The assessment of suspended sediment inputs to Volta Lake

Information on a river basin's sediment yield is an important requirement for water resources development and management. In the Volta River basin of Ghana, data on suspended sediment yield are limited due to the lack of logistic support for systematic sediment sampling activities. This paper presents the results of a study using the available measurements of suspended sediment transport for eight monitoring stations in order to develop a simple predictive tool for estimating the suspended sediment yields for catchments for which no sediment measurements had been undertaken. Regression analysis was used to establish a relationship between specific suspended sediment yield and both the mean annual run‐off and the drainage basin area. The prediction model was used to estimate the sediment loads of the Volta River and its main tributaries (Black Volta, White Volta and Oti Rivers) in order to estimate the total suspended sediment input to the reservoir and the equivalent specific suspended sediment yield from the catchment surface. Although these sediment yield values are relatively low by world standards, the results obtained provide a basis for assessing future sedimentation problems in Lake Volta and for underpinning the development of sediment control and management strategies for the reservoir.     

Suspended sediment load estimation in an ungauged river in south‐eastern Australia

Soil erosion poses a significant threat to river health as well as the sustainability of soil resources. Management of this issue requires catchment‐specific data to be developed; however, many large catchments are poor in terms of hydrological and sediment transport data. Regional scale (thousands of square kilometres), computer‐based modelling methods are a way to generate such data. This study aims to apply the SedNet model to estimate a sediment budget for a 575 km², ungauged, agricultural catchment of south‐eastern Australia. The model results are then compared with field measured erosion rates for the catchment, in order to assess the sustainability of soil loss and redistribution across the catchment. SedNet estimated average suspended sediment concentrations between 70 and 120 mg/L, under conditions deemed most representative of the river. These model estimates were comparable with monitoring data, showing suspended sediment concentrations between 30 and 350 mg/L. It was found that soil loss and redistribution across the catchment is low; however, the estimated base sediment loads indicate that river health may be negatively impacted by this. SedNet accurately represented current catchment and river conditions and provided a reliable estimation of sediment yield, demonstrating the ability to estimate sediment loss and redistribution across data‐poor catchments using a multifaceted modelling approach. Methodologies, such as the one presented here, offer the ability to better assess the impacts of erosion on sediment loads to develop strategies to effectively manage excess suspended sediment.     

黄河无定河流域“2017.7.26”洪水泥沙来源辨析

2017年7月25—26日无定河流域降大到暴雨,支流大理河发生建站以来的最大洪水,无定河下游形成高含沙洪水。为深入认识“7.26”暴雨无定河流域产沙和输沙等情况,选择典型小流域进行了侵蚀调查和淤地坝拦沙观测,对城区淤积及河道冲刷进行了调查和测量,采用不同方法对坡面和沟谷产沙进行分析。结果表明,无定河“2017.7.26”暴雨分布集中,单站最大24 h降雨量近100年一遇,无定河白家川水文站洪峰流量为建站以来第二大值,相应最大含沙量873 kg/m3; 洪水期输沙量64.1%来自大理河流域; 以闷葫芦淤地坝拦沙分析为依据,推算“2017.7.26”暴雨期无定河流域侵蚀产沙量约为1.249亿t,其中70%~85%来自沟谷坡,在泥沙沿程输移过程中,淤地坝拦沙对减少河道输沙入黄起重要作用。     

无定河坡面措施减沙和拦粗泥沙量分析

提出了一个新的反映降雨侵蚀作用的指标,并利用无定河实测输沙量资料和前人用水保法估算的水利水保措施年减沙量,建立了流域产沙与降雨和风蚀气候因子的关系。通过与前人用水保法估算的水利水保措施年减沙量对比分析,发现坡面措施拦沙量应比水保法所得的估计量大。进一步计算出产沙中的粗泥沙量,并与坡面和沟道措施拦沙量建立关系,发现坡面措施的拦沙中粗泥沙比例平均在42%以上,而坝库拦沙中只有约32%。无定河流域坡面措施在措施拦减粗泥沙中所占的比例越来越高。由于坡面措施效益期长,拦粗效率高,所以未来应大力发展坡面措施,以达到长期有效控制水土流失的目的。     

