颈椎扩散张量成像数据处理系统构建

颈椎扩散张量成像能够清晰地反应颈髓的病变情况,已经广泛应用于临床诊断.基于对核磁共振成像数据的前处理、扩散张量成像数据的计算、感兴趣区域选取、各向异性分数和平均扩散率等临床诊断指标的计算以及扩散张量成像数据插值等问题进行研究,构建了针对颈椎扩散张量成像数据的处理系统,实现了对扩散张量数据的可视化显示和系统处理,为准确的临床诊断提供了重要参考依据,并构建了扩散张量成像的数学研究平台.     

基于ITK和VTK的脊髓扩散张量成像实现

扩散张量成像是一种新的磁共振成像技术,比传统的扩散加权成像更能够准确地反映出水分子的扩散情况.在脊髓的扩散张量成像方面的研究成果并不多,且存在很大的发展空间.提出并实现了基于ITK和VTK的脊髓图像扩散张量成像系统,其中使用ITK实现图像三维配准和扩散张量及其旋转不变量的计算等功能,使用VTK辅助完成三维图像显示,为脊...     

3D diffusion tensor imaging with 2D navigated turbo spin echo

A Cartesian two-dimensional navigator with variable orientation for online motion correction is introduced. It corrects for all possible zeroth- and first-order phase errors due to rigid-body motion of a subject during the diffusion-weighting preparation. The technique is developed for the application of three-dimensional (3D) imaging sequences, which offer the opportunity of high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging, or diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with isotropic voxel resolution. The navigator was applied to a displaced 3D turbo spin-echo sequence with an ECG-gated diffusion preparation to avoid phase errors due to gross brain pulsation. Online and offline corrected in vivo images acquired with this sequence are compared to investigate the advantages of online correction. Also eigenvector maps of the diffusion tensor are presented with an isotropic resolution of 1 mm³, which indicate that this new navigator technique is a promising approach for high-resolution DTI.     

Accelerating cardiac diffusion tensor imaging combining local low-rank and 3D TV constraint

Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine - Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI, or DTI) is a promising technique for invasively probing biological tissue...     

Assessment of diffusion tensor imaging indices in calf muscles following postural change from standing to supine position

Object

To investigate whether postural change from erect to recumbent position affects calf muscle water diffusivity.

Materials and methods

Ten healthy adults (27.2 ± 4.9 years, 3 females) were imaged at baseline (following assumption of recumbent position), and after 34 min (session 2) and 64 min (session 3) of laying supine within a 3T MRI scanner. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) eigenvalues, fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were evaluated in five calf muscles (anterior and posterior tibialis and triceps surae) during each of the three imaging sessions.

Results

Significant decreases were observed in all of the eigenvalues and ADC in each of the muscles with postural change. These reductions ranged from 3.2 to 6.7 % and 3.4 to 7.5 % for the various DTI metrics, following 34 and 64 min of supine rest, respectively (P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted in ADC or eigenvalues between the second and third imaging sessions for any muscle. FA did not change significantly with postural manipulation in any muscle compartment.

Conclusion

Diffusion tensor imaging indices were altered with postural change. As differences were not apparent between the latter two imaging sessions, we suggest that a short supine resting period (~34 min) is sufficient for muscle diffusivity to stabilize prior to quantitative MR imaging in healthy young adults.     

Reproducibility of diffusion tensor imaging-derived parameters: implications for the streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats

Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine - Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a useful approach for studying neuronal integrity in animals. However, the test–retest...     

针对颈椎扩散张量成像数据的分析处理系统

针对颈椎病已成为我国常见病之一,并且扩散张量成像在临床诊断上得到越来越广泛应用的现状,提出基于ITK（insight segmentation and registration toolkit）和VTK（visualization toolkit）针对颈椎扩散张量成像数据特点构建分析处理平台,主要包含：数据输入模块、多平面显示模块、面绘制模块、DTI数据计算模块和交互模块.系统涵盖了扩散张量成像数据的计算、感兴趣区域选取、计算各向异性分数临床诊断指标等MRI图像处理流程,特别是在交互模块中,结合VTK与经典Snake算法给出了一种感兴趣区半自动选取的方法,为颈部扩散张量成像的后续图像处理奠定了基础.     

Quantitative breast MRI: 2D histogram analysis of diffusion tensor parameters in normal tissue

Object

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the breast may provide a powerful new approach for the detection of intraductal processes. The aim of this investigation was to characterize the relation between diffusion tensor parameters [fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD)] in normal breast tissue to obtain information on the microenvironment of the diffusing water molecules and to provide a systematic approach for DTI analysis.

