储能科学与工程专业建设与人才培养模式进展与探讨

储能对于促进太阳能、风能等清洁可再生能源的发展具有重要的作用,储能科学与工程专业的建设和人才培养为储能行业的快速发展提供了稳固的人才支持,对于实现"双碳"目标具有重要的作用。自西安交通大学于2020年获批第一个储能科学与工程本科专业以来,目前已有60余所高校开设了该专业,这一迅猛发展趋势清晰地表明储能科学与工程专业的建设与人才培养正处于蓬勃发展的阶段。储能科学与工程专业涉及动力工程及工程热物理、电气工程、材料科学与工程等多个学科的知识体系,给专业的建设和人才的培养带来一定的难度。虽然储能科学与工程专业已经过了几年的发展,但是其专业建设和人才培养模式仍在不断地探索和改进,且不同高校的课程体系、人才培养方向有所差异,呈现出各自的特点。本文汇总了部分高校在储能科学与工程专业课程体系建设、培养方向设置以及储能教学资源和平台建设等情况,总结了不同高校在储能领域人才培养的经验和思路,为该专业的建设与人才培养提供借鉴。     

建筑防火与安全的标本兼治与综合治理

通过对国内外建筑节能中外墙外保温系统存在的防火安全问题的分析,从标准、规范、政策、监管及市场等方面论述了中国要完成＂十二五＂规划中提出的建筑节能总目标,在现阶段只能采用国内外通用的高效节能泡沫（EPS、XPS、PU）作主体保温材料。结合杨宗焜教授专家团队采用的化学结构改性技术,对走无卤化、结碳膨胀型难燃化技术路线研制的火焰传播性小,烟雾少、毒性小、耐燃性好,火焰贯穿强的难燃化的新型PU泡沫的技术特点、成果应用等进行了阐述,提出中国应结合国外发达国家相关规范及标准,尽快建立并完善中国式建筑节能保温系统中的防火安全技术标准,规范划分防火安全耐火性等级及市场规范,并最终实现标本兼治、综合治理的建筑防火安全目标。     

与节能

一提到能量,往往会想到其数量为多少J,似乎能量只有量的一面,其实不然.1kg的水从20℃升高到30℃与从80℃升高到90℃所吸收的热量是相同的.可是,它们分别是在低温段(20～30℃)和高温段(80～90℃)吸收的,因此,这两部分数量相等的热量质量并不同.     

节能与开发同步 低碳与绿色并举

山西焦煤汾西矿业集团公司（以下简称汾西矿业集团）坚持“优化结构、提高效益;优先做强、内涵转型”的战略理念,通过技术创新、制度创新、产业转型、新能源开发等手段,大力发展以“绿色、环保、节能、减排”为核心的低碳经济运行模式,一方面积极承担环境保护责任,完成国家节能降耗指标的要求,另一方面调整经济结构,提高能源利用效益,发展新兴产业,建设生态文明,走出了1条节能与开发同步、低碳与绿色并举的新路,取得了企业转型跨越发展与资源环境保护双赢的可喜成绩。     

太阳能制冷与供暖系统的设计与比较

根据上海的气候条件，以上海地区某写字楼为对象，提出4种太阳能驱动的溴化锂吸收式与电动蒸汽压缩式热泵联合制冷与供暖系统。这4种系统分别由热管式真空管集热器或抛物面槽形聚光集热器，单效或双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机，以及风冷热泵或水源热泵构成。分析比较这4种系统的节能型和经济性的结果表明，采用抛物面槽形聚光集热器＋双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机＋风冷热泵组成的系统，同时具备较好的节能性与经济性，一次能源利用率可降低约50％。     

太阳能与建筑结合的探索与实践

太阳热水器的普及,必然涉及与建筑结合的问题。建筑造型特别是屋面设计越来越具观赏性,要求太阳热水器的安装与房屋建筑统一规划、同时设计,融入建筑设计的整体风格,使两者达到完美统一,从而提升现代都市景观和生活品味。因此,太阳热水器与建筑物一体化结合已成为两个行业共同发展的方向。浙江美大公司组织技术人员成立了工程技术部,与建设部居住建筑和设备研究所等机构合作,同时为著名房地产开发公司提供设计参考资料,帮助出谋划策。公司在以下3方面工作中进行了认真的探索和实践:工程设计公司为房地产开发商(用户)和建筑设计单位提供太阳…     

