Assessment of forming parameters influencing spring-back in multi-point forming process: A comprehensive experimental and numerical study

Like all sheet metal forming methods, one of the main characteristics of parts formed by multi-point forming is dimensional deviation caused by elastic recovery that is known as spring-back. In this paper the effects of material property, sheet thickness and anisotropy ratio along with process parameters such as elastic layer thickness, elastic layer hardness and number of punch elements on spring-back are studied utilizing finite element simulations and experimental tests. Experimental tests are carried out under various conditions by forming V-shaped and Sin-shaped geometries. Aluminum alloy 3105, stainless steel 304 and pure copper were used as sheet materials for experiments. Likewise, black rubber with shore A hardness of 50 and polyurethane with hardness of 65 and 85 were allocated as elastic layers. The Abaqus® commercial code is employed for finite element simulations. The definition of yield behavior of utilized sheet materials is fulfilled by using three yield criteria of Barlat-89, Hill-48 and Von-Mises. Since the Barlat-89 is not adopted in Abaqus, VUMAT and UMAT user defined subroutines are provided and integrated with explicit simulation of forming process and implicit simulation of spring-back phenomenon respectively. The results indicate that parameters such as material property, blank thickness and anisotropy affect spring-back in multi-point forming. Also the thickness and hardness of elastic layers are novel ideas that should be considered in order to minimize the spring-back. In general, using the elastic layer with minimum possible thickness and greater hardness beside the maximum number of pins leads to minimum spring-back.     

铝合金马鞍形件充液成形工艺模拟分析

目的研究板材充液成形柔性制造高精度、高质量马鞍形件的工艺方法。方法利用有限元动力学显示分析方法,对充液拉深和液压胀形两种成形工艺方案进行分析,并对比分析减薄率和成形极限图判断工艺方案的合理性。结果针对铝合金马鞍形件,通过对比分析2种方案,充液拉深工艺中的最大减薄率达到14.3%,液压胀形最大减薄率为7.2%,位置均在型面补充件的顶部,2种方案的成形极限都在安全区域内,未见破裂现象。结论通过工艺模拟分析,得到对铝合金马鞍形件,采用一模两件液压拉深成形工艺较合理,成本较低,加工周期短,加工效率高,成形精度高。     

高精度17-4PH不锈钢隔碗拉深液压胀形复合成形工艺参数优化

目的 针对17-4PH不锈钢冷成形回弹大、贴模性差等问题,研究17-4PH不锈钢隔碗零件的拉深成形和液压胀形规律,确定隔碗零件拉深液压胀形复合成形的最佳工艺及参数.方法 利用有限元方法确定并优化了拉深预成形和液压胀形中的工艺参数.基于优化后的结果设计并制造了相关的模具,最终通过试验验证了有限元方法的有效性.结果 结合数值模拟和试验的方法,提出了零件先拉深预成形、后液压胀形的多步成形方案,逐步优化了成形工艺参数,最终成形出了满足尺寸和精度要求的高精度隔碗零件.结论 通过数值模拟获得了最佳的坯料直径及多步成形中的关键工艺参数,基于数值模拟优化为主和试验验证为辅的设计制造理念,解决了17-4PH不锈钢冷成形回弹大和贴模性差的问题.     

Experimental and numerical study of a new hybrid process: multi-point incremental forming (MPIF)

Multi-Point Incremental Forming (MPIF) process is a new hybrid process that combines two common manufacturing methods. These are Multipoint Forming (MPF) and Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) processes. In this study, an experimental set-up, based on a MP reconfigurable die, was designed and manufactured to explore the flexibility of this innovative process and its potentialities to produce complex parts using the same tools. The obtained results have indicated that this novel technique, that doesn’t require costly equipments, is an effective approach to manufacture multitude of parts with different shapes. Moreover, it has been shown that the parts geometrical accuracy as well as thickness distribution are enhanced compared to the conventional ISF process and that the geometrical defects, called ‘dimples’ and caused by the pins’ ends, are significantly reduced and almost eliminated after the insertion of a rubber piece between the reconfigurable die and the blank sheet. On the other hand, the effect of the size and geometry of the rectangular pins on the geometrical accuracy and the dimpling defect has been studied using a finite element analysis.     

