搅拌头形状对铝合金搅拌摩擦点焊流场的影响

采用商用CFD软件包中的FLUENT软件对2A14铝合金搅拌摩擦点焊过程中材料的流动情况进行了三维数值摸拟.为分析搅拌头轴肩底面轮廓对材料流动的影响,分别建立了平面轴肩和凹面轴肩.当采用凹面轴肩时,材料流动状况更明显.为分析搅拌针的形状对点焊稳态过程流场的影响,建立了圆柱形、三角形和方形三种不同形状的搅拌针模型.与圆柱形搅拌针相比,三角形和方形搅拌针引起的材料流动的范围更大.本文在计算过程中,没有考虑热耗散.     

工艺参数对机器人搅拌摩擦焊轴向力和前进抗力的影响EI北大核心CSCD

针对6061-T6铝合金机器人搅拌摩擦焊(RFSW)展开研究,首先在库卡机器人的末端和搅拌摩擦焊电主轴之间安装六维力传感器,搭建六维力传感器数据采集系统。其次采用不同的工艺参数对5 mm 6061-T6铝合金进行焊接,在焊接过程中实时监测搅拌头受到的轴向力和前进抗力,焊后对焊缝横截面进行观察与分析,对焊缝横截面进行拉伸测试和硬度测量,分析轴向力和前进抗力对焊缝微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:搅拌头转速在800~3400 r/min之间,搅拌头转速对焊缝力学性能影响较小;焊接速度在60~360 mm/min之间,焊缝力学性能良好。焊接过程中搅拌针下压阶段轴向力最大,达到约5000 N,焊接阶段稳定时,轴向力约为3600 N,焊接阶段前进抗力最大,达到约−550 N。在焊接过程中,轴向力/前进抗力的比值为−6.5左右时焊缝性能良好。     

搅拌头形状对搅拌摩擦焊材料变形和温度场的影响

采用完全热力耦合模型研究了搅拌头形式对搅拌摩擦焊接中材料变形和温度场的影响.结果表明,搅拌头轴肩形状变得平坦会导致焊接温度和塑性变形程度的降低,有效功率会减少.采用锥形搅拌针时焊接温度较柱形搅拌针低,这是由于接触而滑动率减少导致摩擦热减少,但是此时,塑性变形会增加.采用尺寸较小的搅拌头轴肩时,摩擦面积的减小是导致焊接温...     

6mm厚6061-T6铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊工艺方法研究

针对6 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材,设计制造了不同结构形式和尺寸规格的双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊工具,并对搅拌摩擦焊工具的结构形式和尺寸规格对焊接过程及焊接接头质量的影响进行了系统的分析研究：设计制造了两体式和三体式双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊工具,并对两种结构形式进行分析;设计制造了环状轴肩和凹面轴肩,通过焊接工艺试验得知凹面轴肩焊缝成形性优于环状轴肩;设计制造了正-反螺纹搅拌针、正螺纹搅拌针、整圆柱搅拌针和圆柱铣扁搅拌针;圆柱铣扁搅拌针焊缝焊接质量优于其他三种结构形式的搅拌针。采用凹面轴肩和圆柱铣扁搅拌针组装成的搅拌头,对6 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材进行焊接,在主轴转速为800 r/min、焊接速度为150 mm/min工艺参数下,焊接接头得到最大抗拉强度值为220MPa,达到母材抗拉强度（315 MPa）的70%。     

AA5083铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数对搅拌头受力和热输入的影响(英文)

采用系统实验设计方法研究AA5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数对搅拌头受力和热量输入的影响,得到了用来设计搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头和焊机的经验模型。当采用计算机来控制搅拌摩擦焊接时,这些模型可用来确定AA5083这类铝合金的摩擦焊接工艺参数、编制焊接程序及工艺参数控制。结果表明:影响轴向力和热量输入的重要参数是搅拌头转速、焊接速度和搅拌头轴肩直径,而影响纵向应力的重要参数是焊接速度和探头直径。     

