广东南部海域海洋资源测试分析

海洋能资源的调查与评估是建设波浪能测试场的前期重要工作。通过对广东省南部大万山波浪能测试场海洋资源进行测试,统计了测试期间潮差、风、波浪、流各种海洋能资源的数据,分析了大万山海域的海洋能资源分布状况。结果表明:大万山海域平均潮差为0.927 m;风速平均值为4.23 m/s,平均风能密度为23.28W/m~2;波高为0.3~1.8 m,周期为2.7~8 s,能流密度均值为2.2 kW/m;流速最大值为0.44 m/s,能流密度均值为24.11 W/m~2。大万山波浪能测试场的海洋能资源调查结果,为进行示范场区域的规划设计,对进场实海况测试的波浪能装置设计、投放、运行、管理,提供参考依据。     

基于WW3模式的台湾岛周边海域的波浪能资源模拟研究

以高精度的CCMP海面风场和ETOPO5地形数据为输入,以第三代海浪模式WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ为工具模拟研究台湾岛周边海域10年内的波浪能资源,并计算分析台湾岛周边海域的波高参数和波浪能流密度,以探测其波浪能资源含量。研究结果表明:台湾岛周边90%海域2008-2017年的平均波浪能流密度超过了3 kW/m,最高可达18 kW/m,且冬季的平均波浪能流密度最大,夏季最小;台湾岛周边海域5个位置的模拟有效波高和实测波高的偏差绝对值为0.067～0.457 m,相关系数为0.684～0.826,因此,可用模拟的有效波高进行波高的预测分析;大波高持续的周期较长,小波高持续的周期较短;台湾岛周边海域的波浪能资源稳定性高,为波浪能资源优势区域。     

基于海浪再分析数据的波浪能资源分析

基于同化了30 a卫星高度计有效波高的全球高分辨率海浪再分析数据,该文详细分析波浪能分布特征,针对海浪的可开发性,提出一种新的波浪能资源选址评估方法,并利用该评估方法对全球和中国近海的波浪能进行区划。主要结论有：波浪能最为丰富处位于西风带海域,约占全球总波浪能的67%;其中,印度洋西风带尤甚,平均能流密度达90 kW/m,西风带近岸海域波浪能可利用程度较高;中国周边海域波浪能资源相对匮乏,但台湾岛东南部、琉球群岛以及东沙群岛附近波浪能资源较为丰富,可利用程度较高,平均能流密度最高约为11 kW/m,该研究可为波浪能发展规划与开发利用提供参考。     

大万山波浪能示范场波浪能资源测试分析

通过对大万山波浪能示范场资源的测试,针对6月份的波浪数据进行全面统计,分析大万山海域的波浪能资源分布状况。结果表明大万山海域波高范围为0.3～1.8 m,周期范围为2.7～8.0 s,浪向以正南向为主,能流密度均值为2.2 kW/m。大万山波浪能示范场的波浪能资源测试结果,可为在该示范场进行实海况测试的波浪能装置的设计、投放、运行提供理论参考。     

基于ERA-Interim再分析数据的南海波浪能资源评估

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心近37 a（1979年1月—2015年12月）ERA-interim高分辨率（0.125°×0.125°）波浪再分析数据,计算南海海域的波浪能流密度、有效波高、平均周期、有效波时等波浪能参数,分析南海海域的波浪能资源时空分布特征。研究表明：1）南海波浪能资源呈现明显的季节分布特征,冬季资源最丰富,秋季次之,夏季最贫乏;2）波浪能资源丰富区位于吕宋海峡—中南半岛东南海域一线,呈东北—西南走向,大值区为吕宋海峡附近海域,波浪能流密度高达16 kW/m;3）综合考虑能流密度、有效波时间、与大陆最近港口距离和岛礁面积,建议A（112.33°E,16.81°N）岛屿作为开发利用的首选。     

南海岛礁海域波浪能资源分析及总量评估

基于波浪能的能通量原理,建立代表区段长度的概念,提出针对于海岛海域的波浪能资源蕴藏量评估方法及具体公式。通过第3代波浪谱模型SWAN对南海海域近10年的波浪场进行数值模拟,并利用实测波浪资料进行验证。在此基础上重点刻画该海域波高、周期、能流密度等波浪能资源时空分布特征,利用新方法对南海岛礁海域波浪能资源蕴藏量进行估算。结果表明,以离岸50 km等值线为波浪能量输入线时,南海群岛波浪能理论蕴藏量约为18300 MW。其中,西沙群岛海域约为2600 MW,东沙群岛海域为2120 MW,中沙群岛海域约为6720 MW,南沙群岛海域约为6860 MW。     