An experimental investigation of forming load and side-wall thickness obtained by a new deep drawing die

Deep drawing is an important process used for producing cups from sheet metal in large quantities. The deep drawing process is affected by many variables such as blank shape, punch and die radii, material’s formability characteristics, and many more. In order to obtain optimal process parameters with regard to part geometry, the blank and die geometry are particularly important factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of blank holder and die shapes, using six different blank holder and die shapes. We measured the distribution of blank holder force (BHF), the forming load at different drawing depths as well as thickness reduction of cup wall thickness for each set of die and punch geometries. The experimental study shows that the angle of blank and die surface influence the forming load and blank holder force distribution. Deep drawing dies with matrix and blank holder angle designed in this study provided deep drawing ratios that are about 25 % larger than those that usually can be obtained by a conventional die.     

高精度高强不锈钢隔片零件拉深成形研究

通过对15-5PH高强不锈钢高精度隔片零件结构及尺寸公差的工艺分析,明确了零件成形难点.利用有限元拉深成形的结果,确定了刚模拉深成形的方法.基于有限元回弹模拟的结果及试验,对拉深成形模具的理论型面进行了修正,解决了零件的高度及弧面轮廓尺寸精度问题,确定了拉深成形的合理压边力大小.     

New Quality Level of Packaging Components from Paperboard through Technology Improvement in 3D Forming

Three‐dimensional forming is a key technology for the application of sustainable materials, like paperboard, in packaging technology. Until now, deep drawing is not considered as a suitable process for manufacturing of packaging components with advanced geometrical design because of the sensitive process and a large number of failure mechanisms. To better understand and apply the physics of deep drawing, the process was studied by experimental investigations. Therefore, an evaluation strategy for formed parts was developed to describe their quality by measurable values. The influence of the technological parameters temperature configuration, moisture content of material and blank holder force on the quality of formed parts was described by a statistic regression model. This model gives an indication of the quantity and the direction of effects that parameter changes have on the quality of 3D‐formed parts. An optimization of the process according to quality criteria showed that, in a first step, the quality of cylindrically drawn paperboard parts was increased drastically compared with that of the state of the art. Furthermore, the existing limits in the height of formed parts were exceeded, and the geometrical shape of the base offered far more opportunities for packaging design than expected. The process turned out to be suitable for a flexible manufacturing of packaging components for multipart packages from paperboard, which are highly sustainable in terms of recycling and reuse of fibres and thereby able to compete in the marketing‐oriented packaging sector. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钛/铁复合板平底球形薄壁件充液拉深工艺研究

目的 选用充液拉深先进成形技术制备钛/铁复合板平底球形薄壁件,并研究其充液拉深变形行为,以解决传统拉深工艺制备平底球形薄壁件极易产生褶皱的问题。方法 对钛/铁复合板平底球形薄壁件在不同液压力、压边间隙及凸模与板料间摩擦因数等工艺参数下的充液拉深过程进行数值模拟。对数值模拟结果进行分析,讨论工艺参数对零件成形性能的影响以及抑制起皱的机理。最后在不同拉深工艺下进行成形试验,制备钛/铁复合板平底球形薄壁件并与数值模拟结果进行对比。结果 数值模拟和成形试验结果表明,传统拉深工艺制备的钛/铁复合板平底球形薄壁件出现了明显的褶皱,采用充液拉深工艺可以有效解决零件侧壁起皱的问题。增大液压力、减小压边间隙或增大凸模与板料间摩擦因数会导致零件减薄率的提高并降低零件侧壁起皱的风险。在压边间隙1.5 mm、液压力25 MPa的条件下,采用充液拉深工艺可以制备出侧壁无褶皱的平底球形薄壁件。结论 通过充液拉深工艺可以有效解决钛/铁复合板平底球形薄壁件成形过程中起皱的问题。     

