夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能研究的进展

我国的建筑节能工作已经进入第二阶段,夏热冬冷地区成为节能工作的重点。本文综合介绍了夏热冬冷地区的气候特征、建筑节能研究的方法及标准化工作的进展。     

HELIOS: Solar rights analysis system for apartment buildings

In Korea, the development of high-rise apartment buildings has brought about residential environment problems such as violation of solar rights. The number of civil petitions and disputes over solar rights has increased recently. Solar rights are demanded when buildings are restricted to solar access by adjacent buildings. In other words, the geometrical characteristics of new buildings influence the solar access of adjacent buildings. This problem has negatively affected human health, work productivity, thermal comfort, and visual comfort-Comment. As a measure, the Korean building code on solar rights was enacted to protect the rights of residents to solar access. As a result, a solar rights analysis system was developed to evaluate the solar rights in apartment buildings, quantitatively. Therefore, the main objectives of this study are to standardize the solar rights analysis process and data structure, and develop a solar rights analysis system (HELIOS). To this end, the definition of ‘solar right’ is examined by studying the various relevant literatures, and solar rights assessment methods are investigated to apply to the solar rights analysis system. The geometrical characteristics of apartment buildings are observed, and the geometric elements are extracted to create the data structure. Then the hierarchy and the relationships between these geometric elements are systematically clarified. Data structure for solar rights analysis system using XML is designed, HELIOS is developed by system integration of data structure, and analysis algorithms are developed according to the assessment processes and verified by field measurements.     

上海市公共建筑节能与标准化

随着社会的进步,建筑能源消耗也迅速增加.本文分析了上海市与全国建筑能耗的构成,上海建筑能源的需求与发展趋势以及我国与一些工业发达国家在建筑节能工作上的差距.在此基础上详细阐述了上海公共建筑的能耗现状与节能潜力,并就建筑节能工作的重要性、公共建筑的物业管理、新建公共建筑的节能设计标准等问题提出了相应的建议与措施.     

The analysis of energy consumption of a commercial building in Tianjin,China

According to statistics and field investigation, the energy consumption situation and reality of commercial building is described in this paper. As the first step of large-scale public building energy efficiency supervision system encouraged by central government of China, the energy consumption of several typical commercial buildings and public buildings was analyzed in detail. The main contents of investigation are as follows: basic information of building, operational record of energy consumption equipment, energy consumption of indoor equipments, energy-efficiency assessment of energy consumption systems and equipments, investigation of behavior energy saving, etc. On this basis further analysis and diagnosis including indoor thermal and humid environment, operation state of air-conditioning water system, operation state of air-conditioning duct system and operation management of air-conditioning system were implemented. The results show that the most energy consumption of buildings in this city is commercial buildings, which can reach to about 240 W/m² per year. Further analysis tells that air conditioning systems play the major role of building energy consumption, and building energy saving has great potential in this city. In this paper, the ways of diagnosis work for building energy consumption are also described and discussed. Reasonable test, diagnosis and analysis are meaningful for building energy efficiency retrofit and management.     

Dynamic characteristics and energy performance of buildings using phase change materials: A review

Thermal energy storage (TES) systems using phase change material (PCM) have been recognized as one of advanced energy technologies in enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability of buildings. The use of PCMs in buildings provides the potential for a better indoor thermal comfort for occupants due to the reduced indoor temperature fluctuations, and lower global energy consumption due to the load reduction/shifting. A good knowledge on dynamic characteristics and energy performance of buildings using PCMs is essential for building researchers and practitioners to better understand building temperature response characteristics and economic feasibility of using PCMs and take further proper actions to fully utilize PCMs to enhance indoor environmental quality and overall energy efficiency of buildings. This paper presents an overview of the previous research work on dynamic characteristics and energy performance of buildings due to the integration of PCMs. The research work on dynamic characteristics and energy performance of active and passive building applications is reviewed, respectively. Since the particular interest in using PCMs for free cooling and peak load shifting, the specific research efforts on both subjects are reviewed separately. A few useful conclusive remarks and recommendations for future work are presented.     

