Dutch performance-based approach to building regulations and public procurement

Along with the publication of the first set of performance-based regulations in 1991, the Netherlands Governmental Building Agency (GBA) introduced innovative performance-based procurement and tendering. A structurally different performance-based regulation document was published in 2001. A continuous research effort paralleled these developments, leading recently to the Policy Document on Building Regulations 2002-06 and the approval of a new national programme called Process and System Innovation in Building (PSIB). Actual and future developments are strongly influenced by the turmoil following the recent disclosure of the wide use of outlawed settlement of calculation cost and project 'rights' by the Dutch contractors. In addition, some blatant cases of fraudulent contract administration were revealed. By the end of 2003, key stakeholders within both the government and industry were in agreement that there was a need for radical change of the economic and social performance of the building and construction sector. The PSIB programme, in combination with a strong deregulation initiative, will be the major driver for the application of the performance approach in the sector.     

Risk and regulation: can improved government action reduce the impacts of natural disasters?

From an examination of national policies for risk mitigation, the paper asks what types of laws are successful and should be more widely adopted, and what does not work. Three types of regulations are considered: (1) regulations for constructing new buildings and code enforcement; (2) regulations for intervening in/upgrading the existing building stock; and (3) regulation of the insurance industry. When applied, improved codes can substantially reduce the impacts of natural disasters. However, unnecessary complexity is shown to compromise implementation and enforcement. The widespread destruction of buildings in the earthquakes of Kocaeli, Turkey, in 1999 and Gujarat, India, in 2001 was not due to inadequate codes. Destruction occurred because codes were not generally adopted. Improving the application and enforcement of codes in developing countries are necessary key measures. For the strengthening of existing substandard buildings, some regulations exist and some successful programmes of evaluation and strengthening are in progress. However, lessons from the US experience indicate legislation is needed to back such programmes, and further incentives for action are needed. Several national insurance schemes for natural catastrophe losses (US programmes for flood, New Zealand programmes for earthquake, and French programmes for all catastrophic natural hazards) have considerable potential to stimulate mitigation activity. Ultimately, coercion by government is only part of the answer. The success of any government action depends equally on the development in society of a 'safety culture' in which citizens both understand the risks they face and are prepared to participate in the management of them.     

Performance-based building regulation: current situation and future needs

Although performance-based building regulations are in use or under development in numerous countries worldwide, there remain significant challenges in adequately identifying and defining performance, in understanding and addressing diverse societal expectations, and in establishing robust performance-based regulatory systems. These challenges become intensified as the building construction market becomes increasingly global, with the resulting expectation that building regulatory instruments remain valid across borders and do not create barriers to trade, while at the same time address local and national needs without compromising local cultural and societal norms. Many of these issues are just now beginning to be explored, and there is significant opportunity and need for future research and development in these areas.     

Performance-based building and innovation: balancing client and industry needs

One reason for the interest in performance-based building is that it is commonly advocated as a powerful way of enhancing innovation performance by articulating building performance outcomes, and by offering relevant procurement actors the discretion to innovate to meet these performance requirements more effectively and/or efficiently. The paper argues that the current approach to performance-based building assumes that relevant actors have the capacity, ability and motivation to innovate from a business perspective. It is proposed that the prevailing conceptualization of PBB is too restrictive and should be broadened explicitly to accommodate the required business logic that must be in place before actors will innovate. The relevant performance-based building and innovation literature is synthesized to support the assertion. The paper concludes with an innovation-focused definition of performance-based building.     

新西兰性能化防火设计规范的实施现状及其对我国消防的启示

随着经济的飞速发展，世界上许多国家出现了高层化和大型化的建筑，使得建筑规范从处方式规范转变到性能化设计规范。性能化防火设计规范已经在多个国家制定和实施。新西兰于1991年颁布了性能化为基础的建筑规范。以及给整个社会带来的影响，其中最主要的变化就是从强调财产保护转变到强调生命安全保护。结合我国的实际情况，提出了发展我国性能化设计的一些建议和想法。     

Engaging stakeholders in performance-based building: lessons from the Performance-Based Building (PeBBu) Network

Despite decades of recognition and development, performance-based thinking and practice have not been as widely adopted by industry. To address this, the Performance-Based Building (PeBBu) Networks in Europe and Australia engaged a wide variety of industry stakeholders (on both 'supply' and 'demand' sides) in advancing the application of the performance approach in building processes. The background development, activities and accomplishments of the PeBBu Networks are presented together with some lessons learned from the experience of running the Network programmes. To engage stakeholders effectively, the performance approach should be presented as a business issue rather than primarily as a technical issue. The dominant need is for clear communication of the meaning, application and benefits of the performance approach, with emphasis on actual benefits and value.     