近10年南海波候特征分析及波浪能研究

基于第三代海浪数值模式WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ,以QuikSCAT/NCEP混合风场为驱动场,得到南海1999年8月～2009年7月的海浪场,分析了近10年南海的波候及波浪能特征,为波浪发电的选址提供参考。研究发现:南海的海浪场、海表风场受季风影响显著,海浪场与海表风场具有较好的对应关系,尤其体现在南海南部海域;南海的海表风场、海浪场与nino3指数存在显著的负相关;南海极值风速、极值波高的大值区分布于南海北部海域;南海蕴藏着较丰富的波浪能资源,年均值能流密度在4～20kW/m,大部分海域2kW/m以上能流密度出现频率在70%以上,且大部分海域能流密度的变异系数在0.4以内,稳定性较好,利于波浪能的开发与利用。     

黄河口三角洲波浪能和风能资源评估

以1996~2007年的风场数据为驱动,运用第三代波浪模型SWAN(Simulation wave Nearshore)对山东半岛和黄河口地区12年的波浪情况进行模拟,模拟结果与观测值拟合很好,说明SWAN模型能精确地模拟出黄河三角洲的波浪分布情况。同时,根据12 a离地面10 m处的风场数据和波浪场数据对黄河口地区的波浪能和风能进行评估,评估结果发现黄河口地区的风能和波浪能蕴藏量较丰富,年平均波浪能密度能达到2 k W/m,平均风能密度能达到160 W/m2。如果只单纯地对某一种可再生能量进行开发难以满足该地区用电需求,因此应对风能与波浪能进行联合开发,这样才可有效缓解胜利油田海上石油平台的用电压力。     

海洋波浪信息资源评估系统的波力发电应用研究

波浪的原始观测数据量大,难以进行直观分析,为此建立了海洋波浪信息资源计算机评估系统,并利用此系统详细评估了浙江嵊山海域的波浪资源.结果表明:该海域波功率为0.5～8.8 kW/m,2 kW/m的频率分布为60%左右,因而在该海区可采用波能发电作为能源供给的一种辅助方式.分析风浪向波功率的频率分布,对于波力发电装置的浪向选择有一定指导意义.在夏季,55%以上波功率频率分布与偏南方向有关;在秋冬季,60%以上波功率频率分布与偏北方向有关.该海区波浪周期集中分布于4～5 s,波高集中分布于1.2～1.5 m,这种集中分布的特点对波能装置的设计和波能的有效利用非常有利.     

广东某海上风电场波浪能资源分析

海上风电场场址海域风资源丰富,因此也伴随着丰富的波浪能资源。以广东省某海上风电场为例,采用第三代海浪数值模式WAVEWATCH-III模拟该海域近十五年波浪场资料。综合考虑本海域的波浪能密度、波浪能级频率、波浪能资源稳定性等方面对波浪能资源进行分析。为波浪能资源的开发与利用提供依据。     

波浪能发电装置现场测试中波浪参数比测分析

在波浪能发电装置现场测试工作中,波浪参数的测量是评估波浪能发电装置性能的重要依据之一。在分析和比较波浪骑士与浪龙的波浪测量方式基础上,开展对这2种设备在大万山海域现场的对比测试工作。应用标准差、皮尔逊相关系数等数学方法,对测试数据进行处理与分析,并绘制有效波高玫瑰图,分析这2种设备对波浪参数的测量差异性。结果表明,波浪骑士与浪龙对有效波高和波周期参数的测量差异性较小,对波向的测量差异性较为显著。研究成果为波浪能发电装置现场测试工作中波浪参数的测量提供了参考依据。     