工艺尺寸网络图与计算机建模与计算

本文借助工艺尺寸网络图进行工艺方案的拟定才工艺方案的选优，并利用它作为计算机的输入，配以适汪的计算机程序对工艺尺寸进行建模和计算。     

Degradation measurement and analysis for cells and stacks

Past research in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) performance assessment and improvement has focused on cell operating voltage (efficiency). Related to this metric, but distinct and equally important, is performance degradation. This paper examines cell degradation, provides key definitions needed for its characterization, and discusses the relationship of various cell performance variables. To characterize degradation, two parameters are defined, namely, area-specific resistance (ASR), and degradation rate (DR). The ASR of a cell/stack increases as a result of degradation, and therefore needs to be modeled as a time-dependent parameter. A model for SOFC cell performance is used to describe polarization losses, and to predict degradation performance. The model is then used to demonstrate the use of ASR and DR in the assessment of degradation. Available experimental data is separately used to do the same. ASR is shown to be insensitive to certain variations in test conditions and therefore is the preferred parameter for fuel cell developers when comparing performance differences arising from incremental changes in design/materials. DR is the preferred parameter for determining changes in efficiency over the lifetime of the cell/stack, which is a key concern for end users.     

水泵、节温器综合试验台的设计与应用

本文介绍了水泵、节温器综合试验台的设计与应用,论述了本试验台的设计依据、主要特点、构成及功能、实际应用等内容。本综合试验台的创新点在于：在该试验台上不仅可以完成发动机水泵的性能试验,还可以完成节温器性能和可靠性试验;而且更好的模拟了节温器在发动机上的实际使用状况,完美的将两者结合在一起,利用被试水泵作为供水泵完成了相配套的节温器试验内容。     

烃源岩生排烃理论研究与泥页岩油气

泥页岩油气的研究与勘探,必然涉及到烃源岩生排烃理论.但目前的干酪根热降解晚期生烃学说,是在油页岩热解生成页岩油概念基础上的提升,其理论明显脱离石油地质演化过程的实际,以该学说为指导研制的盆地模拟方法计算的油气资源量,表示的是烃源岩总有机碳全部热解生成石油的总量,即所谓的生油(烃)潜量,不是实际的生油量.通常含油气盆地都经历了持续沉降、整体上升、全面萎缩三个明显不同的发育阶段,盆地每个发展阶段都与成烃成藏过程有密切的关联,因此成盆成烃成藏是一个相辅相成、统一的石油地质演化过程.在持续沉降阶段,主要烃源岩基本上实现了成烃过程；整体上升阶段是盆地油气成藏的重要时期,并导致油气运移；全面萎缩阶段继续成烃完善成藏,不仅使整体上升阶段形成的油气藏继续充注油气,而且形成新的油气藏.干酪根热降解生成的石油受烃源岩(泥质岩)的孔隙空间限制,即烃源岩生油是在有限空间中进行的.通过确定烃源岩孔隙体积及其含油度等可定量计算烃源岩的生油量；通过盆地整体上升前后的烃源岩孔隙体积的变小量等可定量计算烃源岩的排油量.利用自行研制的DK-Ⅱ型地层孔隙热压生排烃模拟实验仪,开展了盆地持续沉降阶段烃源岩有限空间生烃模拟实验研究.要了解泥页岩油气的特征,必须从盆地的演化阶段及其与成烃成藏的密切关联入手.     

高压直流输电控制保护系统的对比与分析

国内直流输电控制保护系统主要是基于ABB的MACH2系统和西门子的DSP-2000系统发展起来.MACH2系统利用计算机强大的运算处理能力,在控制保护设计中加入多重反馈和限制条件,使直流控制保护可以精密化运行,但计算机和网络通信存在一些先天缺陷不可避免;DSP-2000系统通过搭建可靠的硬件平台,使直流控制保护在数据传输上更加安全可靠,但硬件数量的增多会降低抗干扰能力,基于硬件板卡的功能也弱于不断更新的CPU的处理能力.通过比较分析,罗列控制保护系统的家族性缺陷,用以整合优化平台,完善保护程序,实施精准、稳定的控制;通过总结经验,为在役的直流控制系统深化改造及隐患排查做前期铺垫,为运维人员日常处理故障,提供分析思路.     

Coal and sustainable energy supply challenges and barriers

Coal is broadly recognized as secure, competitive, diversified, not vulnerable and predictable in price as an energy resource. In the power generation sector, coal is playing a dominant role in the EU-27 with 25% share of the total installed capacity and almost one-third of the power generation. The role played by the domestic resources and especially by coal is increasingly becoming the focus of the EU energy strategy.     