Service life planning and performance requirements

Service life planning comprises a model for the determination of a reasonable expected service life for buildings and components, and it establishes a routine for the assessment of design alternatives. A design option is considered reasonable when it meets or exceeds performance requirements over time that have been drawn up specifically for the specific project. Due to this assessment reference, there is a very evident link to the concept of performance-based building. Any stakeholder involved in the value chain or in the design process of the building, as well as regulators and building users, can express performance requirements. Identified requirements, both in relevance and in quality, will vary with the stakeholder and his/her perspective of interest. As building sector manufacturers develop most products with reference to standards rather than with reference to specific requirements, there is no direct link from user requirements to the product design. Instead, the building designer has the responsibility to ensure performance requirements are met by the performance of products integrated into the design. As these design decisions also have to be made at the material and component level, a performance-based building would benefit from an established rationale that enables the communication of performance requirements across the relevant system levels in the relevant design processes. A path for the connection of the established concepts of service life planning and performance-based building is presented. The aim is to identify key elements that need to be developed for the successful linkage of performance-based building with service life planning.     

Inter-zonal airflow in multi-unit residential buildings: A review of the magnitude and interaction of driving forces,measurement techniques and magnitudes,and its impact on building performance

Inter-zonal airflows within multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) have profound impacts on an array of building performance metrics, including energy, indoor air quality (IAQ), fire and acoustical separations, and distribution of ventilation air. Although there are wide-ranging implications, most building codes/standards have yet to incorporate airtightness requirements for interior partitions in large, multi-zone structures, and instead focus primarily on exterior envelope airtightness. Despite the multi-disciplinary nature of the topic, previous reviews have been limited to one domain (eg, energy performance, IAQ, specific test methods). This paper presents a comprehensive summary of the literature on inter-zonal airflow in MURBs including the magnitude and interaction of driving forces; its relevance to/effect on building performance; current code requirements; testing methods; and previous measurements. While considerable efforts have been made in recent years to quantify and control inter-zonal airflows, most measurement techniques are still labor-intensive and disruptive, and there is no framework for how to implement performance-based requirements into building codes and standards. Further research efforts should be focused on refining testing methods and preparing the construction industry for code changes.     

香港2005钢结构规范不需要假定有效长度的二阶分析和设计法

在2003年,香港特别行政区屋宇署授权由香港理工大学和奥雅纳工程顾问(香港)有限公司所组成的联合顾问进行一项用极限状态方法进行结构钢设计的顾问研究。在此项研究中,联合顾问回顾现有香港和海外的钢结构设计和建造的标准和实践,并为香港地区结构钢的使用起草一本极限状态设计规范。此规范重点放在基于性能的设计上,以给予工程师更多的自由选择。本文详述了这一规范在细长框架使用二阶分析设计方面的特点,设计中不需要对弯曲屈曲假定计算长度。规范中的这一新的可选设计方法比基于计算长度概念的现有设计方法更可靠、更有效,而现有设计方法在很多实际应用中发现有很多局限。     

Framework for Performance-Based Design of Building Structures

Abstract:   This article proposes a new framework for performance-based design (PBD) of building structures. This framework was proposed under the 3-year Japanese Government Comprehensive Research and Development Project on "Development of a New Engineering Framework for Building Structures" launched in the fiscal year of 1995. The primary objective of the project is to create a system in which the performance of buildings is clearly stated, and consumers, that is, occupants, are well informed of how their buildings will perform and how much it will cost to maintain their performance. The framework emphasizes the establishment of target performance, the performance evaluation, and the performance statement as the main three elements. It also stresses that an institutional framework and support systems need to be provided to enable PBD to be practiced efficiently. The implementation of the proposed framework is also expected to promote engineering innovation, progress in building engineering, and globalization. The new framework will also bring other benefits, such as improved design techniques, greater design flexibility, and international harmonization. It is also important for building structural performance to become one of the most important indexes for consumers to define a building's value. The Japanese building code was changed to the performance-based code, based in the clear and comprehensive manner proposed in this article. In the United States, "Vision 2000" ( SEAOC, 1995 ) was published, then many research activities were conducted simultaneously.     

美国砌体规范的容许应力与强度设计方法——梁的抗弯设计

美国《砌体结构建筑规范》(ACI 530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02),2002年规范修订版在容许应力设计原理的基础上,首次给出了砌体结构强度设计准则规定。就该砌体规范的容许应力法和强度设计法进行比较介绍,目的在于了解美国砌体结构建筑规范,为我国砌体结构设计规范的编制提供参考。     

美国砌体规范的容许应力与强度设计方法——抗剪构件设计

美国砌体结构建筑规范(ACI 530~02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02),2002年规范修订版在容许应力设计原理的基础上,首次给出了砌体结构强度设计准则规定。就该砌体规范的容许应力法和强度设计法进行比较介绍,目的在于了解美国砌体结构建筑规范,为我国砌体结构设计规范的编制提供参考。     