三峡水库运用对荆江河道及三口分流影响研究

三口河道是分流荆江水沙入洞庭湖的通道,自20世纪50年代,受自然条件改变及人类活动的影响,三口河道不断衰退。三峡水库运用后,拦截了大部分上游来沙,改变了长江中下游水文泥沙情势,三口河道进入新的调整周期。本文基于水文泥沙实测资料,分析三峡水库运用后荆江和三口河道冲淤及分流变化规律。研究结果表明,三峡水库蓄水以来,由于三口河道与荆江河道均发生冲刷,三口分流能力尚未发生明显改变,近年长江径流量减小及流量过程的改变是三口分流分沙量减少的主要原因。     

黄河中游侵蚀环境变化趋势研究

文研究了整个黄河中游地区的不同类型区、强烈侵蚀产沙中心带以及小流域和沟谷这三种不同空间尺度的侵蚀产沙量。得出黄河中游地区的年平均侵蚀量为１４．６５５亿Ｔ（１９７０－１９８９年）；强烈侵蚀产沙中心带的平均产沙量为３．５８亿，沟谷地产沙星点汉域总产沙量的比例在大部分地区为７０－８０％，在塬区别大于８５％。另外，还对下下世纪时的入黄泥沙量作了初步预估。     

金沙江下游流域水沙格局变化研究

金沙江下游水沙变化对梯级水库淤积进程和优化调度有重要的影响,随着大型梯级水库的建设运用,金沙江下游水沙格局发生了显著的变化。本文基于金沙江下游干支流历年实测水沙资料,分析了流域水沙变化过程,提出了不同时段流域水沙格局。从时间上看,金沙江下游干支流径流量年际变化均不大,干流输沙量显著减少;支流雅砻江、龙川江、牛栏江输沙量明显减少,其它支流输沙量没有明显变化趋势。从水沙来源分布上看,不同时期,金沙江干流径流量和流域支流径流量的占比变化不大,金沙江干流、雅砻江和其他支流占比分别为46%、45%和9%左右。而输沙量占比变化显著：1999年以前金沙江、雅砻江和其它主要支流占比分别为40%、36%、24%;在二滩水库蓄水拦沙后的1999—2010年三者的占比分别为61%、13%、26%;金沙江中游梯级水库蓄水拦沙的2013—2020年三者的占比分别为16%、31%、53%。进一步考虑未控区的影响,金沙江干支流水库运行后,来水格局仍未发生明显变化,干流、雅砻江、其他支流和未控区间径流量占比分别为40%、40%、9%和11%。但来沙格局变化显著,水库运行前干流输沙量占比为21%,雅砻江为19%,其他支流为12%,未控区间为48%,水库运行后区间来沙占比明显增大,达到了97%,其中未控区间占比为82%,区间支流占比为15%,未控区间来沙是金沙江下游流域泥沙的主要来源。     

Estimation of Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield Using GIS at Catchment Scale

A GIS-based method has been applied for the determination of soil erosion and sediment yield in a small watershed in Mun River basin, Thailand. The method involves spatial disintegration of the catchment into homogenous grid cells to capture the catchment heterogeneity. The gross soil erosion in each cell was calculated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) by carefully determining its various parameters. The concept of sediment delivery ratio is used to route surface erosion from each of the discritized cells to the catchment outlet. The process of sediment delivery from grid cells to the catchment outlet is represented by the topographical characteristics of the cells. The effect of DEM resolution on sediment yield is analyzed using two different resolutions of DEM. The spatial discretization of the catchment and derivation of the physical parameters related to erosion in the cell are performed through GIS techniques.     