Solar passive features in vernacular architecture of North-East India

Energy consumption in the buildings sector is very high and is expected to increase further due to improvements in living standard and increase in the world’s population. Incorporating appropriate solar passive features in climate responsive buildings are good options for energy conservation. This kind of building design integrates the micro-climate and architecture with human thermal comfort conditions and improves the building energy efficiency. From ancient times, people have used solar passive techniques in vernacular architectures throughout the world. However, still there is a lack of understanding, both in qualitative and quantitative aspects of solar passive techniques in vernacular architectures of North-Eastern India. A field study has been carried out to find out the various solar passive features in these naturally ventilated vernacular buildings in different bioclimatic zones of the region. The methodology of this work consists of survey of 150 households (50 houses in each bioclimatic zone) and, interacting with 300 occupants in each zone. The photographic evidences of solar passive features in these buildings are also collected. In this paper, the solar passive features related to building form and orientation, envelope design, shading, use of natural ventilation, internal space arrangements and activities of the habitants are explained for all the climatic zone of the region.     

Implementing effect of energy efficiency supervision system for government office buildings and large-scale public buildings in China

The Chinese central government released a document to initiate a task of energy efficiency supervision system construction for government office buildings and large-scale public buildings in 2007, which marks the overall start of existing buildings energy efficiency management in China with the government office buildings and large-scale public buildings as a breakthrough. This paper focused on the implementing effect in the demonstration region all over China for less than one year, firstly introduced the target and path of energy efficiency supervision system, then described the achievements and problems during the implementing process in the first demonstration provinces and cities. A certain data from the energy efficiency public notice in some typical demonstration provinces and cities were analyzed statistically. It can be concluded that different functional buildings have different energy consumption and the average energy consumption of large-scale public buildings is too high in China compared with the common public buildings and residential buildings. The obstacles need to be overcome afterward were summarized and the prospects for the future work were also put forward in the end.     

Rating systems for counting buildings’ environmental performance

The design, construction, use and demolition of buildings generate substantial social and economic benefits to society but may also have serious negative impacts especially for the environment. In response to the demand for evaluation and management of buildings’ environmental performance, several tools and methodologies have been developed and are being implemented in the construction sector aiming at sustainable performance. The research work is focusing on environmental management tools emphasising to rating systems’ analysis, comparison and implementation for buildings’ environmental performance. The LEED and BREEAM guides for existing buildings and new construction are compared, similarities and differences are analysed and a joint evaluation guide for existing buildings derived as a result of the rating systems’ analysis. Finally BREEAM and LEED were implemented to a new constructed multiuse office building in Greece in order to compare the results obtained.     

An overview of solar energy applications in buildings in Greece

This work classifies and describes the main fields of solar energy exploitation in buildings in Greece, a country with high solar energy capacities. The study focuses on systems and technologies that apply to residential and commercial buildings following the prevailing design and construction practices (conventional buildings) and investigates the effects of the architectural and constructional characteristics of these buildings on the respective applications. In addition, it examines relevant applications in other building categories and in buildings with increased ecological sensitivity in their design and construction (green buildings). Through its findings, the study seeks to improve the efficiency and broaden the scope of solar energy applications in buildings in Greece to the benefit of their energy and environmental performance.     

Thermal comfort in sub-Saharan Africa: Field study report in Jos-Nigeria

There is much documented material concerning human thermal comfort from the physiological, adaptive and social convention paradigms. Most of these studies have been conducted on limited-occupancy buildings, such as offices and institutions of higher learning in the northern hemisphere and parts of the ASEAN region; the subjects generally being adults and assumed to be in good health. In contrast, limited work appears to have been carried out in regularly occupied buildings like homes and in tropical sub-Saharan Africa.     

