高速信令的最坏眼图技术研究

在对最大峰值失真法(PDA)、双边沿法(DER)及多边沿法(MER)3种主流的快速时域仿真技术进行分析的基础上,提出一种最优时域仿真法(BTDS),其通过改进获取最坏码型的方法,提高眼图精度。BTDS在眼高计算上与MER精度等价,但较MER在眼宽计算方面具有更高的精度,且克服了PDA不能计算不对称边沿的信号和DER有时推算不出最坏码型的缺陷,在高速时域仿真中具有较高的应用价值。     

Multitone jamming rejection of FFH/BFSK spread-spectrum system overfading channels

Analytical expressions for bit-error probability are derived for a fast frequency-hopping binary frequency-shift keying (FFH/BFSK) spread-spectrum communication system over a fading channel with worst-case band multitone jamming (MTJ) and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). An FFH system employing either a linear-combining receiver or a clipper receiver is investigated. The desired signal and MTJ are assumed to undergo independent fading, and our analysis, validated with simulation results, shows that the performance of the system is slightly improved as the severity of the MTJ fading is increased. The clipper receiver is found to be superior to the linear-combining receiver when the jamming power is strong. The worst-case MTJ is shown to be more harmful than the corresponding worst-case partial-band noise jamming over a fading channel with AWGN     

Performance analysis of an FFH/BFSK linear-combining receiveragainst multitone jamming

A computationally efficient bit-error rate (BER) expression for a fast frequency-hopping binary frequency-shift-keying (FFH/BFSK) spread-spectrum system is derived based on Taylor-series expansion of the central differences. The FFH system employs a soft-decision linear-combining receiver against the worst-case band multitone jamming (MTJ) and additive white Gaussian noise. The analytical results are shown to match closely with the BER results based on simulation. This approach allows us to efficiently analyze the performance of the linear-combining receiver with higher diversity levels, which is otherwise mathematically intractable     

基于高速有损信令系统的最大失真分析算法

针对一个复杂高速信令通道的有损问题,提出以最大失真分析的算法评估信道。通过对脉冲响应的叠加法,求取高速信号系统最坏眼图及最坏码型。最大失真分析算法是分析信号链抖动和噪声特征的有效工具。仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性,实现了快速、高效、准确地求出系统最坏情况下的眼图和码型。     

Error probabilities of an FFH/BFSK self-normalizing receiver in aRician fading channel with multitone jamming

We derive the analytical bit-error rate (BER) expressions for a fast frequency-hopped binary frequency-shift keying self-normalizing receiver over a fading channel with the worst-case band multitone jamming (MTJ) and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The desired signal and MTJ are assumed to undergo independent Rician fading and our analyses, validated with simulation results, show that the system performance is not sensitive to different types of MTJ fading conditions. The self-normalizing receiver is found to be superior to the linear-combining receiver when the signal amplitude does not experience severe fading, while the converse is true under Rayleigh fading signal conditions. Under a Rician fading channel and AWGN conditions, the worst-case MTJ and the worst-case partial-band noise jamming are shown to have similar effects on the BER performance of the self-normalizing receiver with diversity     

Comparative study of signalling methods for high-speed backplane transceiver

A combined analysis of transient simulation and statistical method is proposed for comparative study of signalling methods applied to high-speed backplane transceivers. This method enables fast and accurate signal-to-noise ratio and symbol error rate estimation of a serial link based on a four-dimension design space, including channel characteristics, noise scenarios, equalisation schemes, and signalling methods. The proposed combined analysis method chooses an efficient sampling size for performance evaluation. A comparative study of non-return-to-zero (NRZ), PAM-4, and four-phase shifted sinusoid symbol (PSS-4) using parameterised behaviour-level simulation shows PAM-4 and PSS-4 has substantial advantages over conventional NRZ in most of the cases. A comparison between PAM-4 and PSS-4 shows PAM-4 gets significant bit error rate degradation when noise level is enhanced.     

基于乘同余法产生的伪随机序列的区间预测

乘同余法是利用伸长与折叠操作来产生伪随机序列。在此基础上,提出了预测伪随机序列的区间预测方法,该方法不需要确定具体的预测模型,适应范围广,运算速度快。对几种乘同余法产生的伪随机序列实验结果表明,该方法能有效地预测此类伪随机序列,且在一定的信噪比上,预测性能仍然很好。     

Antijam Performance of Fast Frequency-Hopped M-ary NCFSK--An Overview

The antijam performance ofM-ary noncoherent FSK with fast frequency hopping (one or more hops per symbol) is studied. A summary of terminology, definitions, and an overview of the literature is given. A general analysis method based upon circularly symmetric signal theory is presented. It provides a means for exact analysis of performance forM-ary operation with any combination of signal tone distribution (frequency bins contiguously or noncontiguously spaced), jamming distribution, jamming form (partial-band noise or multitone), and receiver system noise. Some previous results are derived as subcases of the general theory. A simple robust diversity combining technique of transmitting a symbol onLhops followed by a majority vote decision is found to provide significant performance improvements. This improvement is comparable to that obtained by most error-correction coding methods. Illustrative calculations of performance were chosen to indicate trends rather than to be exhaustive. Performance is usually presented as probability of bit error versus fraction of the band jammed to emphasize worst-case operation.     

