快速流化床截面平均空隙率轴向分布及其影响因素

根据在直径0.186m、高8m和直径0.14m、高12m两台快速流化床装置的实验结果，并综合文献研究报道，研究了操作气速、颗粒循环速率、颗粒物性、床层直径以及进口、出口结构等因素对床层截面平均空隙率轴向分布的影响。表明一般情况下，快速流化床截面平均空隙率轴向分布的基本形式是上部空隙率高、下部空隙率低的单调指数函数。在特定的床结构条件下，快速流化床截面平均空隙率轴向分布曲线可能发生变异，即在出口结构有强约束作用时，可能呈反C，在入口结构有弱约束作用时，可能呈S型。     

催化重整固定床径向反应器结构的优化研究

催化重整固定床反应器（Catalytic Reforming Fixed Bed Reactor,以下简称CRFBR）传递及反应过程的综合数学模型是以流体力学的基本微分方程为基础,考虑了流体的湍流流动,多孔介质内流体流动、传热、传质等过程,结合催化重整集总反应动力学模型而建立的。采用该模型对工业催化重整径向反应器进行数值模拟计算,考察了反应器入口分配器设置、催化剂床层空隙率分布情况、催化剂填装比、反应器底部结构四个因素对产物组成的影响,从而确定优化的反应器结构和理想的催化剂填装情况。结果表明,反应器入口分配器采用单层效果较好,并确定了分配器的最佳位置;分析了催化剂床层空隙率分布不均对床层轴向温度、压力、组份浓度分布的影响;确定了最佳的催化剂填装比为1：1：2：4;针对反应器底部床层温度分布不均的情况改善了反应器底部结构,效果较好。     

快速流化床一维轴向稳态流动模型

本文对稳态操作的快速流化床气固两相流动进行了分析,表明颗粒在床内的加速运动对床层各项参数有显著影响。考虑了颗粒加速作用以及由于颗粒聚集使气固两相相互作用力减小的事实后,可采用一维轴向稳态流动模型获得截面平均颗粒速度、空隙率以及曳力系数等参数及其轴向分布规律。模型预测与实验直接测定结果吻合很好。     

烯烃催化裂解反应器局部颗粒堆积结构的颗粒解析模拟

烯烃催化裂解固定床工艺中的反应过程对压力敏感,深入研究催化剂堆积颗粒结构中的流动及压力分布对优化固定床结构及操作参数有重要意义。颗粒解析模拟方法广泛用于固定床内堆积结构的模拟,可以准确描述堆积结构中的流体力学行为,但对于复杂堆积结构网格生成困难。采用基于多孔介质模型的浸入边界法(PMM-IBM)结合网格自适应,实现了对固定床堆积结构的颗粒解析模拟,既解决了网格划分困难的问题,又节省了计算资源。采用网格自适应技术后,与均匀网格相比,堆积结构的网格总数减少大约80%。通过与贴体网格法的单颗粒表面受力分析对比,确定了此浸入边界法的关键模拟参数。随后模拟预测了三种床层与颗粒直径比值条件下堆积结构的空隙率及其内部的压力及流动分布。研究表明,堆积结构空隙中的局部轴向速度的最大值可以达到入口速度的10倍以上,轴向平均速度的径向分布与轴向平均空隙率分布一致,均成震荡衰减趋势。除此之外,预测的床层压降与Reichelt经验关联式结果较为吻合。在此基础上,耦合单颗粒内扩散和烯烃裂解的主反应,预测了反应物随孔径和孔隙率的变化,为进一步考虑外流场的变化奠定了方法基础。     