Electrically switchable chromogenic materials for external glazing

The development of chromogenic materials is important for their potential applications as electrically adjustable or thermally self-adjusting light and heat filters in the external glazing of buildings. Recently, we have reported our investigations on electrolyte-liquid crystal dispersions, which show independent electro-optical and electrochromic properties characterized by fast bleaching times. Nevertheless, for the external glazing of buildings, it is recommended to have a transparent off state, which turns opaque upon application of the external field. In this paper, we present our efforts to homeotropically align by rough surfaces fluid mixtures of a low molecular mass liquid crystal with a negative dielectric anisotropy, a liquid crystalline monomer, and electrolyte molecules in order to obtain transparent films after a polymerization process. Upon application of an ac electric field, the device becomes opaque and if a dc field is added, the cell changes colour too. We have also investigated the relationship between electro-optical/chromogenic response and physical chemical properties of the components.     

Should we design buildings that are less sensitive to occupant behaviour? A simulation study of effects of behaviour and design on office energy consumption

In an ideal world, occupants have an understanding of how building systems work and are motivated to use the systems as they were designed to be. There is considerable evidence, however, that occupants do not understand the principles of how buildings function and that they use the systems non-optimally. The purpose of the paper is to quantify the effect of occupant behaviour on energy consumption and show how it is affected by design strategies. Numerical simulations of an office were performed with the dynamic thermal simulation software TRNSYS. Three types of behaviour (‘careless’, ‘normal’, and ‘conscious’) and two types of design (‘ordinary’ and ‘robust’) were considered. The results show that the effect of occupant behaviour on energy consumption is greatly diminished with robust design solutions, solutions that make buildings less sensitive to occupant behaviour. The careless user consumes 75–79 % less energy if the robust design solutions are applied rather than the ordinary design solutions. It is argued that a realistic view of occupant behaviour is advantageous in the creation of energy-efficient buildings (that is, leaving less need to learn how buildings work, to be motivated to save energy, or to perform specific energy-saving actions). However, the possibility of personal control should not be eliminated.     

Perspectives of solar cooling in view of the developments in the air-conditioning sector

Changes in the standards of thermal comfort in the urban microclimate and in the capital cost of air-conditioning equipment have drastically increased the energy consumption in the building sector over the last decade. At the same time, the integration of renewable energy systems, mainly active solar ones, in buildings has been an area of intense research over the last 30 years. This has also been the case in the field of solar refrigeration, mainly in the field of sorption systems. The analysis discussed in the paper is focused on the state of the art of thermal solar systems use and on the possibilities of combining those with state of the art technologies in sorption refrigeration, in order to cover the cooling demand of residential and commercial buildings. This was done by assessing the available solar and refrigeration technologies as well as by highlighting the situation in the building market, as this is still the dominant factor for the propagation of such systems.     

Energy modeling and data structure framework for Sustainable Human-Building Ecosystems (SHBE) — a review

This paper contributes an inclusive review of scientific studies in the field of sustainable human building ecosystems (SHBEs). Reducing energy consumption by making buildings more energy efficient has been touted as an easily attainable approach to promoting carbon-neutral energy societies. Yet, despite significant progress in research and technology development, for new buildings, as energy codes are getting more stringent, more and more technologies, e.g., LED lighting, VRF systems, smart plugs, occupancy-based controls, are used. Nevertheless, the adoption of energy efficient measures in buildings is still limited in the larger context of the developing countries and middle income/low-income population. The objective of Sustainable Human Building Ecosystem Research Coordination Network (SHBE-RCN) is to expand synergistic investigative podium in order to subdue barriers in engineering, architectural design, social and economic perspectives that hinder wider application, adoption and subsequent performance of sustainable building solutions by recognizing the essential role of human behaviors within building-scale ecosystems. Expected long-term outcomes of SHBE-RCN are collaborative ideas for transformative technologies, designs and methods of adoption for future design, construction and operation of sustainable buildings.     