纯铝1060搅拌摩擦微连接焊接力及温度研究

搅拌摩擦焊过程中各物理量的采集分析为理解接头形成过程及质量影响因素提供重要的数据支持.为研究搅拌摩擦微连接过程中焊接力及温度的变化情况,利用自制的监测系统对0.8 mm厚1060-H24超薄铝板搅拌摩擦微连接过程中的焊接力及不同搅拌头转速下的焊缝温度进行了实时测量采集.研究结果表明:搅拌头转速为11000 r/min时焊缝温度最高,达到约350℃,因焊接过程中的搅拌摩擦作用,焊缝金属受热充足流动性好,易形成表面形貌美观且性能优良的搅拌摩擦微连接接头;搅拌头下压驻留后,在初始焊接阶段,焊接轴向力保持在约50 N,持续2 s后因母材受热严重软化导致轴向力开始迅速下降,降至约30 N后稳定焊接.在焊接阶段中焊接横向力始终保持在20～40 N范围内小幅度波动.     

铝锂合金机器人搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能

为降低焊接压力以适应机器人搅拌摩擦焊接的需求,采用小尺寸轴肩,在较低焊接载荷下进行搅拌摩擦焊接试验. 以单位面积焊缝热输入相同为控制原则,研究了搅拌头轴肩尺寸对2 mm厚2060-T8铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程压力、焊缝成形、接头微观组织及力学性能的影响. 结果表明,随着搅拌头轴肩尺寸的减小,所需焊接压力呈非线性下降,且稳定焊接过程中载荷振幅值降低. 当轴肩尺寸为4 mm时,焊缝表面形成较大飞边,且接头内部产生孔洞缺陷,当轴肩尺寸大于6 mm时,能获得表面成形良好且内部无缺陷的接头. 当轴肩尺寸为6 mm时,焊接压力为2 800 N,焊核区平均晶粒尺寸为0.52 μm,接头抗拉强度达到最大为396 MPa,为母材的74.1%,显微硬度呈“U”形分布,断裂位置为焊核区,断裂方式为韧—脆混合型断裂.     

搅拌摩擦焊过程中搅拌头温度场分布特征

试验测定了搅拌头温度分布曲线,分析了搅拌头温度场的分布特征,对比研究了不同材质搅拌头温度分布的特点.结果表明,摩擦焊初始阶段,搅拌区域金属的软化致使摩擦针与试板之间的摩擦产热量降低,在搅拌头轴肩与试板接触之前,搅拌头温度出现滞涨,并出现一定程度的回落;稳定焊接阶段,摩擦热传递至搅拌头的热量与通过其散失的热量处于动平衡状态,其温度波动较小;高速旋转搅拌头的表面与周围空气进行强烈的热交换,搅拌头轴线上的温度高于外缘的温度;采用比热容小、热导率高材质制作的搅拌头,焊接过程中其温度变化快,整体温度高.     

基于水雾冷却的薄板铝合金高转速搅拌焊接技术研究

设计了一种高转速搅拌摩擦焊机及配套使用的局部区域水雾强制冷却装置。试验表明,该设备能够对1 mm厚的6061-T6薄板铝合金进行对接,在高转速条件下,下压量为0.08 mm时,前进阻力随转速和焊接速度的增大而增大,其最大值不超过70 N;侧向力与焊接速度、转速的关系不明显,其最大值不超过60 N;轴向力随轴肩直径增大而增大,随搅拌针长度的增大而减小,其最大值不超过2.5 kN;在搅拌摩擦头转速为15 000 r/min、焊接速度为100 mm/min时,焊接接头抗拉强度达到265 MPa,为母材抗拉强度的87.2%。     

搅拌头旋转频率对静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能的影响规律

利用自行设计的静止轴肩装置对6005A-T6铝合金进行了静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊的试验研究.结果表明,当焊接速度为200 mm/min时,表面光滑且无缺陷的焊接接头抗拉强度与断后伸长率随着搅拌头旋转频率的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势;焊接接头的正背弯180°无裂纹;当旋转频率为1800 r/min时,抗拉强度达到最大值234 MPa,接头强度系数达到79%.静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头的显微维氏硬度呈W形分布,最小值出现在前进侧的热影响区;接头的软化程度随搅拌头旋转频率的增加而增加.焊接接头的断裂位置位于热力影响区,断口呈韧性断裂.     

搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对铸态A356铝合金抗拉强度的影响(英文)

A356是一种高强度铝硅铸造态合金,广泛用于食品、化工、船舶、电器和汽车行业。熔焊这种铸造合金时存在许多问题,如孔隙、微裂隙、热裂等。然而,用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)来焊接这种铸造态合金可以避免上述缺陷发生。研究了搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对铸造态A356铝合金抗拉强度的影响;对旋转速度、焊接速度和轴向力等工艺参数进行优化;从宏观和微观组织分析角度对焊接区的质量进行分析;对焊接接头的抗拉强度进行了测定,并对抗拉强度与焊缝区硬度和显微组织的相关性进行了研究。在旋转速度1000r/min、焊接速度75mm/min和轴向力5kN的条件下得到的焊接接头具有最高的抗拉强度。     

Influences of process parameters on tensile strength of friction stir welded cast A319 aluminium alloy joints

Fusion welding of cast A319 (Al-Si-Cu) alloy will lead to many problems including porosity, micro-fissuring, and hot cracking. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) can be used to weld A319 alloy without these defects. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to study the effect of FSW process parameters on the tensile strength of A319 alloy welded joints. Joints were made using different combinations of tool rotation speed, welding speed, and axial force, each at four levels. The quality of weld zone was analyzed using macrostructure and microstructure analysis. Tensile strength of the joints were evaluated and correlated with the weld zone microstructure. The joint fabricated with a 1200 rpm tool rotation speed, 40 mm/min welding speed, and 4 kN axial force showed superior tensile strength compared with the other joints.     

Multi-Response Optimization of Friction-Stir-Welded AA1100 Aluminum Alloy Joints

AA1100 aluminum alloy has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures. Friction stir welding process (FSW) is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. The process and tool parameters of FSW play a major role in deciding the joint characteristics. In this research, the relationships between the FSW parameters (rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, shoulder diameter, pin diameter, and tool hardness) and the responses (tensile strength, hardness, and corrosion rate) were established. The optimal welding conditions to maximize the tensile strength and minimize the corrosion rate were identified for AA1100 aluminum alloy and reported here.     

搅拌工具尺寸和工艺参数对塑料搅拌摩擦焊焊缝质量的影响

用不同尺寸的搅拌工具对聚氯乙烯(PVC)板材进行了搅拌摩擦对接焊工艺试验.试验证明,在搅拌工具肩部直径为30 mm,搅拌头直径为10 mm,搅拌头旋转速度为1 660 r/min,焊接速度为25 mm/min的情况下,可以得到焊缝饱满、成形美观的焊接接头.提高搅拌头的旋转速度可以成比例地提高焊接温度;焊接速度的影响较复杂,增大焊接速度一方面会降低焊接热输入,一方面又会间接地增大搅拌头的进给阻力,从而增大摩擦发热功率,提高焊接温度;搅拌工具肩部直径直接影响肩部与被焊材料表面的摩擦发热功率,增大肩部直径可以提高焊接温度,还有利于阻止焊缝材料的飞溅和外溢;而搅拌头直径的影响较复杂,增大它既可以提高搅拌头侧面与被焊材料之间的相对运动线速度,从而提高焊接温度,又会增加被焊材料的吸热功率和传热面积,从而降低焊接温度.     

Influence of tool material on mechanical and microstructural properties of friction stir welded 316L austenitic stainless steel butt joints

In the present research, the influence of friction stir welding (FSW) tool material on the mechanical and microstructural properties of friction stir (FS) welded 316L stainless steel butt joints is investigated. FS welds were produced using two different tungsten based FSW tools having identical tool shoulder and pin profiles. In both the cases, the FSW experimental runs were carried out using tool rotational speed of 600 rpm, welding speed of 45 mm/min, axial force of 11 kN and tool tilt angle of 1.5°. The results of the study show that the joints produced using the tungsten lanthanum oxide tool are having superior mechanical and microstructural properties when compared to the joints produced using tungsten heavy alloy tool. Furthermore, the tool degradation study by mass loss and photographic techniques suggests that the tungsten lanthanum oxide tool is more prone to degradation by plastic deformation, whereas the tungsten heavy alloy tool is more prone to degradation by wear.     