Materials and methods

Seven female, healthy volunteers underwent prospective double-spin-echo prepared echo-planar diffusion-weighted sequence (TR/TE 8,250 ms/74 ms, b values 0 and 500 s/mm (2), six encoding directions, 12 averages, 35 slices) in 4 consecutive weeks (3.0 T). Quantitative maps of diffusion tensor parameters were computed offline with custom routines. The interdependence of MD and FA in different voxels was analysed by linear and exponential regression.

Results

All MD and FA maps were of excellent quality. A consistent pattern was observed in that lower fractional anisotropy values were more likely associated with higher mean diffusivity values. The dependence exhibited an exponential behavior with a correlation coefficient R = 0.60 (R linear = 0.57).

Conclusion

The likelihood with which FA and MD values are observed in a voxel within normal breast tissue is characterized by a specific pattern, which can be described by an exponential model. Moreover, we could show that the proposed technique does not depend on the menstrual cycle.     

Performance assessment of switched control systems based on tensor space approach

Based on tensor space, a new performance assessment approach is proposed for switched control systems in this paper. Switched control system is widely existing in industrial processes, especially in safety‐important processes where the systems controlled may be switched by protection logic during accident. Clearly, bad performance of control and protection strategies will eventually drive the system to a dangerous condition. To treat this problem, one may set up a performance assessment procedure for the switched control systems using multiple model method, where performance is evaluated through assessment of every individual submodel of the switched system. Obviously, this approach ignores interaction nature between control algorithm and protection strategy. The proposed method can capture the interaction nature of control and protection systems. In the tensor space, the interacting relation of control and protection systems can be synthetically represented by adding the logical switching space. Specifically, the tensor space modeling representation for switched systems has been developed, which can actually model the high coupling interaction of control and protection systems. The data‐driven tensor space algorithm based on higher‐order singular value decomposition has also been developed to assess the performance of switched control systems. By using orthogonal projection in tensor space extended from the matrix space, prediction error approach has been employed to obtain the optimal prediction error variance being as the control performance benchmark for performance assessment. Finally, numerical simulation examples are presented to illustrate the rationality and effectiveness of tensor space approach by comparing with the multiple model approach. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatially resolved kinetics of skeletal muscle exercise response and recovery with multiple echo diffusion tensor imaging (MEDITI): a feasibility study

Objectives

We describe measurement of skeletal muscle kinetics with multiple echo diffusion tensor imaging (MEDITI). This approach allows characterization of the microstructural dynamics in healthy and pathologic muscle.

Materials and methods

In a Siemens 3-T Skyra scanner, MEDITI was used to collect dynamic DTI with a combination of rapid diffusion encoding, radial imaging, and compressed sensing reconstruction in a multi-compartment agarose gel rotation phantom and within in vivo calf muscle. An MR-compatible ergometer (Ergospect Trispect) was employed to enable in-scanner plantar flexion exercise. In a HIPAA-compliant study with written informed consent, post-exercise recovery of DTI metrics was quantified in eight volunteers. Exercise response of DTI metrics was compared with that of T2-weighted imaging and characterized by a gamma variate model.

Results

Phantom results show quantification of diffusivities in each compartment over its full dynamic rotation. In vivo calf imaging results indicate larger radial than axial exercise response and recovery in the plantar flexion-challenged gastrocnemius medialis (fractional response: nT2w?=?0.385?±?0.244, nMD?=?0.163?±?0.130, nλ₁?=?0.110?±?0.093, nλ_rad?=?0.303?±?0.185). Diffusion and T2-weighted response magnitudes were correlated (e.g., r?=?0.792, p?=?0.019 for nMD vs. nT2w).

Conclusion

We have demonstrated the feasibility of MEDITI for capturing spatially resolved diffusion tensor data in dynamic systems including post-exercise skeletal muscle recovery following in-scanner plantar flexion.

     

基于相空间张量分解的有载分接开关故障诊断

有载分接开关一次档位切换过程中伴生的振动信号与其机械状态密切相关。文中基于有载分接开关档位切换过程中振动信号的高维相点空间分布,对有载分接开关多个位置处的振动信号进行张量化表示,用以捕捉尽可能丰富的有载分接开关机械状态信息。然后对所构建的相空间三阶张量进行Tucker张量分解以获取核心张量,据此建立基于卷积神经网络的有载分接开关机械故障判别模型。以某CM型有载分接开关动作时的振动信号为例进行分析,结果表明,有载分接开关动作时的振动信号的相空间核心张量信息全面且冗余少,所构建的基于卷积神经网络的有载分接开关机械故障诊断模型性能良好,准确率超过95%,可为有载分接开关的故障识别及状态维修提供参考依据。     