长江流域泥沙输移与概算

泥沙概算是一种通过研究泥沙在流域不同位置和一定时期内的时空分布，从而揭示河流水沙平衡状态的方法。本文通过分析提出了长江泥沙概算方法，探讨长江流域产沙、输沙和泥沙沉积三者的关系。在此基础上，通过流域侵蚀、沉积物和悬移质泥沙粒径级配的对比分析，计算得出每年从长江上游侵蚀下来的泥沙中，粒径大于0．5mm的近12亿t泥沙几乎都沉积在长江流域上游的沟谷和支流中，粒径在0．05-0．5mm范围内的4．92亿t泥沙有3．13亿t沉积在上游沟谷和支流中，而粒径小于0．05mm的5．36亿t泥沙也有2．02亿t沉积在这些区域。当长江上游（宜昌站）和汉江总输沙量超过2．86亿t时，长江中下游将发生淤积，总输沙量超过5亿t时的淤积量超过1亿t；当宜昌输沙量超过1亿t时，洞庭湖区将发生淤积。文章还根据长江干流、部分支流和通江湖泊的水沙关系，建立水沙动态图，研究分析了长江水沙在时空上的分布特点。     

Monitoring of environmental flow outcomes in a large river basin: The Commonwealth Environmental Water Holder's long‐term intervention in the Murray–Darling Basin,Australia

The Murray–Darling Basin in south‐eastern Australia contains over 70,000 km² of wetlands and floodplains, many of which are in poor condition. In response, Australian governments have committed to a major restoration program, the Murray–Darling Basin Plan that includes management of 2,750 Gl of environmental water to protect and restore aquatic ecosystems. The restoration is being undertaken within an adaptive management framework that includes monitoring the outcomes of environmental flows in seven river valleys. This paper provides an overview of the 5‐year monitoring project and some preliminary results. Monitoring design considered the Basin Plan's environmental objectives, conceptual models of ecosystem responses to flow, and an outcomes framework linking flow responses to the environmental objectives. Monitoring indicators includes ecosystem type, vegetation, river metabolism, and fish. Responses are evaluated to identify the contribution of environmental flows to Basin Plan environmental objectives and continual improvements in management. The program is unique in that it seeks to monitor long‐term outcomes of environmental flows at the river basin scale. Despite many challenges, the monitoring has become a key part of the adaptive management of environmental flows in the Murray–Darling Basin.     

百年尺度黄河上中游水沙变化趋势分析

根据黄河有实测资料以来的水文泥沙定位观测数据,利用非线性统计方法分析了1919—2012年黄河潼关以上河段水沙系列变化趋势。20世纪80年代中期以来水沙变化特点表明,黄河年径流量、年输沙量自20世纪80年代中期以来总体呈不断减少之趋势,而上中游水沙关系则早于20世纪60年代末已发生突变,1986年发生的突变属上中游同时发生的第2次突变。从百年尺度看,黄河水沙变化在1960年以前主要受到气候等自然因素影响,径流泥沙系列随降雨丰歉而出现相应的丰枯变化,之后黄河水沙变化受气候等自然因素和人类活动因素的双重影响,尽管不同时段降雨有丰歉变化,但径流量、输沙量都持续减少;近百年内年输沙量趋势度的绝对值明显大于年径流量趋势度的绝对值,中游的年径流量、年输沙量的趋势度的绝对值明显大于上游的;近30年是黄河水沙百年尺度中最枯的时段,其变化的突出特点表现在来水来沙量不断显著减少,水沙变化程度在空间上分布不均,泥沙主要减于中游而径流主要减于上游,水沙年内分配趋于均匀,来沙系数趋于降低,水沙搭配关系趋好。     

河流输沙量变化的主要驱动因素

鉴于河流输沙量的大小和变化对河流系统的功能发挥具有重要意义,且河流输沙量的变化受多种因素驱动,在总结近些年我国河流输沙量变化研究的基础上,分析河流输沙量变化的主要驱动因素。认为我国主要河流除松花江多年水沙量无明显趋势性变化外,其他河流的年输沙量均呈明显下降趋势,主要河流总入海输沙量从1955—1968年的20.3亿t/a降至1997—2010年的5.0亿t/a。研究表明:大坝建设、水土保持措施、流域扰动、河道采砂和气候变化等是输沙量变化的主要驱动因素;长江流域修建大量水库是长江入海沙量降低的主要驱动因素;水土保持措施是黄河入海沙量大幅降低的主要驱动因素之一;流域扰动为澜沧江清盛站输沙量的降低幅度远低于嘎旧站的原因;农业增产减沙可能是淮河入海沙量降低的主要驱动因素;珠江输沙量的降低受到河道采砂的影响;海河流域气候变化是海河诸河输沙量大幅降低的主要驱动因素之一。     

Restoring Murray River floodplain wetlands: Does the sediment record inform on watering regime?

