絮凝-微滤组合工艺处理含钚废水

为了有效地应用絮凝沉淀与中空纤维膜微滤(CMF)组合工艺处理低放射性的含钚废水，对废水处理工艺中的关键运行条件进行了优化：硫酸亚铁的最佳加入量为ρ（Fe²⁺）=35～60 mg/L，出水pH控制在6.5～9.0，钚去除率大于99.9%。同时还对含U，Am的Pu废水处理实验条件进行了优化，建立了处理含铀、钚、镅的混合废水的实验工艺流程并进行了验证实验。结果表明，采用CMF工艺处理含铀、钚、镅的混合废水，单级处理的总α去除率达到99.87%。     

絮凝沉淀处理含盐量较高的铀、钚低放废水

针对含盐量较高的低放废水开展了絮凝沉淀处理技术研究.结果表明,钚在碱性条件下可被有效去除,增大絮凝剂投加量及降低废水初始pH可以提高铀的絮凝效果.pH的控制是获得铀的高去除率的关键.当Fe2 投加量为100 mg/L、废水初始pH为6时,铀的去除率可达95.5%以上.采用两次絮凝沉淀的方法,第二次沉淀时调节pH<7.0,Fe2 投加量控制在80 mg/L左右,可以使出水铀质量浓度降到10 μg/L以下.     

原子能院钚污染废水处理实验室研究

提出了对原子能院钚污染废水的处理方案。该废液是含有~(239,240)Pu、~(241)Am等α核素的一种去污废液,其α放射性水平约1×10~5Bq/L,不能直接送弱放废水处理车间处理,并已经大罐贮存17年。通过实验室研究对方案中的处理方法加以验证。实验结果表明:在合适条件下,采用化学絮凝沉淀,P301型无机材料吸附或者D001-CC大孔阳离子交换树脂离子交换任何一种方法,经过一级处理,都能使钚污染废水的α放射性水平降低到3.7×10~3Bq/L以下,从而可以满足送往弱放废水处理车间的要求。     

废水处理沉淀泥浆中~(239)Pu的测定

前言在处理弱放废水的三段流程中,第一段为絮凝沉淀。通过加入各种化学试剂形成沉淀,以除去大部份高价的放射性核素。这些沉淀主要是Fe(OH)_3,此外还有Ca_3(PO_4)_2、MnO_2等。在这些沉淀中载带了绝大部份的锆、铌、希土以及可能存在的钚等放射性核素。本工作的目的是建立一个测定该沉淀泥浆中的~(239)Pu含量的方法。文献中关于钚分析的报道很多。Veselsky曾作过较为全面的综述。可以看到,离子     

超滤在放射性废水处理中的应用进展

介绍了目前国外采用超滤技术处理放射性废水的研究应用情况。研究内容包括絮凝沉淀一超滤、无机离子吸附剂离子交换一超滤、水溶性多聚物络合一超滤等三种强化超滤技术来脱除废水中的放射性核素。国外核电厂废水处理设施在原设计基础上改进预处理工艺和深度净化工艺,以超滤作为关键的预处理手段.联合离子交换或反渗透技术来处理放射性废水,进一步降低了二次废物体积和放射性浓度,获得了很好的经济效益和社会效益,这些革新性的放射性废水处理技术可为我国核设施放射性废水处理提供新的思路。     

科研实验产生的低放废水处理工艺设计

为使放射性科研实验产生的低放废水满足国家排放的有关规定,实现废物的最小化,减少排放量,新建了一套低放废水的处理装置,工艺设计考虑了处理含多种核素废水的适用性、经济性、运行维修简捷性,引入超滤膜处理的新技术,采用絮凝、超滤、离子交换相结合的间歇式处理工艺,并能实现离子交换循环处理的功能。装置建成后,进行稳定元素Co、Sr的模拟废水处理实验,结果表明,对Co去除率达到99%以上,Sr降到检测限以下,达到了废水处理要求和国家的排放规定。     

絮凝沉淀处理含241Am废水时絮凝体粒径分布的影响因素初探

实验研究了利用FeSO4絮凝沉淀处理含^241Am废水时,在各种絮凝条件下絮凝体的粒径分布情况。结果显示。在絮凝剂中Fe^3＋浓度为40mg/L,废水的pH值为8．5～10,曝气速率在0．10L／min～0.14L／min之间时,絮凝体颗粒粒径较大而且分布比较集中,优势粒径范围为7500～20000nm,该粒径范围的絮凝颗粒占总体份额大于82％。在此条件下,经絮凝沉淀结合中空纤维膜微滤工艺处理含^241Am废水的去污效率达到99．9％,对废水浓缩系数可达180。     

含钚放射性废盐干法处理技术研究进展

为了处理钚的高温化学工艺中产生的大量含钚放射性废盐,实现放射性废物最小化和钚的循环利用,本文调研了主要核能国家的含钚放射性废盐干法处理技术研究进展,对金属化学还原法、电化学还原法和真空蒸馏盐法等主要技术路线、流程特点、发展现状进行了综述,也对特定组分的熔盐再生复用进行了简要介绍。通过对各种干法工艺路线的综合比较,发现真空蒸馏盐工艺具有较为明显的优势,结合我国的研究现状,应考虑优先发展该项技术。     

氮离子注入生物絮凝剂产生菌的诱变效应研究

采用30 keV氮离子注入对生物絮凝剂产生菌进行诱变选育,研究低能氮离子对微生物的诱变效应.结果表明:FJ-7 菌株的存活率曲线为典型的"马鞍型"剂量.效应曲线.经5x1015 ions·cm-2 N 注入诱变处理,最终获得一株絮凝活性高、遗传稳定性良好的突变株NIM-192.其发酵产絮凝剂曲线表明,突变株NIM-192的菌体生长速度稍慢于原始菌株,但其絮凝活性一直高于原始菌株,絮凝率比原始菌株提高了34.26%.这很可能是离子注入菌体后所产生的生物学效应使得菌体合成更多的絮凝剂,导致絮凝活性的增强.     

榕树叶-活性污泥协同曝气处理含

为提高含铀废水的处理效率,改善固液分离效果,采用具有强富集性的榕树叶和具有絮凝作用的城市活性污泥,联合处理含铀废水。探讨了溶液pH值、铀溶液初始浓度、曝气量对含铀废水中铀去除效果的影响及榕树叶-活性污泥相互作用的协同效应,并讨论了榕树叶-活性污泥的等温吸附行为。研究结果表明,榕树叶-活性污泥联合处理含铀废水时产生的协同作用对铀的去除率比单独体系的几何叠加去除率约高70%;当含铀废水的初始pH值为3.5时,去除率达最大,约为100%;pH值增加,去除率明显下降;曝气量在80~100L/h时,铀的最佳去除率达85%以上;榕树叶-活性污泥协同处理不同浓度铀的吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,其相关系数(r)分别为0.992 5和0.999 8。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

Interaction between uranium and humic acid (Ⅰ): Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) ＞SHA (HA from the surface) ＞THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g)ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5 - 6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

Information for authors

<正>1.NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES(NST),a bimonthly journal,is devoted to all aspects of nuclear science and technology,theoretical or experimental.Its special interest lies in the subjects of synchrotron radiation science and technology;low energy accelerators,radiation technology and applications;radiochemistry,radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine;nuclear electronics and instrumen-     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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