建筑体对下游垂直轴风力机气动性能影响研究

为有效利用城市风能,提高风力机运行效率,需对建筑体下游风力机位置分布开展研究。采用计算流体力学方法分析不同建筑体结构下游各位置处风速及风力机气动性能。结果表明：建筑体对自由来流的阻塞、加速与偏转作用可有效提高下游部分位置处风速,提升风力机气动性能;圆形建筑体对下游流场影响较小,各位置处平均风速接近自由来流;相比之下,三角形与四边形建筑体下游风速波动较为剧烈,平均风速较高,风力机转矩较圆形建筑体下游风力机的有较大提升;对于相同外廓建筑体,立式矩形较大的受风面积可扩大其背风低压区范围,有效提高下游流场风速,较卧式矩形建筑体具有更好的聚风效果。     

Impact of European standard EN15251 in the energy certification of services buildings—A Portuguese study case

In Europe, about 40% of the energy is consumed in buildings, more than by industry or transport. However, there is a great potential for energy savings in this field, often at little cost. A new European directive and several European standards, including the comfort standard EN15251, were created to develop comfortable and efficient buildings.     

Maximum temperatures in European office buildings to avoid heat discomfort

This paper looks at the ways in which discomfort from summer overheating can be avoided in European office buildings. Starting with the results from field surveys and applying adaptive comfort theory the paper defines comfortable conditions and the range of acceptable temperature around these, in buildings in both free running mode and those being heated or cooled. Data from the EU project SCATs are used to explore how an upper envelope of acceptable temperatures might be defined. Upper limits for temperatures in buildings with and without heating and cooling are suggested in terms of the running mean of the outdoor temperature.     

CFD modeling of large-scale LH2 spills in open environment

In earlier work the three-dimensional time dependent fully compressible CFD code ADREA-HF was applied against large-scale LH2 release experiments in the vicinity of buildings. In the present contribution the ADREA-HF code is applied to simulate large-scale LH2 spill tests in open, unobstructed environment. A series of simulations were performed to investigate on the effects of the source model (jet or pool), the modeling of the earthen sides of the pond around the source and the inclusion of a contact ground heat transfer. The predicted hydrogen concentrations (by vol.) are compared against the experimental at the available sensor locations. In addition the predicted structure of the concentration field is compared against the experimental, which was originally derived from temperature measurements. Modeling the source as a two-phase jet pointing downwards, including the modeling of the earthen sides of the pond as a fence and the contact heat transfer to the ground gave the best agreement with respect to experimental behavior.     

热流强度测试数据采集方法的改进

本文通过分析热电偶型温度记录仪工作原理,实验得到不同温差范围内的HOBO-U12型温度记录仪的温差电动势曲线及函数关系.并用于现场实测热流数据的采集,结果与实验室确定的函数关系符合较好,完全能够满足建筑热工检测的热流数据采集要求.解决目前建筑热工测试中热流强度数据长时间无人值守采集的问题.     

Energy retrofit of commercial buildings: case study and applied methodology

Commercial buildings are responsible for a significant share of the energy requirements of European Union countries. Related consumptions due to heating, cooling, and lighting appear, in most cases, very high and expensive. Since the real estate is renewed with a very small percentage each year and current trends suggest reusing the old structures, strategies for improving energy efficiency and sustainability should focus not only on new buildings, but also and especially on existing ones. Architectural renovation of existing buildings could provide an opportunity to enhance their energy efficiency, by working on the improvement of envelopes and energy supply systems. It has also to be noted that the measures aimed to improve the energy performance of buildings should pay particular attention to the cost-effectiveness of the interventions. In general, there is a lack of well-established methods for retrofitting, but if a case study achieves effective results, the adopted strategies and methodologies can be successfully replicated for similar kinds of buildings. In this paper, an iterative methodology for energy retrofit of commercial buildings is presented, together with a specific application on an existing office building. The case study is particularly significant as it is placed in an urban climatic context characterized by cold winters and hot summers; consequently, HVAC energy consumption is considerable throughout the year. The analysis and simulations of energy performance before and after the intervention, along with measured data on real energy performance, demonstrate the validity of the applied approach. The specifically developed design and refurbishment methodology, presented in this work, could be also assumed as a reference in similar operations.