Experimental study on distortion of Al-6013 plate after friction stir welding

Abstract

Friction stir welding (FSW) experiments with different panel dimensions and welding parameters have been designed to study the distortion of FSW. The FSW experiments were carried out with a load control facility to make the welding parameters reliable. The distortion of FSW is much smaller than that of arc welding, but it is still very significant. Three-dimensional distortion measuring system was applied to further study distortion trends. The results show that the distortion after FSW is in saddle shape, with convex bending in longitudinal direction and concave bending in transverse direction. This distortion pattern is in contrary with that of traditional arc welding. It is also found that increasing the panel length increases the longitudinal distortion but almost do not influence the transverse distortion. Increasing the rotation speed increases both longitudinal distortion and transverse distortion. The influence of welding speed on distortion is not very clear.     

Multi-objective optimization of friction stir welding parameters using desirability approach to join Al/SiCp metal matrix composites

Silicon carbide particulate (SiC_p) reinforced cast aluminium (Al) based metal matrix composites (MMCs) have gained wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring high specific strength, high temperature capability and good wear resistance. Friction stir welding (FSW) process parameters play major role in deciding the performance of welded joints. The ultimate tensile strength, notch tensile strength and weld nugget hardness of friction stir butt welded joints of cast Al/SiC_p MMCs (AA6061 with 20% (volume fraction) of SiC_p) were investigated. The relationships between the FSW process parameters (rotational speed, welding speed and axial force) and the responses (ultimate tensile strength, notch tensile strength and weld nugget hardness) were established. The optimal welding parameters to maximize the mechanical properties were identified by using desirability approach. From this investigation, it is found that the joints fabricated with the tool rotational speed of 1370 r/min, welding speed of 88.9 mm/min, and axial force of 9.6 kN yield the maximum ultimate tensile strength, notch tensile strength and hardness of 265 MPa, 201 MPa and HV114, respectively.     

焊接速度对BT-FSW 2219铝合金接头流动行为及组织与力学性能影响分析

以4 mm厚2219-T87铝合金为研究对象,采用数值模拟和试验研究相结合的方法,研究了焊接速度对双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接(BT-FSW)过程中金属流动行为、接头组织特征和力学性能的影响. 模拟结果表明,随着焊接速度增加,焊缝高温区逐渐变窄,轴肩附近的材料流动减弱,而搅拌针附近的材料流动增强. 试验结果表明,随着焊接速度增加,材料汇流区及S线缺陷均向前进侧(AS)靠近,焊接速度过大时AS附近的搅拌区(SZ)形成不连续组织. 接头SZ的硬度值随着焊接速度增加而增大,而拉伸强度先增大后稍降低. 当转速为300 r/min,焊接速度为150 mm/min时,接头获得最大的拉伸强度,为414 MPa ± 4MPa.     

Investigations on the Effects of the Tool Material,Geometry, and Tilt Angle on Friction Stir Welding of Pure Titanium

Friction stir welding (FSW) parameters, such as tool material, tool geometry, tilt angle, tool rotational speed, welding speed, and axial force play a major role in the weld quality of titanium alloys. Because of excessive erosion, tool material and geometry play the main roles in FSW of titanium alloys. Therefore, in the present work for the first time, tool material and geometry, tool tilt angle, cooling system and shielding gas effects on macrostructure, microstructure, and mechanical properties of pure titanium weld joint were investigated. Result of this research shows that Ti can be joined by the FSW, using a tool with a shoulder made of tungsten (W) and simple pin made of tungsten carbide (WC). The best conditions for welding were use of compressed air as a cooling system, tool tilt angle of 1°, and a stream of Argon as a shielding medium. Investigation on mechanical properties shows that the tensile strength and the yield strength of the welded joint in the best case could be similar to the corresponding strengths of the base metal.