超声振动辅助塑性成形及形性预测研究进展

随着微机电系统等领域的快速发展,对零件成形精度与性能的要求日益增加。超声振动辅助塑性成形是一种典型的能场辅助塑性成形工艺,相比于传统塑性成形工艺,具有流动应力低、材料成形能力高、界面摩擦少、成形质量较好等优势,被广泛应用于难成形材料加工、微成形、复杂构件成形等塑性成形过程。然而,由于不同塑性成形工艺中金属的变形行为特性存在较大差异,对塑性成形质量与成形性能进行预测有利于实现成形过程的形性协同控制。介绍了超声振动辅助塑性成形在体积成形工艺（镦粗、挤压、拉拔等）与板料成形工艺（拉伸、拉深、渐进成形、冲压等）中的应用及发展概况,讨论了超声振动对材料塑性变形过程中宏观表现与微观演化的影响。在已有研究基础上,重点分析了超声振动辅助塑性成形过程中成形能力预测（流动应力、成形极限等方面）和成形性能预测（表面性能、力学性能、微观组织等方面）的研究进展,为金属零部件成形高质量形性调控提供理论参考,并展望了超声辅助塑性成形工艺的发展趋势。     

Numerical and experimental analysis of wrinkling during the cup drawing of an AA5042 aluminium alloy

The recent trend to reduce the thickness of metallic sheets used in forming processes strongly increases the likelihood of the occurrence of wrinkling. Thus, in order to obtain defect-free components, the prediction of this kind of defect becomes extremely important in the tool design and selection of process parameters. In this study, the sheet metal forming process proposed as a benchmark in the Numisheet 2014 conference is selected to analyse the influence of the tool geometry on wrinkling behaviour, as well as the reliability of the developed numerical model. The side-wall wrinkling during the deep drawing process of a cylindrical cup in AA5042 aluminium alloy is investigated through finite element simulation and experimental measurements. The material plastic anisotropy is modelled with an advanced yield criterion beyond the isotropic (von Mises) material behaviour. The results show that the shape of the wrinkles predicted by the numerical model is strongly affected by the finite element mesh used in the blank discretization. The accurate modelling of the plastic anisotropy of the aluminium alloy yields numerical results that are in good agreement with the experiments, particularly the shape and location of the wrinkles. The predicted punch force evolution is strongly influenced by the friction coefficient used in the model. Moreover, the two punch geometries provide drawn cups with different wrinkle waves, mainly differing in amplitude.     

双筒形皮带轮多道次拉深成形工艺

目的 研究双筒型带轮多道次拉深成形过程。方法 根据冲压手册计算拉深道次与凸、凹模尺寸,并采用有限元模拟软件DEFORM,模拟分析多道次拉深成形过程。根据理论计算得出需要8道次拉深成形双筒形带轮。结果 随着成形道次的增加,内筒及外筒圆角处累积的应力应变值最大减薄最严重,从外筒至内筒壁厚持续减小,其中内筒底部圆角为厚度最小处。结论 通过8道次拉深的方法成形出所需的零件,零件壁厚达到所需要求,并成功试验出成形质量较好的样件。     

Material saving and cost reduction with hot forming of U‐shaped titanium part

Titanium alloy sheets are widely used for highly loaded components in the aerospace industry as well as spacecrafts. The unique combination of high strength, outstanding corrosion resistance and thermal endurance makes titanium alloys the preferred material for applications with severe requirements. Due to the limited formability at room temperature, forming processes have to be conducted in a multitude of steps what is costly and labour intensive. Additionally, typical titanium alloy sheets show a significant anisotropy of mechanical properties and material flow. Undesired earing, wall thickness variation and residual stresses are the result. Complex shaped parts can be produced at elevated temperatures to avoid named drawbacks. The present work introduces a newly developed hot deep drawing process, applied to titanium sheets at FormTech. In comparison with conventional superplastic forming processes via gas pressure, hot deep drawing comes with a significantly reduced process time and hence, increased output over time. Titanium sheets of the work horse alloy Ti–6Al–4V were formed in a single stroke to a U‐shaped component at process temperatures ranging from 750 to 890 °C. Specimens were extracted to validate the neglectable influence of the hot forming process on mechanical properties and fatigue behaviour. In conclusion, hot deep drawing of titanium sheets offers a cost efficient alternative to a gas pressure superplastic forming process, while maintaining its main benefits such as significantly improved formability, low residual stresses and tight tolerances.     