基于气泡EMMS模型的鼓泡床两相流动CFD模拟

采用两步法将气泡EMMS模型拓展到计算网格层次,用于模拟鼓泡床两相流动,改进的EMMS曳力模型不仅与空隙率有关,且与网格内的速度直接关联.求解是在操作条件下利用宏观稳定性约束条件寻优得到乳化相内空隙率关系式,再用计算网格层次上的微观守恒方程结合乳化相空隙率关系式封闭求解其余结构参数及对应的曳力系数,最后借助用户自定义函数将气泡EMMS曳力嵌入双流体模型中,对含Geldart A类颗粒的鼓泡床内气固两相流动行为进行模拟与验证.结果表明,该模型能较好地模拟鼓泡床内的非均匀流动结构,准确捕捉到上稀下浓的轴向颗粒浓度分布特征,轴向颗粒浓度分布结果与实验值较接近,平均相对偏差为6.4%.床层径向上颗粒分布均呈明显的环-核结构.在不同床层高度(0.6,0.8和1.1 m)处的径向颗粒浓度分布与实验值基本吻合,仅在底部(0.4 m)略低,相对偏差小于14%.而Gidaspow曳力模型在4个床层高度与实验数据差距甚远,相对偏差可达91%.     

管型结构对提升管流动特性的影响

采用边壁补气模拟重油催化裂化提升管反应装置中气体的膨胀行为，通过比较直管型提升管和锥型提升管中的气–固流动行为，研究了锥形提升管结构对油气膨胀所带来的流动特征变化的适应与改善. 实验结果表明，相对于直管型提升管，锥型提升管对流化气量的变化有较好的适应能力，且能有效地改善床层内的颗粒速度、空隙率的径向分布以及压力的轴向分布.     

倒置液固流化床内液固两相流动特性的数值模拟

基于欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,数值模拟倒置液固流化床内液固两相流动行为.数值模拟预测了床内颗粒的速度、浓度分布以及空隙率的变化.研究结果表明颗粒在床内分布呈现非均匀分布,床内形成局部高空隙率的流体团;随着床层高度增加,颗粒轴向速度增大:数值模拟床内空隙率与Renganthan等的实验结果相吻合.     

液－固喷动流化床的膨胀特性和液体混合

在φ１０４ｍｍ×１５００ｍｍ的液－固喷动流化床内，对２种不同孔径的喷嘴分别进行喷动流化，利用轴向扩散柱塞流模型得到了液体轴向扩散系数。讨论了流体速度、床层空隙率、颗粒物性和喷嘴孔径等因素对液体轴向扩散系数的影响，并得到了轴向扩散系数的关联式。另外，还研究了床层的膨胀特性，得到了床层空隙率的关联式。     

高密度下行床内颗粒浓度径向分布的研究

在自行设计的一套下行循环流化床内进行了低气速、高浓度下行床内颗粒浓度的分布研究。实验分别采用了硅胶和FCC颗粒,在床层截面平均浓度最高到12％范围内进行了下行床不同截面上颗粒浓度径向分布的研究,并进一步分析了床层颗粒浓度对稀相中心区、环形浓相区浓度径向分布的影响。研究表明,在同一截面,随着床层颗粒平均浓度的增加,浓度分布趋于均匀;在截面平均浓度相近,浓度的径向分布沿轴向从上到下逐渐趋于均匀。颗粒的相对浓度的最大值随截面平均浓度的增加而减小,其在径向的位置基本不变。实验还发现,床层截面平均浓度的增加,浓相区内颗粒浓度的分布更均匀,而对稀相区内颗粒浓度分布没有明显的影响。     

循环流化床下料管中气固流动的实验研究I—颗粒流动

在内径１１０ｍｍ的下料管循环流化床中，采用ＦＣＣ（流化床催化裂化催化剂）、硅胶球颗粒时，对下料管中颗粒局部速度、局部浓度的测量基础上，研究了床层截面平均颗粒浓度，截面平均颗粒速度的轴向和径向分布，并回归得到求取床层颗粒浓度的关联式，为气固下行反应器设计开发提供了理论依据。     

湍动流化床过渡段固含率分布特征的实验及数值模拟

在湍动流化床中,过渡段对于包括甲醇制烯烃在内的气固催化快反应有着重要的作用。采用PV6D反射型光纤探针对内径95 mm的湍动流化床内过渡段的固含率分布和脉动参数进行了测量,分别考察了表观气速和静床高的影响,并采用修正的基于颗粒动力学的三段曳力双流体模型进行模拟。实验表明,湍动流化床过渡段中固含率的轴向分布呈现S型和指数型两种类型,固含率轴向与径向分布都在过渡段内出现最大梯度,表明过渡段中固体浓度分布比稀相段和密相段更不均匀。表观气速和静床高的变化将导致S型和指数型分布的相互转变,并且对过渡段底部与壁面附近的固体高浓度区影响最为显著。局部固含率脉动概率密度分布表明,在静床高较小时,随着气速的增大,床层下部气含率最大值位置将从中心区移动至环隙区,呈现气含率的双峰型分布。本文提出的修正三段曳力模型考虑了颗粒团聚的影响,对过渡段中分布板影响区之外的固含率分布均能较好地模拟。     

