Forensic analysis of tempered sheet glass by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE)

The elemental concentrations of five trace elements in tempered sheet glass fragments were determined using particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry. The trace element concentrations for calcium, iron, manganese, strontium, and titanium are compared to those obtained by inductively-coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) following complete digestion by hydrofluoric acid. For these five elements, the absolute concentrations obtained by both methods are shown to agree well over a wide range of concentrations. The limits of detection for trace elements are typically lower for the ICP-AES method. However, we show that the concentrations of these five elements can be accurately measured by the PIXE method. Since PIXE is an entirely non-destructive method, there exists a niche for this technique to be used as a complement to the more sensitive ICP-AES technique in the forensic analysis of sheet glass.     

用PIXE方法分析人发中微量元素时数据质量问题剖析

头发是人体排泄微量元素的器官之一,头发中微量元素的含量间接地反映人体中微量元素的含量。头发中微量元素的含量能反映一定时间内人体微量元素含量的情况。它可以作为环境条件和人体功能的“指示器”,给出环境污染和人体健康与疾病的信息。而发样又     

Accelerator-based trace element analysis of foods and agriculture products

An accelerator-based analytical method for measuring trace elements in foods and agricultural products was developed, optimized, validated and compared using reference standards. The method’s initial phase is a new, rapid and effective digestion process of a small mass analyte in an aqueous media containing H₂O₂. Digestion is initiated by radicals formed in water with pulsed UV (PUV) induced (laser) photolysis, which rapidly react with organic matter. After digestion, trace metals are pre-concentrated as carbamates and deposited as thin targets onto Teflon filters. Conventional particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) or X-ray fluorescence (XRF) methods are then used to analyze elements in the sample. When foods and other agricultural commodities (i.e., soils, feeds) are analyzed, the combined method named pulsed UV (PUV)/PIXE results in enhanced detection of trace elements such as Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb at ∼1 mg/kg (1 ppm) levels, without lengthy, acid-based digestions. It provides improvements in digestion kinetics and processing time enhancing analytical sensitivity and element recovery. Precision and recovery yields were confirmed with food reference standards. The analysis of edible foods from contaminated agricultural areas is also reported.     

玉石及中国古代玉器的PIXE分析

本文用外束PIXE技术分析了中国古代玉器和玉石的主量、微量元素的种类和含量.实验结果表明,外束PIXE技术在判定古代玉器的玉料来源和区别不同产地玉石方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

质子激发X射线荧光分析法测定头发、肾和肝中的微量元素

本文使用质子激发X射线荧光分析法(PIXE)测定正常人发、肝和肾组织中的微量元素。详细介绍了样品的采集制备、实验测定和定量方法,并且使用标准参考物质小牛肝(NBS)、马肾(IAEA)和比对粉末发样检查校正测量系统的准确性。报道了三种器官组织中近二十种微量元素的含量,初步探讨了人体自身器官组织中微量元素含量分布之间的相互关系。     

用PIXE和自身对照方式研究肿瘤中痕量元素的变化

用质子X荧光分析法(PIXE)分析了15只小白鼠的S180纤维肉瘤和正常组织中15种元素含量,采用自身对照形式研究痕量元素变化,以消除生物个体的差异。另取健康小鼠作空白,数据作统计分析,结果发现Fe、Zn、As和Cu/Zn以及多种元素比值有明显的差异,并讨论了这些元素与肿瘤的关系。     

Some aspects of statistical distribution of trace element concentrations in biomedical samples

Concentrations of trace elements in biomedical samples were studied using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TRXRF) and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) methods. Used analytical methods were compared in terms of their detection limits and applicability for studying the trace elements in large populations of biomedical samples. In a result, the XRF and TRXRF methods were selected to be used for the trace element concentration measurements in the urine and woman full-term placenta samples. The measured trace element concentration distributions were found to be strongly asymmetric and described by the logarithmic–normal distribution. Such a distribution is expected for the random sequential process, which realistically models a level of trace elements in studied biomedical samples. The importance and consequences of this finding are discussed, especially in the context of comparison of the concentration measurements in different populations of biomedical samples.     