IRONING OF ALUMINUM CUPS

Ironing is a very useful metal forming process when employed in combination with deep drawing to produce a uniform wall thickness cup with greater height-to-diameter ratio. In the ironing process, a previously deep-drawn cup is drawn through an ironing ring with a moving ram to reduce the wall thickness. In cup drawing, the upper part of the cup wall usually is formed thicker than the original blank. The ironing process, therefore, must be adopted in deep drawing to produce uniform thickness in the wall. This work studied the ironing of commercial aluminum blanks. For this purpose, several ironing experiments were carried out under various conditions, and the effect of some parameters, such as thickness reduction, friction, heat treatment, and material properties, were investigated. During the experiments, the optimum condition for surface smoothness through the ironing process was obtained.     

飞机铝合金深锥型面零件多道次充液拉深技术

目的随着新一代飞机在隐身和战斗性能方面的提高,飞机钣金零件的复杂程度和制造精度要求也越来越高。对于深型腔复杂型面零件,充液拉深是一种有效的精密制造方法。方法针对难成形、复杂型面的某型飞机铝合金深锥零件,利用理论分析、有限元模拟和工艺试验相结合的方法,设计了多道次充液拉深技术方案,并建立有限元分析模型。基于等裕量函数法和零件锥面特征,分配并优化了不同道次的材料变形量。结果对多道次充液拉深成形过程中出现的起皱和破裂的失效形式进行了研究,分析了预成形高度,液室压力和压边力等关键工艺参数对零件成形质量的影响,获得了优化的预成形高度和液室压力加载轨迹。结论结果表明,提出的多道次充液成形技术能够实现复杂型面,大拉深比的铝合金零件的整体精确成形,采用优化的工艺参数能够成形出壁厚均匀,表面质量好,锥面精度高的零件。     

飞机复杂曲面蒙皮零件充液拉深技术研究

目的研究充液拉深工艺参数对飞机复杂曲面蒙皮零件成形质量的影响规律。方法以飞机灯罩蒙皮零件为研究对象,结合材料力学特性分析了零件的工艺性。基于破裂和起皱失稳条件理论研究了零件的加载工艺窗口,利用有限元方法分析了零起皱和破裂等缺陷,通过优化工艺参数和拉延筋参数获得了合格的构件。结果基于仿真优化结果,进行了模具设计和工艺验证实验,分析了实际充液拉深过程中缺陷产生的原因,为落差较大蒙皮零件的精密制造提供参考。结论对于具有多特征的复杂零部件,过渡曲面易产生起皱缺陷,仅通过调整液室压力或毛料尺寸的方法无法在保证不发生拉裂和贴模问题的前提下消除起皱缺陷。通过设置拉延筋来增加材料流动阻力、控制材料流动,可以消除过渡区域的起皱缺陷。     

多点复合渐进成形与单点渐进成形的对比分析

为提高金属板材渐进成形的成形质量、成形精度、成形效率和成形极限,了解不同渐进成形工艺对制件成形性能的影响,本文以典型方锥台制件为研究对象,利用有限元软件MSC.Marc对2种渐进成形工艺进行了三维建模,对比分析了单点渐进成形和多点复合渐进成形对制件等效塑性应变、厚度分布和成形精度的影响.数值模拟结果表明:单点渐进成形的等效塑性应变和厚度减薄主要集中在制件相邻侧壁间的拐角处,而多点复合渐进成形的等效塑性应变和厚度减薄均匀地分布在制件成形区;相同成形工艺参数下,相比单点渐进成形,多点复合渐进成形更有利于制件的成形效率、成形质量、成形精度和成形极限的提高,更有利于抑制破裂等失稳现象的产生.2种渐进成形工艺的成形试验表明,数值模拟结果与试验相符.     