Fast and Accurate Analysis of Supply Noise Effects in PLL With Noise Interactions

Using behavioral models to perform fast simulation is currently a popular solution to verify SOC designs. Previous analog behavior modeling approaches often treat the noisy ${rm V}_{rm DD}$ waveform as a given input and focus on reflecting such stimuli on circuit performance. However, because the interaction of noise aggressors and victims is not considered, some error may exist while compared with real simulation results. In this paper, a simple SCORE macromodel is proposed for PLL designs to help noise-aware behavioral models handle supply noise interaction effects. The time-varying supply noise waveform and real-time PLL responses can be obtained simultaneously with accurate noise estimations in this recursive approach. As demonstrated in the experimental results, the proposed approach can provide more realistic results with noise interaction effects but still keep fast simulation time.      

Estimation of the effect of oscillator instabilities on signal processing by means of Monte Carlo computer simulation

In this paper, Monte Carlo computer simulation is used to estimate the effect of oscillator instabilities on signal processing. The key link of this method is generating high quality random number sequence simulating the phase noise of the oscillator. The case of the pulse compression performance is discussed as an example in order to clarify: (1) the effect of oscillator instabilities on pulce compression performance, and (2) the requirement of oscillator frequency stability when the tolerance of the system performance is known. Finally, some computer simulation examples are given which will provide as reference data for engineering designers.     

基于PDA算法的DQ数据眼图的实现

Casper提出的PDA算法,引入了一个精确的对高速芯片间信令系统建模方法,文中针对眼图仿真伪随机码流较长的问题,利用该算法对系统进行建模,快速计算出最坏情况下位流模式和眼图轮廓,实现了DQ数据的最坏眼图和最坏位流模式。     

UFMC系统中基于Volterra滤波器的非线性失真补偿方案

为实现通用滤波多载波(UFMC)通信系统高效、可靠的通信性能,需在最大程度上补偿由记忆型高功率放大器(HPA)引起的非线性失真.为解决HPA造成的失真问题,本文提出了一种基于Volterra滤波器的非线性失真补偿(V-NLDC)技术.该技术利用了Volterra级数的稀疏特性和能够模拟任意精度非线性系统的性质以逐次逼近的方式对信号进行预失真.将预失真后的信号传送至HPA,然后采用噪声消除器做进一步噪声消除处理,以达到更小失真度的目的.同时,本研究采用收敛速度快、性能稳定的自适应最小二乘法(RLS),可根据环境变化自适应地计算Volterra滤波器和噪声消除器的系数.通过大量蒙特卡罗仿真实验证实了所提出的非线性失真补偿技术可以很好的补偿由记忆型HPA非线性失真所造成的影响,从而优化系统性能.     

A resolver-to-digital conversion method for fast tracking

A resolver-to-digital (R/D) conversion method in which a bang-bang type phase comparator is used for fast tracking is proposed. The low-pass filter needed to reject carrier signal and noise is eliminated from the R/D conversion loop. Instead, two prefilters outside the R/D conversion loop take the role of the low-pass filter, resulting in a fast and accurate tracking R/D converter. Some simulation and experimental results and a mathematical performance analysis are presented to demonstrate the superior tracking performance     

Gradient Estimation Using Wide Support Operators

One of the fastest methods of localizing edges in images is based on small gradient kernels, such as Sobel, Prewitt, and Roberts. Although small gradient kernels provide a fast way of computing the gradients, they have little control over noise, edge location, and edge orientation. They are known to be only sensitive to step edges and fail to detect smooth boundaries. On the other hand, large kernels provide superior noise suppression characteristics, but they suffer from wide response area around edges. They cause edges of neighboring objects to merge due to their wide support. Problems associated with large gradient kernels prevent their widespread usage. This paper presents a fuzzy topology-based method to facilitate the use of larger gradient kernels. The new method effectively limits the response area around the edge and prevents neighboring objects to affect each other. Synthetic images are used to show the superior noise suppression properties and response characteristics to both step and ramp edges. Natural images are also used to assess the performance of the newly proposed topological gradient estimation qualitatively.      