Thick-target Pixe analysis of chromium, copper and arsenic impregnated lumber

Chromium, copper and arsenic (CCA) have for decades been used for wood preservation. Of these elements especially arsenic is very toxic. As CCA impregnated wood is still today used for many construction purposes, a monitoring of these metal ions is of great environmental importance. Thick-target PIXE is a powerful method for the determination of trace metals in wood. The TTPIXE method enabled study of variations of the elemental concentrations in lumber treated with CCA impregnation solution. Distribution patterns were obtained for both naturally occurring elements and elements introduced in the treatment process. During the impregnation process a desorption of e.g. alkali metal ions takes place from the wood. The sensitivity of the method is improved by dry ashing of the samples prior to PIXE analysis. The TTPIXE method was calibrated and validated using international certified reference materials (CRM) based on wood material.     

External PIGE–PIXE measurements at the São Paulo 8UD tandem accelerator

An external PIGE–PIXE setup was installed on a beam line of the 8 MV tandem Pelletron accelerator of the Open Nuclear Physics Laboratory (LAFN). Proton beam energy was chosen in the 8–12 MeV range, sufficient to get an acceptable gamma ray yield but not so high as to prevent us from measuring X-rays. This also allowed the use of a thick aluminum exit window (0.5 mm) instead of the usual thin and sometimes fragile plastic windows. This external PIXE–PIGE system was used to analyze trace element concentrations in the enamel of human and animal teeth. The main interest was to find compatible human teeth substitutes for dentistry laboratory practice and chemical tests. In spite of their morpho-histological similarity, trace element concentrations in human and animal teeth have not yet been compared. Teeth from humans, cattle and swine collected primary at São Paulo region were analyzed. The elements Cu, K, Zn, Fe, Ti, Sr, V, Mn and Zr were detected by high energy external beam PIXE technique. Though preliminary, the results showed that the trace element concentrations observed in the enamel of human and swine are more similar to each other than to cattle teeth.     

用质子激发X荧光分析法测定肝硬化病人血清的微量元素含量——探讨中医治疗疗效

本文利用质子激发经X荧光分析法测量正常人和肝硬化病人血清中Zn、Cu、Fe、Br和Rb等元素的含量。结果表明,中医治疗前后,血清中微量元素含量有显著差异。治疗后,病人症状有明显改善,且微量元素的含量也向正常人靠近。     

用质子激发X射线分析方法进行人发微量元素的分析研究

一、序言 质子激发X射线分析方法是瑞典人约翰逊在1970年首先提出来的。由于它具有灵敏度高、取样少、无损伤、快速、适用范围广等特点,使它在十余年中在生物医学、环境科学、地质、冶金、考古学和法学等领域得到了广泛的应用。我们应用质子激发X射线分析方法分析了人发中的微量元素。     

Study by PIXE method of trace elements transferred from prostheses to soft tissues and organs

Some metallic prostheses inserted in human hip undergo physico-chemical modification, a few years after their implantation. Tissues surrounding these prostheses are damaged by metallic element transfer. Surgeons in Clermont-Ferrand Hospital (France) recover tissues of abnormal coloration that were in contact with metallic implants. PIXE technique (particles induced X-ray emission) with a 400 μm proton beam and 3 MeV of energy is an efficient technique to analyze these tissues and to detect elements, which are transferred from prosthesis to tissues. PIXE analyses were carried at the CERI-CNRS Laboratory. We have applied this method to determine qualitatively and quantitatively trace elements migration from metallic implants to surrounding tissues and organs, like kidney, spleen, liver, lymphatic gland and lung.     

骨骼样品PIXE分析测定方法研究

简单介绍用内标法测定骨骼样品中微量元素的制样方法，特别是复合吸收片的方法，可克服主量元素Ｐ和Ｃａ对微量元素的影响，使骨骼样品的质子激发Ｘ荧光分析法（ＰＩＸＥ）能谱中微量元素Ｓ、Ｋ、Ｓｃ、Ｖ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ的能峰清晰、突出，为定量分析奠定了基础。微量元素Ｆｅ和Ｓｒ的相对规一含量在骨折愈合过程中分别呈鼓凸形和下凹形规则性变化。     

A new mapping acquisition and processing system for simultaneous PIXE-RBS analysis with external beam

The combination of ion beam analysis techniques is particularly fruitful for the study of cultural heritage objects. For several years, the AGLAE facility of the Louvre laboratory has been implementing these techniques with an external beam. The recent set-up permits to carry out PIXE, PIGE and RBS simultaneously on the same analyzed spot with a particle beam of approximately 20 μm diameter.A new mapping system has been developed in order to provide elemental concentration maps from the PIXE and RBS spectra. This system combines the Genie2000 spectroscopy software with a homemade software that creates maps by handling acquisition with the object position. Each pixel of each PIXE and RBS maps contains the spectrum normalised by the dose. After analysing each pixel of the PIXE maps (low and high energy X-ray spectra) with the Gupixwin peak-fitting software, quantitative elemental concentrations are obtained for the major and trace elements. This paper presents the quantitative elemental maps extracted from the PIXE spectra and the development of RBS data processing for light element distribution and thin layer characterization. Examples on rock painting and lustrous ceramics will be presented.     

