电火花加工工件表面粗糙度的评定与测试

电火花加工的加工表面与切削加工表面有很大的区别。但是,目前电火花加工工件的表面粗糙度仍然沿用切削加工表面粗糙度的评定方法和测试手段,这样不能准确地反映火花加工后工件表面的真实形貌。本文根据电火花加工的特点,提出电火花加工工件表面粗糙度的评定参数和测试方法。     

航空零部件加工表面完整性

航空航天工业中,钛合金和镍基合金是飞机结构和发动机部件的重要金属材料.这些关键结构部件的制造需达到高可靠性要求,表面完整性是用于评价精加工表面质量的最相关参数之一.钛合金和镍基合金在加工过程中产生的残余应力和表层变化对其安全性和可持续性至关重要.本文综述了钛合金和镍基合金表面完整性的研究进展,并报道了许多不同类型的表面完整性问题,通过研究表面残余应力、白层和加工硬化层以及微观结构的改变,以提高最终产品的表面质量.许多参数影响工件的表面质量,其中切削速度、进给速度、切削深度、刀具几何形状和加工工艺、刀具磨损和工件性能是最值得研究的问题之一.为了更好地理解加工引入的表面完整性问题,需要通过实验和经验研究以及基于分析和有限元建模的方法.然而,在目前的技术水平上,仍然缺乏一种基于物理过程的、适用于工业过程的全面、系统的方法.研究结果表明,在解释多种参数对钛合金和镍基合金加工效果的影响的同时,需要建立与可靠实验相一致的预测物理模型.     

铸钢表面镍基合金渗层的热疲劳行为

采用铸渗技术在铸钢ZGCr5Mo试样表面制备了镍基合金渗层,渗层的厚度为0.6—1.2 mm,考察了镍基合金渗层的热疲劳行为,用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)对热疲劳循环后的渗层表面进行了形貌观察与成分分析。结果表明:在热循环次数低于20次时,表面仅发生了氧化现象,当热循环次数超过90次时,渗层表面出现微裂纹,随着循环次数的增加,在渗层与基体的侧表面上出现贯穿渗层与基体的微裂纹以及在渗层与基体的界面处的表面氧化膜层出现了平行于渗层表面以及发散的微裂纹;随着镍基合金渗层厚度的增加,出现微裂纹的热循环次数略有降低。表面的氧化膜层主要为镍、铬的氧化物以及镍铬的复杂氧化物。     

镍基高温合金GH4065A与IN718惯性摩擦焊接研究进展

随着高性能发动机制造材料与连接技术的不断革新,镍基高温合金GH4065A与IN718逐渐受到广泛关注并成功应用.目前,以惯性摩擦焊为主导的高温合金连接技术具有较高的可靠性,是国际公认的发动机制造核心技术之一.本文综述了GH4065A与IN718这2种典型高温合金的惯性摩擦焊技术,结合时效处理方式,对比分析了同质/异质接头的宏观形貌、微观组织、室温/高温力学性能等,重点关注了摩擦热输入对惯性摩擦焊接头各区域在宏微观尺度下的影响规律,总结了同质/异质接头中晶粒尺寸及分布情况,分析了接头各区域所经历的回复与再结晶过程,明确了晶粒长大的诱导机制.基于宏观形貌与微观组织的变化规律,研究了高温合金GH4065A与IN718内部强化相的分布情况,结合室温/高温力学性能变化趋势,阐明了强化相对接头力学性能的影响规律,通过分析拉伸测试后的断口形貌,揭示了接头形成机理与断裂机制,评价了接头连接质量与实际应用可行性,优化了发动机的智能制造过程,进一步推动了GH4065A与IN718镍基高温合金在高端装备制造领域的可靠应用.     

提高磨削表面完整性的工艺研究

本文报道了使用正交试验设计法寻求合适的磨削工艺参数的实验，揭示了磨削工艺条件对磨削表面完整性的影响。     

新型镍基高温合金化学成分分析技术研究

研究了新型镍基高温合金中Ｔａ、Ｚｒ和Ｈｆ的分析技术,并探讨了ＩＣＰ－原子发射光谱法中的某些影响因素及其校正。该分析方法用于合金样品分析取得了满意的效果。     

基于SiC纳米工作液和常规乳化液的高速走丝电火花线切割加工表面特性的对比研究

以SiC纳米液为工作介质,研究高速走丝电火花线切割加工表面的特性.采用两步法制备SiC纳米流体,并与乳化液或去离子水混合作为纳米工作介质,多次切割SKH-51高速钢.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)分析表面微观形貌和纳米面粗糙度,利用Taylor-Hobson-50粗糙度仪测量宏观表面粗糙度,利用能谱仪(EDS)检测表层的化学成分.SiC/乳化液纳米工作液、常规乳化液、SiC/去离子水纳米工作液三种不同介质加工样品的纳米面粗糙度Sq分别为64.7 nm、135 nm和22.8 nm,重铸层厚度分别为11μm、16μm、14μm,宏观表面粗糙度Ra分别为1.4640μm、1.7923μm和1.3149μm.与常规乳化液加工相比,SiC纳米工作液均无明显的电极丝放电痕迹,但SiC/去离子水纳米工作液有明显的黑白条纹,表面光洁度劣于SiC/乳化液纳米工作液.SiC纳米工作液加工的表面均未呈现蜂窝状,陨石坑大而浅,微观裂纹均不明显,孔洞呈细针孔状,其中SiC/乳化液纳米工作液加工的表面针孔更细而少.SiC纳米工作液能有效提高高速走丝电火花线切割加工表面的质量.     