灵活焦化与延迟焦化介绍及对比

从工艺流程、投资和经济性、工业应用等方面,对灵活焦化和延迟焦化进行比较.灵活焦化装置反应器以热焦粉作为载体,相比于延迟焦化装置,其处理的原料范围更广(重度为0～20°API,康氏残炭在5％～40％),且加工费用和原料中杂质含量(如重金属、灰分、硫、氮等)之间的影响关系不大,处理重质原料、或大规模加工情况下更有优势.灵活焦化是连续工艺,避免了延迟焦化的循环切换造成的处理量周期性波动及操作不安全性,同时无需设置除焦班,减少了装置定员.灵活焦化机械设备少,故障率低,且设备操作压力不高,设备材质要求低,装置平均开工系数在90％～95％,一般能做到3～3.5a检修一次.灵活焦化装置全封闭运行,不同于延迟焦化设置的储焦池及冷切焦系统,减少了装置开工及运行期间造成的粉尘及空气污染.产生的低热值气体通过胺洗很容易将总硫脱到10μg/g以下,降低了全厂燃料系统中的总硫含量,在环保污染控制方面优于延迟焦化装置.灵活焦化装置投资约为延迟焦化装置的1.2～1.5倍(含石油焦气化部分投资),但远低于延迟焦化+POX/IGCC的投资.但灵活焦化技术可将原来大量低价值的石油焦转化成低热值燃料气,以代替炼厂其他高附加值燃料,这也是炼厂精细化操作后的主要增效途径之一.     

Conversion of heat and light simultaneously using a vacuum photodiode and the thermionic and photoelectric effects

The photoelectric and thermionic effects are combined in an illustrative experiment to demonstrate that solar light and heat can be converted into electrical energy simultaneously. When an electron is ejected from the cathode and is collected by the anode, a difference in chemical potential develops between the anode and cathode Fermi levels. Work can be extracted as the electron returns to the emitter Fermi level via the load. When the electron is not thermalized, it is said to be a “hot” electron. Ross and co-workers have predicted that the AM1.5 efficiency limit for a hot carrier conversion system, 66%, is greater than that for a purely thermal system, 52%, or for a quantum system, 33% (e.g., a photovoltaic cell). The present work was undertaken to provide an easy to reproduce experimental format to explore these concepts. As an example suitable for a student laboratory, a commercial vacuum phototube is used as a quantum and thermal energy converter. An S1 photocathode comprised of Ag₂O:Cs is employed at low temperatures, T<100°C, to demonstrate that the power converted by a heated and illuminated phototube is greater than that obtained either heated in the dark, or under illumination at room temperature. Although the conversion efficiency and power production is small in this example (approx. 10⁻³%), the experiment demonstrates how two forms of solar energy can be simultaneously utilized. It also promotes a thermodynamic approach to the evaluation of solar converters. The use of cesiated III/V materials (e.g. InGaAsP:Cs) as photocathodes is discussed as a possible research pathway for realizing efficient hot electron devices.     

Combined production of sugar, ethanol and electricity: Thermoeconomic and environmental analysis and optimization

Many works have shown the potential of the Brazilian sugarcane industry as an electricity supplier. However, few studies have studied how this potential could be achieved without jeopardizing the production of sugar and ethanol. Also, the impact of modifications in the cogeneration plant on the costs of production of sugar and ethanol has not been evaluated. This paper presents an approach to the problem of exergy optimization of cogeneration systems in sugarcane mills. A general model to the sugar and ethanol production processes is developed based on data supplied by a real plant, and an exergy analysis is performed. A discussion is made about the variables that most affect the performance of the processes. Then, a procedure is presented to evaluate modifications in the cogeneration system and in the process, and their impact on the production costs of sugar, ethanol and electricity. Furthermore, a discussion on the renewability of processes is made based on an exergy index of renewability. As a general conclusion, besides adding a new revenue to the mill, the generation of excess electricity improves the exergo-environmental performance of the mill as a whole.     

世界能源开发利用现状和格局

本文从储量、产量和消费量三方面,介绍了世界各大区和主要国家的能源储量、产量和消费量,分析了世界主要能源(油气、煤炭、核能、水电)开发利用现状和格局,并指出了中国能源在世界的地位。