航空发动机钣金件多工序连续工艺链式仿真方法研究及实验验证

目的 针对航空发动机上挡溅盘钣金件的多工序成形过程,进行有限元仿真分析与实验验证。方法 以ABAQUS和DEFORM为仿真平台,先采用ABAQUS对钣金件第一道次的拉深回弹过程进行仿真,在此基础上,将第一道次仿真结果导入DEFORM中,作为初始状态进行退火热处理;然后将仿真结果导入ABAQUS中作为初始状态进行第二道次的拉深回弹仿真,重复上一道次的数据传递过程,再进行热处理与第三道次整形模拟,在每一道次拉深成形后对比模拟与实验结果。结果 实现了钣金件在同一软件和不同软件之间几何形状及物理场的数据传递,完成了钣金件的多工序连续工艺仿真成形。第一道次拉深卸载后零件回弹较小,模拟得到的零件几何尺寸与实验结果误差较小,但卸载后零件中有较大残余应力,通过热处理可以很大程度地消除残余应力,增强高温合金后续的成形性能,经过多工序成形仿真后,几何特征尺寸累计误差值略有增大,但仍在可接受范围内。结论 包含中间退火热处理的多工序成形仿真可以较好地描述实验结果,证明了仿真结果的准确性与有效性,可以为改进和优化钣金件的设计及成形过程提供科学指导。     

Combined forging and punching of long pieces

Many forged parts include piercings such as bearing surfaces. The forged pieces show a residual volume in the cross sectional area of which needs to be removed in an additional manufacturing step. By integrating this hitherto separately performed operation into the final forging step the process chain can be shortened significantly. However, up to date there is no information available on how the process parameters influence factors like dimensional accuracy, surface quality and fibre orientation in the pierced area when forming and piercing operations are combined. Therefore, a novel combined forging-/piercing- process was designed at the IPH. Trials were performed in a project with different experimental settings of the relevant process parameters like forging temperature, tool and work piece material, punch and work piece geometry. Two test parts were designed. For the first part of the project a rotation symmetric part and for the second part a part with a distinct longitudinal axis. Due to the direct correlation between residual volume thickness to be pierced and interior die pressure which determines the surface quality of the pierced area, the inserted mass is varied in the first part of the project additionally. The results of these investigations showed that the variation of the inserted mass and the forging temperature have a distinct effect on the dimensional and form accuracy of the work pieces. In contrast, the punch and work piece geometry have no effect on the form accuracy of the piercing which is shown in the results of the second project.     

Forming Process of Strong Anisotropic Material Based on the Hydrodynamic Deep Drawing with Radial Pressure

1.IntroductionA sketch of the conventional hydrodynamic deepdrawing(HDD)process is shown in Fig.1(a)[1~5].Ini-tially,the flange of the blank is in contact with the drawdie.When the punch is moved down,the liquid pres-sure in the die cavity increases and when the pressurereaches a certain magnitude,the flange is lifted from thedraw die and the liquid starts to flow out through thegap between the draw die and the flange[6~9].In FEMsimulation of the conventional HDD,it is very difficult todet…     

柔性压辊拉形方式及其夹钳对板材成形的影响

为提高大型板类件拉形精度,介绍了传统整体夹钳拉形机的特点,提出了新型柔性压辊拉形原理.以球形件为例,分别对两种夹钳结构的拉伸成形过程建立有限元模型,并进行数值模拟,对比分析了两种夹钳结构作用下的成形结果.研究表明:柔性压辊拉形方式所得的成形件,其应力、应变分布均匀,成形质量较整体夹钳方式明显提高;而采用传统整体夹钳所成形的部件,其局部应力集中现象相对严重.利用柔性压辊拉形理论,分别对采用平板式结构夹钳和拉延筋式结构夹钳成形球形件的过程建立有限元模型并进行模拟分析,根据板材拉形过程的流动理论,对比分析两种夹持方式下板材的流动状态.研究发现:采用拉延筋式夹钳进行拉伸成形,处于夹钳中的板材流动效果较好;而利用平板式夹钳的成形过程中,板材流动量较小.实验验证结果与模拟结果趋势一致.