带翼阀旋风分离器料腿内静压分布试验研究

在φ800mm×12000mm流化床试验装置上,用多点压力测量仪测量料腿内的静压分布。试验结果表明,二级料腿内气固两相流的流态一般由入口旋转段、稀相下落段和下部密相段3部分组成,料腿内的料封高度随料腿两端负压差的增大而升高,颗粒质量流率对轴向空隙率影响明显,翼阀浸没在密相床时颗粒流动稳定性和流动失流化的机会都增加。     

循环流化床环-核流结构模型研究进展

循环流化床(CFB)反应器由于其良好的传质传热性能及操作的灵活性,广泛地应用于石油化工行业。文中就CFB反应器环核流结构模型的建模研究进展进行的总结;总结了CFB提升管反应器环核流结构模型中的充分发展段平均固含率、空隙率径向分布及边壁厚度(核半径预测)等相关数学模;此外对进一步的改进工作进行了展望。     

电容层析成像技术在线测量气固流化床空隙率的研究

基于电容层析成像技术，提出了一种在线测量气固流化床空隙率的新方法。建立了相应的12电极电容层析成像气固流化床空隙率测量系统，可同时实现气固 流化床空隙率分布的在线显示和整体空隙率测量。选择加权反投影算法进行图像重建以保证空隙率分布显示的实时性和有效性。采用Tikhonov正则化原理和ART算法相结合的组合型新图像重建算法来实现整体空隙率的测量。Tikhonov正则化原理用于克服图像重建过程中的不适定问题，ART算法用于提高最终重建图像的质量。研究表明以上提出的空隙率测量新方法是有效的。空隙率分布在线测量的速度可达25幅／秒以上，整体空隙率测量的最大误差可小于5％。     

液固循环流化床两相流动模型

引　言流化床换热器具有防、除垢和强化传热等优点 ,在化工、食品、海水淡化、废水处理等领域具有广阔的应用前景[1].目前 ,流化床换热器历经散式流化床、内循环流化床 ,已发展到外循环流化床换热器[2 ],它要求在较稀的颗粒浓度 (颗粒浓度小于 5% )、较高的流速 ( 1～ 3ｍ·ｓ- 1)下操作 .流化床换热器中液体流动及颗粒运动状态的研究对流化床换热器的设计和操作具有重要意义 ,但人们对循环流化床换热器中颗粒运动情况的研究还很缺乏 .考虑到循环流化床换热器中的每根换热管都可作为一个独立的循环流化床对待[3].本文试图建立一滑移速度模型…     

Effect of pseudoplastic behaviour of liquid in co-current three-phase fluidized beds on bed expansion

Gas hold-up and bed expansion measurements were carried out for a bed of glass beads fluidized in Newtonian liquids and non-Newtonian liquids with gas. The value of gas hold-up increased and decreased with increasing particle size and liquid velocity, respectively. The effect of rheological properties on gas hold-up was insignificant and therefore the gas hold-up data for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids were reasonably fitted by the available correlation which had no liquid viscosity term. The bed voidage increased with increasing superficial liquid velocities and superficial gas velocities. The increase of the viscous non-Newtonian flow behaviours resulted in an increase of the bed voidage. The correlation for the bed voidage in three-phase fluidized beds was developed for gas-Newtonian or non-Newtonian liquid–solid three-phase systems by combining the generalized wake model and the correlation for liquid–solid two-phase systems proposed previously by the authors. The predictions for bed voidage were in reasonable agreement with the present experimental data for three-phase systems with Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids in a wide range of Reynolds numbers.     