考虑磁阻率张量的三维磁场有限元分析

在变化的磁场中,磁材料的磁阻率表现为一个三维二阶张量。在数值计算过程中通常把这个张量简化为标量或矢量,但在对计算精度要求比较高的时候,这个张量就应该被充分考虑。本文针对磁阻率张量,结合六节点三棱柱单元,推导了相应的有限元方程组。在新方程组中磁阻率张量中的非主对角线元素得以充分体现。基于这个方程编写了有限元计算程序,并利用有限元软件Femap做前处理与后处理,实现了对三维磁场的有限元分析。仿真结果表明,当磁阻率张量被设为不同形式时,磁场的分布会有一定程度的变化,且张量中各个元素所起的作用亦不相同。     

Modulation of the second-order nonlinear tensor components inmultiple-quantum-well structures

In this paper, we present experimental results which demonstrate that quantum-well intermixing techniques can be used to modulate the magnitude of the second-order nonlinear coefficient χ⁽²⁾. Impurity-free vacancy disordering with SiO₂ and Ga₂O₃ caps was used to modulate the position of the band edge and hence, the magnitude of χ_eff⁽²⁾ . Using a coupled quantum-well structure we were able to demonstrate modulation of the d₃₃ tensor components associated with the asymmetric structure and of the d₁₄ component associated with the bulk crystal structure     

Deviations from the diffusion tensor model as revealed by contour plot visualization using high angular resolution diffusion-weighted imaging (HARDI)

The standard diffusion tensor model is limited in its ability to provide detailed information about multidirectional fiber architecture in human white matter. Additional directional acquisition of diffusivity properties with high angular resolution diffusion-weighted imaging (HARDI) acquisition schemes may deliver more information on areas with fiber crossings than standard DTI. However, representation of the additional information and the rating and visualization of fiber complexity is challenging. We used projection 2D-plots in combination with a HARDI acquisition scheme of 129 diffusion directions and compared the spherical diffusion variance index (SDI) with the relative anisotropy index (RAI). In normal controls, white matter areas with unidirectional fiber arrangement and areas with more complex fiber composition were identified with this approach. HARDI confirms and can visualize deviations from the tensor-like representation, thereby providing information on fiber structure complexity, which may be of considerable interest for clinical studies.     

Ultra-high field diffusion tensor imaging of articular cartilage correlated with histology and scanning electron microscopy

Object

To investigate the relationship of the different diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters (ADC, FA, and first eigenvector (EV)) to the constituents (proteoglycans and collagen), the zonal arrangement of the collagen network, and mechanical loading of articular cartilage.

Material and methods

DTI of eight cartilage-on-bone samples of healthy human patellar cartilage was performed at 17.6 T. Three samples were additionally imaged under indentation loading. After DTI, samples underwent biomechanical testing, safranin-O staining for semiquantitative proteoglycan estimation, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for depicting collagen architecture.

Results

From the articular surface to the bone–cartilage interface, ADC continuously decreased and FA increased. Cartilage zonal heights calculated from EVs strongly correlated with SEM-derived zonal heights (P r ²=0.87). Compression reduced ADC in the superficial 30% of cartilage and increased FA in the superficial 5% of cartilage. Reorientation of the EVs indicative of collagen fiber reorientation under the indenter was observed. No significant correlation was found between ADC, FA, and compressive stiffness.

Conclusions

Correlating ADC and FA with proteoglycan and collagen content suggests that diffusion is dominated by different depth-dependent mechanisms within cartilage. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of the DTI parameters and their variation contributes to form a database for future analysis of defective cartilage.     

Water self-diffusion tensor changes in an avian genetic developmental model of epilepsy

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to investigate whether tissue anisotropy in the developing brain is modified by recurrent seizures in epileptic chickens. Twelve epileptic chickens were sorted equally into two experimental groups at 10 days old. Until the age of 180 days, one group was photically stimulated beginning at an age of 2 weeks and repeated every 2 days while the other group was not stimulated. The photic stimulation induced generalized tonic–clonic seizures, and the unstimulated group did not display seizures. Both treatment groups were imaged at three time points, 45 (juvenile), 90 (adolescent), and 180 (adult) days posthatching, and maps of major and minor elements of anisotropy (η and ε), trace and fractional anisotropy (FA) were generated. The η, ε, and trace values in the hyperstriatum, archistriatum, and optic tectum showed significant changes as a function of developmental time point. Differences and/or interactions due to seizures were seen in the archistriatum and optic tectum for η, ε, and trace with the largest differences between the stimulated and unstimulated birds being seen for η in juvenile birds in the archistriatum (38.1×10⁻¹¹ m²/s versus 18.0×10⁻¹¹ m²/s) and the optic tectum (53.9×10⁻¹¹ m²/s versus 27.1×10⁻¹¹ m²/s). With the DTI parameters being sensitive to microstructure in the brain, these results demonstrate that seizures produce measurable differences, over unstimulated chickens, in brain structure for juvenile chickens, but the differences disappear as the brain matures. In other words, while seizure activity appears to induce atypical biophysical change (relative to unseizing birds) in the brain at a young age, the change is apparently reversed as the brain matures.     