Wave electricity production in Italian offshore: A preliminary investigation

In this paper the feasibility of wave energy exploitation off the Italian coasts is investigated. At this aim, the energy production and the performance characteristics of three of the most promising and documented wave energy converters (AquaBuOY, Pelamis and Wave Dragon) are estimated for two of the most energetic Italian locations. The sites are Alghero, on the western coast of Sardinia and Mazara del Vallo, on the Sicily Strait and they have respectively an average annual wave power of 10.3 kW/m and 4 kW/m, and an available annual wave energy of 90 MWh/m and 35 MWh/m.The energy production of the hypothetical wave farms is calculated based on the performance matrices of the wave energy converters (WECs) and on 21 years of wave buoy records, covering the period from 1990 to 2011. The estimated capacity factors are low (between 4% and 9%) compared to the ones obtained for the same wave energy converters in other locations and are affected by a strong seasonal variability. This indicates that the considered WECs are oversized with respect to the local wave climate and that a more efficient energy conversion would be obtained if they were downscaled according to the typical wave height and period of the study sites. As a consequence of the optimization of the device scale, at Alghero the deployment of 1:2.5 AquaBuOY, Pelamis or Wave Dragon devices would result in capacity factors around 20% and in a quite constant energy production throughout the year. In fact, the size reduction of the wave energy converters allows to capture the energy of the small waves which would otherwise be lost with the original WECs.The results of the present work suggest that deploying classic wave energy converters in Italian seas would not be cost effective but if the devices could accommodate a proper downscaling, their performance in energy conversion would become economically attractive also for some Italian locations.     

Offshore and nearshore wave energy assessment around the Korean Peninsula

A wave resource assessment is presented for the region around the Korean peninsula. Offshore wave power was obtained from significant wave heights and peak periods, and wave directions hindcast for the period of 1979-2003. The spatial distributions for the seasonal and annual averaged wave power were obtained on a 1/6° grid covering the longitudes of 117-143°E and latitudes of 20-50°N. The highest monthly averaged wave power (25 kW/m) was observed on the southwestern side of the peninsula in winter. In order to obtain the wave power around Hongdo, numerical simulations were performed with respect to the monthly averaged waves. The correlation between the significant wave height and energy period was considered to adjust the nearshore wave power obtained by the numerical simulation. The correction procedure was validated from comparing the simulated data with wave buoy data.     

Characterising the wave power potential of the Scottish coastal environment

The study focuses around the energetic waters of Scotland that has expressed high interest in the development of wave energy farms. There are only a few long-term suitable studies characterising coastal locations. A detail coastal resource assessment is provided, focusing on wave energy and site characterisation. Mean nearshore energy content in the Western coasts is ≥50?kW/m and on the East ≈10?kW/m. Monthly and seasonal analyses outline available resource and annual variations. Availability of production is also examined, West coastlines present higher levels, however, depending on resource and wave converters operational range significant differences are shown. Availability levels on the East coastline are low ≈40% due to lower wave heights, while Western locations record consistently over 80% at both scenarios examined. Results discuss the potential applicability of favourable wave converters, and characteristics which achieve maximum utilisation based on the local environment.     

Offshore wave energy resource assessment in the East China Sea

The offshore wave energy resource in the East China Sea (ECS) off the coast of the southern East China is assessed using wave buoy data covering the period of 2011−2013. It is found that the averaged offshore wave power was approximately 13 kW m⁻¹ in the region of interest. Most of the offshore wave energy in the ECS is contributed by the sea states with significant wave heights between 1.5 m and 3.5 m and with wave energy periods between 6 s and 8 s. Seasonal variations are detected in the wave characteristics of significant wave height and wave power. The predominant wave directions are mainly from the II quadrant and the IV quadrant, respectively, in winter and summer, in accordance with the monsoon characteristics in the ECS. Wave heights, periods and power are generally higher in winter and autumn, and weaker in spring and summer; however, extreme values occur in some summer and autumn months due to the extreme conditions caused by typhoons passing over this region. These extreme sea states do not contribute much to the total annual energy, mainly because of their low occurrence, but may bring risks to the wave energy converters.     

Preliminary appraisal of wave power prospects in Lebanon

The present work is the first attempt to methodologically assess the wave power prospects off the coast of Lebanon. Working around 1.5 years of buoy data, measurements for the significant wave height and wave period were inputted to establish a joint frequency table that was related to power matrixes of three selected wave energy converters. The spatial and temporal representability of the analysis was extended through assessing altimeter data of H_s over 20 years and for three points off the coast of Lebanon; southern Lebanon, buoy location off the coast of Beirut, and northern Lebanon. The altimeter data indicated that H_s values as measured through the buoy is within 1 standard deviation of the offshore regional mean, however adopting the regional mean value of H_s would more than double the potential power from waves from 4.6 kW/m to 9.8 kW/m. This puts the wave resources in the lower end of what is ‘technically viable’ and therefore it can be concluded that, given the current state of technology, wave power cannot contribute to the 12% target of renewable energy in the Lebanese energy mix by 2020. A re-evaluation of the wave power prospects post-2020, based on an actual and more robust data collection system, is recommended.