山东省胃癌高低发地区主要食物中微量元素的PIXE分析

介绍了用PIXE技术分析食物中微量元素的方法,给出了山东省胃癌高发区栖霞县和低发区苍山县当地产主要食物的微量元素谱．t检验结果显示,栖霞县食物中Sr、Ni、Cu、Mn和Fe的含量显著高于苍山县,而Se的含量则相反．     

Improved detection limits in PIXE analysis employing wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

A wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was employed to measure the proton induced Lα X-ray emission spectra of Ag, Pd and Cd targets in order to lower detection limits for trace amounts of Pd and Cd in silver matrix. The measurements were performed with a Johansson-type crystal spectrometer having an energy resolution below the natural linewidths of the measured L X-ray lines. As a direct consequence of such ultrahigh experimental energy resolution, detection limits of only few tens of ppm were reached. The method presented in this work can be used in general to improve substantially PIXE detection limits compared to standard energy dispersive spectroscopy for the measurement of trace elements with atomic number in the close vicinity of the atomic number of the target matrix element.     

用PIXE方法研究骨折家兔骨骼微量元素的变化

用质子激发X荧光分析法测定48只家兔在挠骨骨折愈合过程中骨骼中多种微量元素含量的变化。结果表明，Fe和Sr分别呈鼓凸形和下凹形规律性变化，故Fe和Sr含量的变化可作为骨折愈合过程的指示剂。在骨折愈合过程中发现骨骼和血液中元素钙的相对含量保持不变，故无法为西医用补充钙来治疗骨折的疗法提供依据，但我们的研究结果却表明中医补充微量元素治疗骨折的疗法是有道理的。     

Non-destructive analysis and appraisal of ancient Chinese porcelain by PIXE

This paper reports the results of the PIXE analysis on ancient Chinese blue and white porcelain fired at Kuan Kiln (Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province) during 13–19th century. The major, minor and trace element of porcelain body, white glaze and blue glaze were determined by PIXE. In this paper the chemical compositions of porcelain body, white glaze and blue glaze measured from Yuan (AD 1206–1368), Ming (AD 1368–1644) and Qing (AD 1616–1911) blue and white porcelain are present. The cobalt blue pigment used in Yuan, Ming and Qing are also discussed.     

用PIXE技术分析山东省胃癌高,低发区饮水中的微量元素

介绍了用ＰＩＸＥ技术分析饮水中微量元素的方法，给出了山东省胃癌高发区栖霞县与低发区苍山县饮水中的微量元素谱。两地饮水中微量元素含量的检验显示，Ｔｉ，Ｖ，Ｃｕ，Ｆｅ和Ｆｒ等５种元素栖霞均显著高于苍山县。     

PIXE as a complement to trace metal analysis of sediments by ICP-OES

The adverse effects of metal contamination in sediments require methods that can quickly and accurately assess the extent of environmental pollution. Particle induced X-ray emission spectrometry (PIXE) is demonstrated to be a viable alternative to an established method, which consists of acid digestion and Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to measure trace metals in sediment. The analysis of trace metal composition by both techniques on a NIST Standard Reference Material mud gives results that are consistent with the certified values for fourteen measured metals, seven of which are common to both methods. A comparison study conducted on a sediment core from a freshwater lake with a known chromium contamination in Muskegon County, MI also shows a good correlation between the methods for transition metals of environmental interest over a wide range of metal concentrations. Total sample preparation and analysis time for the PIXE measurements is roughly one third that of acid digestion and ICP-OES. Also, the acid digestion step does not elute all the metal, while the nondestructive PIXE approach is a total metals analysis method. However the PIXE method generally has higher limits of detection for many environmental metal contaminants. By combining the two techniques, the acid digestion elution factor can be quantified by running PIXE on an original sample and on the residue resulting from acid digestion.