Distribution and fibre field similarity mapping of the human anterior commissure fibres by diffusion tensor imaging

Object

The anterior commissure is a critical interhemispheric pathway in animals, yet its connections in humans are not clearly understood. Its distribution has shown to vary greatly between species, and it is thought that in humans it may convey axons from a larger territory than previously thought. The aim was to use an anatomical mapping tool to look at the anterior commissure fibres and to compare the distribution findings with published anatomical understanding.

Materials and methods

Two different diffusion-weighted imaging data sets were acquired from eight healthy subjects using a 3 Tesla MR scanner with 32 gradient directions. Diffusion tensor imaging tractography was performed, and the anterior commissure fibres were selected using three-dimensional regions of interest. Distribution of the fibres was observed by means of registration with T2-weighted images. The fibre field similarity maps were produced for five of the eight subjects by comparing each subject’s fibres to the combined map of the five data sets.

Results

Fibres were shown to lead into the temporal lobe and towards the orbitofrontal cortex in the majority of subjects. Fibres were also distributed to the parietal or occipital lobes in all five subjects in whom the anterior commissure was large enough for interhemispheric fibres to be tracked through. The fibre field similarity maps highlighted areas where the local distances of fibre tracts were displayed for each subject compared to the combined bundle map.

Conclusion

The anterior commissure may play a more important role in interhemispheric communication than currently presumed by conveying axons from a wider territory, and the fibre field similarity maps give a novel approach to quantifying and visualising characteristics of fibre tracts.     

Application of tensor decomposition in studying linear induction motors

We consider questions of the development of mathematical and computer software for the analysis of electromagnetic processes in high-speed linear induction motors. It is shown that, upon applying tensor calculation methods to each part, it is possible to solve joint equations for the electric circuit, electromagnetic field, and motor control system.     

White and grey matter development in utero assessed using motion-corrected diffusion tensor imaging and its comparison to ex utero measures

Objective

Fetal brain diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) offers quantitative analysis of the developing brain. The objective was to 1) quantify DTI measures across gestation in a cohort of fetuses without brain abnormalities using full retrospective correction for fetal head motion 2) compare results obtained in utero to those in preterm infants.

Materials and methods

Motion-corrected DTI analysis was performed on data sets obtained at 1.5T from 32 fetuses scanned between 21.29 and 37.57 (median 31.86) weeks. Results were compared to 32 preterm infants scanned at 3T between 27.43 and 37.14 (median 33.07) weeks. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were quantified by region of interest measurements and tractography was performed.

Results

Fetal DTI was successful in 84% of fetuses for whom there was sufficient data for DTI estimation, and at least one tract could be obtained in 25 cases. Fetal FA values increased and ADC values decreased with age at scan (PLIC FA: p = 0.001; R² = 0.469; slope = 0.011; splenium FA: p < 0.001; R² = 0.597; slope = 0.019; thalamus ADC: p = 0.001; R² = 0.420; slope = − 0.023); similar trends were found in preterm infants.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that stable DTI is feasible on fetuses and provides evidence for normative values of diffusion properties that are consistent with aged matched preterm infants.

     

基于麦克斯韦应力法的双绕组无轴承开关磁阻电机新型数学模型

现有的双绕组无轴承开关磁阻电机麦克斯韦应力法数学模型忽略了相互垂直方向上径向悬浮力的耦合,但当转子偏离定转子齿极中心对齐位置较大时存在较强的耦合,故现有模型难以满足高精确度稳定悬浮控制要求。选择一种计及相互垂直方向悬浮力耦合的新积分路径,建立了基于麦克斯韦应力法的双绕组无轴承开关磁阻电机新型数学模型,同时为计及电机磁路的饱和特性,采用最小二乘法对铁心材料的非线性磁化曲线进行拟合,求解考虑磁饱和的各气隙磁密。通过与有限元仿真结果对比,验证了所建模型不仅揭示了相互垂直方向上径向悬浮力的耦合关系,考虑了磁饱和特性,且具有精确度良好、计算量小等优点,为实现高精度稳定悬浮控制奠定了基础。