返回料比例对镍基高温合金K465组织和性能的影响

研究了返回料应用对K465合金成分、组织和主要力学性能的影响.结果表明,返回料合金成分与新料合金相似.返回料的加入对合金中γ′相没有明显影响;随返回料加入比例的增高,合金中显微疏松逐渐加重,100%返回料合金疏松明显多于新料合金;当返回料比例在80%以内时,合金中碳化物主要呈骨架状;而100%返回料合金中碳化物呈颗粒状,但碳化物形态可能主要受凝固工艺条件影响.当返回料比例不超过80%时,返回料的加入对合金的高温持久性能和室温拉伸强度没有明显影响,但室温延伸率有所下降;100%返回料合金的力学性能明显下降,其高温持久寿命和室温延伸率已不能满足技术条件要求.     

GH4169镍基高温合金的飞秒激光制孔性能研究

为了提升飞秒激光加工镍基高温合金材料的制孔质量,优化制孔激光加工参数,进行了制孔试验。采用飞秒激光加工试验平台,在不同的加工工艺参数(单层进给量、激光功率)下,设置不同的参数水平,对厚度为1 mm的镍基高温合金板进行小孔加工,同时对采用电火花工艺与飞秒激光加工的小孔截面形貌进行对比。结果发现,采用的激光加工功率和单层进给量增大时,加工穿透层数随之减小。入口孔径和出口孔径的尺寸都随着激光功率的增大而增大,随着单层进给量的增大而减小,孔锥度随着激光功率和单层进给量的增加先减小后增大,在单层进给量为15μm时,小孔整体锥度较小,最小锥度达2.3°。孔出口区域的粗糙度普遍大于入口处的粗糙度,且出口区域会形成周期性柱状结构。电火花小孔加工的小孔内壁产生了严重的重铸层和不规则的微裂纹等内部缺陷,而飞秒激光加工的内壁未见重熔层、晶间腐蚀、以及热影响区和裂纹等缺陷,形成了纳米条纹结构的内壁形貌,加工质量较好。在固定光斑形状和波长等参数条件下,激光功率为14 W、单层进给量为15μm时,可获得1 mm厚镍基高温合金板的最优制孔质量。     

非混粉电火花镜面加工及表面质量检测

采用解析法和有限元分析方法,分析了各因素对电火花加工表面质量的影响,提出了一种在电火花放电加工过程中逐级改变加工电规准,并依次加大电极的摇动量进行镜面加工的方法.提出应用白光干涉方法测量镜面加工工件表面质量的微观形貌,具有非接触、高精度等特点,垂直分辨力达到纳米级.实验表明在非混粉加工液中,不更换电极且被加工工件为45#钢的情况下,利用白光干涉测量法检测出电火花镜面加工的工件表面粗糙度Ra为0.02μm,满足电火花镜面加工精度的要求.     

Surface integrity of Inconel 718 by hybrid selective laser melting and milling

ABSTRACT

While selective laser melting (SLM) offers design freedom of metal parts with much less material consumption, there exist several limitations, including high surface roughness, low-dimensional accuracy, and high tensile residual stresses. To make functional parts with high form accuracy and superior surface integrity, an as-SLM part needs finishing to remove the deposited surface material. The integration of machining and SLM creates a hybrid manufacturing route to overcome the inherited limitations of SLM. However, little study has been done to characterise surface integrity of an as-SLM part followed by machining (e.g. hybrid SLM-milling). In this paper, surface, integrity including surface roughness, microstructure, and microhardness, have been characterised for IN718 samples processed by the hybrid process. It has been found that microhardness varies with the scan direction and the use of coolant in the subsequent milling, and surface integrity can be significantly improved by the hybrid SLM-milling route.     

Electrode wear phenomenon and its compensation in micro electrical discharge milling: A review

Micro electrical discharge machining (µEDM) is playing a significant role in the world of miniaturization, especially in micro electro mechanical systems, biomedical devices, micro die/molds, etc. Micro electrical discharge milling (µED-milling) is a variant of µEDM used for producing complex 3D features with a simple shaped tool. The material removal mechanism of µEDM depends on electro-thermal energy between the tool electrode and workpiece. µEDM inherently being a non-contact machining process, leads to produce miniaturized features in hard to machine materials. Besides erosion of the workpiece material, intrinsic feature of the process leads to tool wear (TW) and introduces dimensional inaccuracy in the micro features. Thus, it is essential to know the factors influencing the TW, and thereby compensate the TW to achieve dimensional stability of the machined features. The critical factors affecting the wear phenomenon of a tool and various techniques applied to compensate TW in µED-milling along with future trends of their application are presented. The key issues of µED-milling and challenges faced in implementing a TW compensation technique are highlighted. The concept of intentional wear of tool electrode and associated advantages in EDM is also demonstrated.     