低信噪比红外图像的快速统计法边缘提取

现代成像制导中所使用的红外图像往往存在着噪声大、目标一背景间灰度差较小、边缘较模糊的特点。这些特点会增加边缘提取的难度，因此必须建立更有效的红外图像边缘提取算法以满足需要。针对这些问题，以噪声Gauss分布模型和噪声特征为基础，建立了新型统计学意义下的红外图像边缘检测法。通过对此方法的概率模型进行分析，可以证明在有较大噪声的情况下，只要边缘处的差分值大于一定的值。就能以较大的概率提取出图像边缘。通过在不同情况下与梯度法的抑噪能力进行对比和分析发现，统计边缘提取法的噪声抑制能力要高于梯度法。在与Sobel模板算子法的红外图像边缘检测结果进行仿真和对比后发现，统计法能对红外图像的目标边缘检测取得良好的结果，并且算法具有快速简单的优点。     

星识别的全新智能快速搜寻方法

星图识别算法的关键是识别效率高、花费时间短。过去的几十年里,人们致力于建设搜寻数据库的方法,而且确实找到了大量的搜寻方法。为了减少星图数据库的搜寻时间,提出了一种将不同恒星星等分层分类的新技术。同时,采用这种准确快速的搜寻方法提出了全新智能快速星识别算法。基于台式机的仿真结果显示这种星识别方法和数据库搜寻方法具有较高的准确性和效率。通过数据库搜寻星特征的时间复杂度为0(n)。除此以外,因为星图像的质量决定了星图识别算法准确性的改进,因此提出一种模糊边缘检测技术来解决图像的预处理问题,这种方法对于噪声消除、星特征提取、数据库建设和匹配有重要意义。     

窄带连续波干扰下宽带接入网上行信道MER研究

窄带连续波是宽带接入网上行信道的典型干扰。为了研究此时的宽带接入网系统性能,推导了窄带连续波干扰的特征函数模型,并以此为依据,建立了系统模型,获得了基于窄带噪声的宽带接入网上行信道QPSK系统调制误码率(MER)与载噪比(C/N)的关系曲线,并对系统模型的MER仿真曲线进行了分析。为提高宽带接入网系统性能和排查干扰提供了有效的理论依据。     

Investigation of the micro-step control positioning system performance affected by random input signals

This paper gives the results of simulation and experimental investigation on the effects of random signals on the accuracy of micro-stepping control positioning. For studying and simulation of the effect of random noise signals on performance of the accurate position control systems, such as Hybrid Stepper Motors (HSMs), a micro-step driver and controlling unit using PID controller has been designed and constructed. Several parametric studies have been carried out including different white noise power and micro-step per revolution. Tracking problem for a HSM model has been simulated, and the experimental study for similar cases has been carried out by implementing the designed controller in real-time operation by using Real Time Windows Target Toolbox of Matlab software and Simulink. Simulation and experimental results show that random noise source changes current profile and affects the accuracy of positioning. Performance of the proposed PID controller under the implementation of random noise on phases one and two of stepper motor has been proved to be accurate enough even under disturbance load currents, on the system. Experimental and simulation results show the good performance of designed controller in tracking problem, affected by various random noise powers and motor speeds in different micro-step positions. Moreover there is an excellent agreement between experimental and simulation results.     

Performance analysis of an FFH/BFSK receiver with ratio-statistic combining in a fading channel with multitone interference

The bit-error probability (BEP) is evaluated for a fast frequency-hopping/binary frequency-shift keying spread-spectrum communication system over a frequency-nonselective, slowly fading channel with worst-case band multitone jamming and additive white Gaussian noise. A diversity reception technique with ratio-statistic combining is applied at the receiver. Both square-law and envelope detectors are utilized and analyzed. Based on circularly symmetric signal theory, the paper obtains the closed-form expressions of probability density function and cumulative distribution function of the ratio-statistic output. It is shown from the analytical results, and verified by simulation, that the BEP performance of the ratio-statistic receiver is sensitive to the fading effect on the desired signal, but is insensitive to that on the jamming tones. It is also shown that the envelope detector provides better performance than the square-law detector.     

基于复合顺序形态变换的车牌边缘检测

边缘检测是图像分割的重要环节,边缘提取的好坏直接影响了整个图像处理的效果。数学形态学用具有一定形态结构的“结构元素”去度量图像的形态,以解决图像处理和分析问题。文章通过对多种边缘检测方法的分析比较,结合高速公路路口汽车图像噪声大的特点,提出了基于复合顺序形态变换的车牌边缘检测。该方法不但能有效地改善有噪图像边缘检测的效果,鲁棒性好,而且并行快速,便于硬件实现。