情景、林地限制情景、水田限制情景),建立研究区HEC-HMS水文模型,研究秦淮河流域高速城市化背景下土地利用变化的暴雨洪水响应机制。结果表明①HEC-HMS模型适用于研究区洪水模拟及不同土地利用情景下的洪水响应研究;②洪水规模越小,对土地利用变化的洪水响应越强;③随着流域城市化的演进,土地利用对暴雨洪水的影响程度呈增大趋势,其中自然发展情景下的增加程度最大,水田限制情景次之,林地限制情景最低。研究成果为秦淮河流域LUCC的暴雨洪水响应分析提供了新的思路,也对流域防洪规划与建设有一定的指导意义。     

高寒山区融雪径流对气候变化的敏感性分析

以玛纳斯河流域为研究区,采用数理统计的方法以研究区1958—1987年实测的水文、气象资料为基础进行趋势变化及全球气候变化对降水、气温、径流影响的分析。以新安江模型为基础建立了研究区数字水文模型,并对1981年融雪径流进行模拟。利用该模型结合不同的气候情景假设分析高寒山区融雪径流对气候变化的敏感性。     

降雪对乌鲁木齐市海绵城市LID设施的影响

为研究冬季降雪对海绵城市LID(low impact development)设施的影响,以乌鲁木齐市某城市主干道为例,借助SWMM模拟软件建立海绵化改造模型,讨论模型各重要参数的取值方式,进行降雪及融雪模拟,分析降雪在不同模拟环境下对道路海绵化改造的影响。结果显示:在冬季降雪期,蒸发速率对模型的影响较大,在没有当地准确的蒸发速率资料时,推荐使用基于Hargreaves方程的公式法进行模拟分析。利用SWMM模拟冬季融雪期径流过程,各汇水区域的积雪处理方式对模拟结果影响很大,应合理分析并结合当地实际情况进行设定。模拟结果表明:若乌鲁木齐市冬季降雪全部堆积在道路两旁生物滞留设施上,可利用融雪量达10.6万m~3,能够减轻乌市的水资源压力。研究成果对积雪量较大而水资源短缺地区海绵城市的建设具有工程上的参考价值。     

HYDROGEOMORPHIC CLASSIFICATION OF WASHINGTON STATE RIVERS TO SUPPORT EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

As demand for fresh water increases in tandem with human population growth and a changing climate, the need to understand the ecological tradeoffs of flow regulation gains greater importance. Environmental classification is a first step towards quantifying these tradeoffs by creating the framework necessary for analysing the effects of flow variability on riverine biota. Our study presents a spatially explicit hydrogeomorphic classification of streams and rivers in Washington State, USA and investigates how projected climate change is likely to affect flow regimes in the future. We calculated 99 hydrologic metrics from 15 years of continuous daily discharge data for 64 gauges with negligible upstream impact, which were entered into a Bayesian mixture model to classify flow regimes into seven major classes described by their dominant flow source as follows: groundwater (GW), rainfall (RF), rain‐with‐snow (RS), snow‐and‐rain (SandR), snow‐with‐rain (SR), snowmelt (SM) and ultra‐snowmelt (US). The largest class sizes were represented by the transitional RS and SandR classes (14 and 12 gauges, respectively), which are ubiquitous in temperate, mountainous landscapes found in Washington. We used a recursive partitioning algorithm and random forests to predict flow class based on a suite of environmental and climate variables. Overall classification success was 75%, and the model was used to predict normative flow classes at the reach scale for the entire state. Application of future climate change scenarios to the model inputs indicated shifts of varying magnitude from snow‐dominated to rain‐dominated flow classes. Lastly, a geomorphic classification was developed using a digital elevation model (DEM) and climatic data to assign stream segments as either dominantly able or unable to migrate, which was cross‐tabulated with the flow types to produce a 14‐tier hydrogeomorphic classification. The hydrogeomorphic classification provides a framework upon which empirical flow alteration–ecological response relationships can subsequently be developed using ecological information collected throughout the region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.