The floodplain wetlands of the southern Murray Darling Basin (MDB) have been subject to the impacts of catchment and water resource development for more than a century. Their current degraded state is attributed to the regulation of the rivers and abstraction of water volume for irrigation. The MDB Plan is to return at least 2,750 Gl of mean annual flow to the system to restore the condition of waterways. Considerable recent investment in infrastructure enables water to be released into the basin's floodplain wetlands. The proposed watering regime is underpinned by modelling that suggests that, before regulation, overbank flows would have occurred regularly as discharge peaked in winter and spring. Sediment cores have been extracted from over 50 floodplain wetlands of the southern Murray Basin. Those from several, large meander wavelength billabongs extend for 1,000–5,000 years suggesting that these sites were permanently inundated over that time. Others extend to ~200 years and are presumed not to have accumulated sediment until more recently. The records of most wetlands, however, only extend to the onset of river regulation in the 1920s, suggesting that before then they were not inundated for sufficient duration for net accumulation to occur. Preserved diatoms suggest that the shallow, plant‐dominated wetlands of the past have transitioned to deep, turbid water systems today. As rivers are identified as a source of sediment to wetlands, less regular inundation, rather than more, is a viable option in restoring the ecological function of these floodplain wetlands and in slowing sediment infill.     

黄河下游泥沙沉积汇对入海悬移质泥沙粒度的影响

黄河下游泥沙沉积汇在黄河流域系统的泥沙收支平衡(Sediment budget)中起着重要的作用。通过河床主槽中泥沙的淤积和冲刷,运动泥沙的组成发生变化;通过滩地上泥沙淤积和河岸坍塌,河漫滩上前期淤积的泥沙与洪水所挟带的泥沙发生交换,使悬移质泥沙的组成发生变化。泥沙冲淤量对不同粒径组入海泥沙百分比的影响是不同的。小于0.01mm细泥沙的百分比与下游河道淤积量呈正相关,0.025~0.05mm和大于0.05mm的较粗泥沙的百分比与下游河道淤积量呈负相关。入海泥沙平均粒径与深泓年摆幅之间也存在着负相关关系。自20世纪60年代,中期以来,特别是自80年代中期以来,由于黄河下游径流量显著减小,黄河下游河道发生萎缩,河宽减小,因而主流线的摆动幅度也显著减小。这使得原来十分强烈的河岸侵蚀和滩槽泥沙交换强度大为减弱,主槽洪水得到的来自河岸侵蚀的细粒泥沙越来越少,因而使入海泥沙粒径变粗。     

澜沧江-湄公河输沙量变化及其影响因素

为了更准确评估澜沧江-湄公河输沙量的变化情况及上游水电开发对下游输沙量变化的影响,从最近几年文献中选择可信的下湄公河各站的年输沙量数据,并根据相关文献整理得出漫湾水电工程坝下第一个水文站点———嘎旧站1965—2003年的年径流和年输沙量系列数据,分析比较澜沧江-湄公河沿程各站的年输沙量变化趋势。结果表明:澜沧江上漫湾水电工程运行后,嘎旧站年输沙量大幅降低,降幅大于60%,但清盛站及其下游各站输沙量未出现与其一致的变化趋势。认为清盛站输沙量的降低量远低于嘎旧站的原因主要是两站间含沙量大的支流汇入、人工经济林取代原始森林等因素造成的流域水土流失和河流含沙量恢复。湄公河入海沙量约为1.45亿t/a,预计未来湄公河入海沙量可能会降低。     