Effect of electrical discharge machining process on crack susceptibility of nickel based heat resistant alloy

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of electrical discharge machining (EDM) process conditions on the crack susceptibility of a nickel-based superalloy. Because sequential processes are inevitable in the manufacturing industry, the effects of EDM and post-EDM processes on the crack propagation behaviour of the components need to be clearly understood. The altered material zone (AMZ) of EDM processed Hastelloy X revealed different morphology before and after solution heat treatment. Depending on the EDM dielectric fluid and the post-EDM process such as solution heat treatment, it was found that cracks existing in the recast layer could propagate into substrate when a 20% strain tensile force was applied at room temperature. In the case of the kerosene electrical discharge (ED) machined specimens, it was observed that carburisation and sharp crack propagation along the grain boundary occurred after the heat treatment. However, the deionised water ED machined specimens after heat treatment underwent oxidation and showed no crack propagation behaviour. A metallurgical evaluation of the microstructure of the AMZ was also conducted.     

Performance analysis of magnetorheological fluid-assisted electrical discharge machining

In this study, a newly developed method of electric discharge machining has been proposed, which uses magnetorheological (MR) fluid instead of conventional oil like kerosene. The paper aims to reveal the process parameters that affect the material removal rate (MRR) during newly developed EDM process. This hybrid machining process showed dual advantage of high-quality machined surface with improved cutting efficiency. The viscoelastic nature of MR fluid is found to give polishing effect as well as high material removal resulting in more stable processing and improved EDM performance. The experimentation has been performed to determine effect of duty cycle, discharge current, pulse on time, percentage concentration of alumina particles surface roughness, and MRR. It has been found that MRR and surface finish improved significantly. The experimental results demonstrated that the EDM process combined with MR fluid resulted in an increase in MRR and surface finish significantly under a certain limit of carbonyl iron percentage (CIPs) in MR fluid.     

不同振动方式下的钛合金超声振动铣削表面完整性研究

钛合金在机械工程领域应用广泛,其加工表面完整性对钛合金工件的耐磨性、疲劳强度、使用寿命有着非常重要的影响.通过对工件施加不同振动方向的超声振动,开展了不同振动方向下的TC4钛合金超声振动侧铣平面试验,分析了不同振动方式的运动学轨迹特征,研究了振动方式、切削参数对钛合金加工表面完整性的影响规律.结果表明:法向振动铣削后的...     

LBO晶体的超精密加工工艺研究

采用Logitech PM5精密研抛机,通过机械抛光和化学机械抛光方法超精密加工LBO晶体;详细研究了LBO晶体的超精密加工工艺,并观察研磨和抛光等加工过程后的晶体表面形貌;研究抛光液和抛光垫在抛光中对LBO晶体表面微观形貌的影响.使用Wkyo激光干涉仪测量平面度,光学显微镜观察表面宏观损伤,原子力显微镜测量表面粗糙度和观察微观形貌.通过实验,实现高效率、高精度、高质量的LBO晶体的超精密加工,得到了LBO晶体的超精密加工工艺;超精密加工后晶体的表面粗糙度＜0.2nm RMS,表面平面度＜氇/10(氇=633nm),微观损伤少.     

Electrical discharge machining of ZrO2 toughened WC composites

The interrelationships between the dispersion of the ZrO₂ phase and the electrical discharge machining (EDM) behaviour of WC based composites with 0, 5 or 10 vol% of ZrO₂ are investigated. Special attention was given to the homogeneity of the ultrafine WC – nanometric ZrO₂ powder based composites which were fully densified by means of pulsed electric current sintering (PECS). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements revealed the presence of a nanometric WO₃ layer on the EDM surface, confirming oxidation as the major material removal mechanism (MRM). The surface roughness after the final EDM finishing regime was strongly influenced by the composite homogeneity and could be reduced down to 0.15 μm (R_a) on agglomerate-free composites. Residual stress measurements indicated that EDM did not introduce a significant amount of surface stresses, especially not after the final finishing regime. XRD measurements of EDM surfaces however indicated surface depletion of ZrO₂ by the formation of ZrC and W₂C during spark erosion.     

电子电气产品的插头放电测试

研究插头放电的测试方法,比较了不同标准判定的差异,一般考察特定时间的电压或电压下降到特定值所需的时间。通过对相关测试结果的分析,发现由于很难在电压峰值切断电压,故理论值大于实测值。为减小探头阻抗对测试值的影响,所用探头电阻需尽量大,电容需尽量小。     

铬及铍表面辉光放电清洗的研究

本文对He辉光放电清洗后的铬（Cr）表面杂质去除情况和铍（Be）样品真空出气量变化进行了实验研究。使用场发射扫描电镜和表面质量测量仪对比观察了不同放电参数处理后的Cr样品表面，结果显示在放电功率为200～300W、放电室压强为1～10Pa、清洗时间为10-20min时可较好地清除表面杂质和降低表面粗糙度；对辉光放电处理前后Be样品出气情况的实验对比结果显示，清洗后1h内总出气量约降为清洗前的1／6。