A socio-technical system framework for risk-informed performance-based building regulation

Building regulatory systems have been evolving in recent decades, first with a transition to a functional or performance basis, and more recently with the introduction of new societal objectives, including those related to sustainability and climate change resiliency. Various policy and technical challenges have been identified with this evolution, including the lack of a common basis for establishing performance expectations, quantified performance metrics, and robust mechanisms to incorporate new objectives in a manner that effectively integrates a diversity of stakeholder input and results in regulatory requirements that do not compete with long-standing objectives. Among the mechanisms being explored to facilitate a managed evolution is the use of risk as a basis for performance, and modifications within the building regulatory environment to enable this. It is posited that framing the building regulatory system as a socio-technical system (STS) will highlight the complex interactions that exist between regulators and the market, the roles stakeholders play in characterizing risk for use in building regulation, and what steps are required to shift to a risk-informed performance-based building regulatory system, taking into account different legal structures and regulatory approaches that exist between jurisdictions.     

陪都时期《重庆市建筑规则》初探

陪都时期的重庆颁布了一系列的建筑规则,包括国家法和地方法两个层面。其中地方法中最重要的要属《重庆市建筑规则》。本文试图对该规则的制定过程和内容进行解读,分析其确立的制度、建筑控制因素,以及对其实施情况进行探究。从而更好的理解当时的建筑发展历程。     

美国砌体规范的容许应力与强度设计方法——墙、柱构件设计

美国砌体结构建筑规范(ACI530-02/ASCE 5-02/TMS402-02),2002年规范修订版在容许应力设计原理的基础上,首次给出了砌体结构强度设计准则规定。就该砌体规范的容许应力法和强度设计法进行比较介绍,目的在于了解美国砌体结构建筑规范,为我国砌体结构设计规范的编制提供参考。     

强化新规范的贯彻落实 促进建筑技术全面发展

为了应对入世、贯彻《建设工程质量管理条例》和新技术发展的需要,建设部将相继颁布“建筑工程制图系列标准”、“建筑工程结构设计系列规范”、“建筑工程施工质量验收系列规范”等30多项标准规范。三大系列规范的全面推行,标志着我国工程建设进入了法制化的轨道。新标准规范制订后,对于不执行强制性标准的责任人和责任单位,无须等到事故和隐患的出现,就可以进行处罚。新的设计规范,其安全度水准已接近发达国家的水平。要加大新规范的宣传力度和监督检查力度,抓紧规范配套工具的出台,并将规范纳入施工图设计文件审查。     

澳大利亚性能化防火设计规范的结构特点浅析及启发

根据目前我国发展“性能化”防火设计规范的需要，文章对澳大利亚现行性能化建筑防火设计规范的结构体系进行了总体的介绍，分析了该规范的结构特点，并和我国现有的《建筑设计防火规范》（以下简称“建规”）作了比较，对如何建立适合我国现有国情的性能化设计规范体系的框架结构提出了几点建议。     

A regulation evaluation system: a decision support system for the Building Code of Australia

Building regulations have historically been developed and drafted relying on groups of experts and their particular perceptions of what was an acceptable level of risk and what costs can be afforded by the community for improved health, safety or amenity. New technology, particularly in the areas of building design and material sciences, and the development of performance-based standards and codes are demanding major changes to the way in which regulations are developed and how they are assessed to ensure that any changes are in the community's interest. The regulation evaluation system described here provides a computer-based framework on which proposed changes to the Building Code of Australia (BCA) may be systematically assessed. The system requires any proposal to amend the BCA to be clearly identified together with all alternatives which achieve the desired objective. Direct costs and benefits are identified and quantified, making use of internal and external data. Where there is inefficient data, stochastic modelling is employed. The system not only aids decision makers by providing all available information, it also provides a transparency to the decision making and regulation development process.     

中美超限高层建筑性能化抗震设计方法对比分析

为了系统比较中美超限高层建筑基于性能的抗震设计方法,介绍了美国太平洋地震工程研究中心主导实施的“高层建筑推进计划”项目,探讨了该项目的主要成果（PEER-2010）《高层建筑基于性能的抗震设计指南》,并结合算例将其建议的基于性能抗震设计方法与中国GB 50011-2010《建筑抗震设计规范》和GB 50010-2010《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》中规定的基于性能抗震设计方法进行对比。研究结果表明:PEER-2010与我国规范中分别建议的超限高层建筑性能化抗震设计方法在性能目标划分、地震动选择、荷载输入及对地基与结构相互作用的考虑上均存在差异。PEER-2010对性能目标的划分相对更宽松,建议的下一代选波方法能够考虑长周期超高层建筑的选波问题,并对考虑地基与上部结构相互作用有着较为明确的规定。