柳河流域输沙能力探讨

分析了柳河各个河段及支流含沙量、输沙能力、径流等情况,掌握流域内水土流失状况的分布,探讨流域内的变化规律,为柳河流域的综合治理提供科学依据。     

黄河高含沙水流的高效输沙特性形成机理(黄河下游河道存在巨大的输沙潜力)

利用黄河主要干支流渭河、北洛河、黄河下游及三门峡水库大量实测资料,结合高含沙水流流变特性分析得出:河道中的高含沙水流的阻力与低含沙水流相同,均可用曼宁公式进行阻力计算;由于黄河泥沙组成较细,d50=0.03~0.10mm,随着含沙量的增加颗粒的沉速大幅度降低,泥沙在垂线上分布变得更加均匀,当含沙量大于200kg/m3以后发生改变;从泥沙存在对水流结构,流速在垂线上的分布特性上分析,含沙量200kg/m3左右时输送最困难,并得到河道实测资料的证实。由于粘性的增大,粗颗粒泥沙在河道中也能顺利输送,洪水期实测含沙量可达800~900kg/m3,表现出高含沙水流的高效输沙特性;黄河下游艾山以下河段实测洪水的最大含沙量为200kg/m3,在流量2 000~3 000m3/s时,高含沙洪水均可顺利输送。利用河道输送高含沙水流入海的主要障碍是改造宽浅游荡河段为窄深稳定的河槽。     

长江上游输沙量阶段性变化和原因分析

通过对长江上游干流和主要支流年输沙量变化特征、降雨条件、20世纪90年代土地利用和水库拦沙变化过程的对比分析研究,揭示出三峡水库蓄水运用前长江上游年输沙量存在1~2个突变点,具有显著的阶段性变化现象。其中嘉陵江流域年输沙量在1985年以后和1994年以后显著减少,水库拦沙是主要原因;岷江流域年输沙量在1967年以后和1994年以后显著减少,降雨变化比水库拦沙的贡献大;乌江和整个上游年输沙量在1985年以后和1992年以后显著减少,也主要与水库拦沙有关。20世纪最后十年间的土地利用变化对上游侵蚀输沙影响不显著。     

黄河中游粗泥沙来源探析

在钱宁等关于黄河中游粗泥沙来源宏观分析的基础上，本文进一步考虑了区域地貌特征及近年来人类活动因素的影响，对黄河中游粗沙来源区进行了更为详细的分区对比研究，并结合典型流域产沙及河道淤积历史剖面分析，全面探讨了入黄泥沙来源这一问题。     

DISCONNECTING THE FLOODPLAIN: EARTHWORKS AND THEIR ECOLOGICAL EFFECT ON A DRYLAND FLOODPLAIN IN THE MURRAY–DARLING BASIN,AUSTRALIA

Globally, dams and water extractions are well‐recognised disruptors of flow regimes in floodplain wetlands, but little is known of the hydrological and ecological impacts of floodplain earthworks constructed for irrigation, flood mitigation and erosion control. We mapped the distribution of earthworks with high‐resolution SPOT (Système Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre) imagery in an internationally recognised Ramsar wetland, the Macquarie Marshes of the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. There were 339 km levees, 1648 km channels, 54 off‐river storages and 664 tanks (0.5–5 m high), detected within the 4793 km² floodplain study area. Earthworks reduced localised flooding compared with undeveloped sites. The most pronounced disconnection of the original floodplain (73.0%) occurred where earthworks were most concentrated compared with areas with few earthworks (53.2%). We investigated relationships between hydrological connectivity and mortality of the perennial flood‐dependent river red gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis at 55 floodplain sites (225 × 150 m). Over half of the river red gums were dead at 21.8% of the sites. Earthworks blocked surface flows to flood‐dependent vegetation and drowned vegetation in artificially inundated off‐river storages. Mortality was due to impacts of earthworks and potentially exacerbated by effects of river regulation, water extraction and climate. River red gums were healthiest in narrow river corridors where earthworks confined flows and flows could recede freely. Rehabilitation of flood‐dependent ecosystems should focus on reinstating lateral connectivity and protecting environmental flows. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.