Chaotic characteristics of local voidage fluctuation in a circulating fluidized bed

Local voidage fluctuations have been measured by using an optical transmittance probe at various axial and radial positions in a circulating fluidized bed riser with a 0.1 m i. d. and 10 m height. The chaotic time series analysis of the local voidage fluctuations has been adopted to characterize the nonlinear dynamics of the circulating fluidized bed riser. The variations of the correlation dimension and the Kolmogorov entropy of the voidage fluctuation were found to depend on the local time-average voidage. The axial and radial distributions of the correlation dimension and the Kolmogorov entropy were strongly affected by the solids flow structures (e.g. core-annulus flow) in various operating conditions. The correlation dimension of local voidage fluctuations increases along the riser, except the position near the distributor. Both, the correlation dimension and the Kolmogorov entropy of local voidage fluctuations near the wall, were found to be smaller than those at the center of the riser, independent of the solids circulation rate and the axial position.     

Distributor effects near the bottom region of turbulent fluidized beds

The distributor plate effects on the hydrodynamic characteristics of turbulent fluidized beds are investigated by obtaining measurements of pressure and radial voidage profiles in a column diameter of 0.29 m with Group A particles using bubble bubble-cap or perforated plate distributors. Distributor pressure drop measurements between the two distributors are compared with the theoretical estimations while the influence of the mass inventory is studied. Comparison is established for the transition velocity from bubbling to turbulent regime, U_c, deduced from the pressure fluctuations in the bed using gauge pressure measurements. The effect of the distributor on the flow structure near the bottom region of the bed is studied using differential and gauge pressure transducers located at different axial positions along the bed. The radial voidage profile in the bed is also measured using optical fiber probes, which provide local measurements of the voidage at different heights above the distributor. The distributor plate has a significant effect on the bed hydrodynamics. Owing to the jetting caused by the perforated plate distributor, earlier onset of the transition to the turbulent fluidization flow regime was observed. Moreover, increased carry over for the perforated plate compared with the bubble caps has been confirmed. The results have highlighted the influence of the distributor plate on the fluidized bed hydrodynamics which has consequences in terms of comparing experimental and simulation results between different distributor plates.     

Mass transfer in liquid fluidized beds of ion exchange particles

Mass transfer rate data in a shallow liquid fluidized bed of ion exchange resin particles have been obtained in the range 2 < Re_s, < 25. At low voidage, ε < 0.55–0.60, the rate of mass transfer is reduced and it is inferred that a fluidized bed tends to maintain an ordered axial structure. This is lost at high voidage due to increased flow perturbation caused by the distributor plate. A generalised correlation is given for fluidized, fixed and distended beds in the range 2 < Re_s, < 25.     

Simulation and experimental studies on fluidization properties in a pressurized jetting fluidized bed

The influence of pressure on the bubble size and average bed voidage has been investigated experimentally and computationally in a circular three-dimensional cold-flow model of pressurized jetting fluidized bed of 0.2 m i.d. and 0.6 m in height with a central jet and a conical distributor, which roughly stands for the ash-agglomerating fluidized bed coal gasifier. The pressurized average bed voidage and bubble size in the jetting fluidized bed were investigated by using electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) technique. The time-averaged cross-sectional solids concentration distribution in the fluidized bed was recorded. The influence of pressure on the size of bubble and the average bed voidage in a pressurized fluidized bed was studied. Both experimental and theoretical results clearly indicate that there is, at the lower pressure, a small initial increase in bubble size decided by voidage and then a decrease with a further increase in pressure, which proves the conclusion of Cai et.al. [P. Cai, M. Schiavetti, G. De Michele, G.C. Grazzini, M. Miccio, Quantitative estimation of bubble size in PFBC, Powder Technology 80 (1994) 99-109]. At higher pressure, bubbles become smaller and smaller because of splitting. The average bed voidage increases gradually with the pressure at the same gas velocity. However, there is a disagreement between the experimental results and simulation results in the average bed voidage at the higher gas velocity, especially at the higher pressure. It suggests that the increase in density of gas with pressure may result in the drag increase and the drag model needs to be improved and revised at higher pressure.