聚合物淬火剂CH-202M的冷却特性研究

本文阐述了聚合物淬火剂 CH-202M 的基本特性和主要物理指标。作者在研究该淬火剂冷却机理之后指出,金属冷却时于金属表面形成一层聚合物隔离膜。45和40Cr 钢在不同浓度介质中淬火,可得到比水淬、油淬更大的淬透深度和更小的淬火变形,而且可以防止淬火开裂。研究结果表明,聚合物淬火剂 CH-202M 有许多优点,用于钢铁零件淬火特别有效。     

淬火介质对 ZL114 A 铝合金性能、变形和组织的影响

绘制了水溶性聚合物PAG、聚乙烯醇和水等3种介质的淬火冷却曲线,对介质温度和浓度对介质淬火冷却能力的影响进行了分析,研究了不同浓度和温度的PAG对ZL114A铝合金组织、性能与变形的影响.结果表明,PAG相比水和聚乙烯醇具有更好的淬火效果;介质温度和浓度越低,PAG的冷却速度越高;采用PAG作为ZL114A铝合金的淬火介质,为使淬火工件获得较好的组织与力学性能,变形量较小,应控制PAG的使用温度大约为40℃,质量分数大约为15％.     

淬火冷却速率对60Si2CrVAT弹簧钢高周疲劳性能的影响

采用13%PAG(聚烷撑乙二醇)和油对60Si2Cr VAT弹簧钢进行淬火热处理,研究了不同淬火冷却速率对其轴向高周疲劳(r=-1)性能的影响。利用SEM、TEM和EBSD等方法对疲劳断口形貌、源区成分、显微组织进行表征。结果表明,13%PAG淬火后的疲劳极限(781.5 MPa)比油淬高67.5 MPa(714.0 MPa)。疲劳断口分析表明,疲劳破坏大部分起源于试样内部夹杂物和碳化物,形成"鱼眼"型撕裂的粒状亮区(GBF)。随裂纹源夹杂物处应力强度因子幅?Kinc的减小,疲劳寿命Nf增加,而GBF区边界的应力场强度因子幅?KGBF并不随Nf变化而改变,且13%PAG淬火试样的?KGBF大于油淬试样。实验钢13%PAG淬火试样组织中分布更多的纳米孪晶;马氏体板条块和板条更加细化,碳化物呈均匀细小弥散分布;而油淬碳化物较粗大,沿马氏体板条界和原奥氏体晶界分布。这些因素是PAG淬火后疲劳性能优于油淬的主要原因。     

42CrMo钢蜗杆开裂原因分析

42CrMo钢蜗轮蜗杆在装配时发现蜗杆表面开裂,通过宏观分析、化学成分分析、淬火表面残余应力测试、微观分析、金相检验、能谱分析、硬度测试等方法对蜗杆开裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:该42CrMo钢蜗杆表面裂纹为淬火应力裂纹,蜗杆材料中的锰的质量分数偏高以及淬火过程中热应力与组织应力叠加导致蜗杆沿轴线方向开裂。     

回火温度对2Cr13钢疲劳强度的影响

通过对2Cr13钢进行拉伸试验,比较了2Cr13钢调质处理时在两种不同回火温度下的疲劳强度.结果表明,与970℃淬火 710℃回火工艺相比,2Cr13钢在970℃淬火 640℃回火后的疲劳强度提高,塑性降低.     

Cl~-浓度对超级13Cr油管钢应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响

采用慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的实验方法,通过应力应变(σ-ε)曲线、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段分析了超级13Cr油管钢在NaCl溶液中的抗拉强度、延伸率、断裂时间、应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数(kscc)和断口形貌,研究了Cl-浓度对其应力腐蚀开裂行为的影响。结果显示:当NaCl溶液浓度低于15%时,超级13Cr油管钢应力腐蚀的程度较轻,抗应力腐蚀开裂性能较好;而当NaCl溶液浓度大于25%时,其应力腐蚀的程度严重,抗应力腐蚀开裂性能较差;随溶液Cl-浓度的增大,超级13Cr油管钢的力学性能降低、抗SCC性能降低、应力腐蚀开裂的倾向增大、应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数kσ和kε均呈现增大的趋势,且kε比kσ增大的趋势更明显;Cl-浓度对超级13Cr油管钢塑性的影响比对其抗拉强度的影响更显著。     

水基淬火介质冷却特性对材料淬火显微组织及开裂倾向的影响

提出将淬火介质冷却特性曲线与材料的奥氏体连续冷却转变动力学曲线相结合，来选择材料的淬火介质，获得合适的显微组织并控制材料淬火过程中的变形、开裂倾向。实验证明了水基淬火液的冷却特性的可调性。指出同一材料在相同的奥氏体化条件下采用不同冷却特性的淬火介质淬火时，材料淬火后的显微组织形态、物相构成的差别及其对开裂倾向的影响。将材料连续冷却转变动力学曲线与淬火介质冷却特性曲线直接关联起来．为研制新型水基淬火介质提供了新的试验方法。     

一种含Re叶片钢的热处理工艺和组织性能研究

为了掌握含Re的高温叶片用钢11Cr10Co2W2MoReVNbNB的最佳热处理工艺和组织性能,对钢进行了热处理工艺试验和组织性能分析。采用Gleeble3800型热/力模拟试验机测定了钢的相变点,采用INSTRON-5582型电子拉力试验机、HVS-1000型维氏硬度计测定了钢的力学性能,采用Olympus-PMG3型光学显微镜、SUPRA55型扫描电镜、FEI Tecnai G2 F30型透射电镜分析了钢的组织性能。实验结果表明:钢在1 100~1 140℃内淬火、在660~700℃内回火时,淬火温度和回火温度对材料性能基本没有影响;与其他高温用12%Cr钢相比,11Cr10Co2W2MoReVNbNB钢具有良好的韧性,室温V型冲击性能高达40 J以上;钢的组织为回火索氏体,组织均匀、晶粒细小。钢的最佳热处理工艺为(1 120±10)℃油冷+(690±10)℃空冷,钢的主要强化相为M23C6,Re主要存在于基体中,起固溶强化作用。     

井口除砂器抗冲蚀性能评价分析

含砂天然气对井口除砂器部件会造成严重的冲蚀进而降低开采效率,并且留下安全隐患。针对除砂器关键部件冲蚀严重的问题,从冲蚀角度和热处理2个方面研究其关键部件的耐冲蚀材料42CrMo、45钢、2Cr13、20CrMnTi和H13(4Cr5MoSiV1)的抗冲蚀性能。首先搭建冲蚀试验平台进行了冲蚀模拟试验,其次利用扫描电镜观察靶材冲蚀后的微观形貌,探讨冲蚀磨损机理。结果表明：当冲蚀角在30°～90°时,冲蚀率随冲蚀角的增加而减小;并非所有材料经热处理都能提高抗冲蚀性能;调质状态的2Cr13的抗冲蚀性能最优;调质状态的2Cr13、45钢和出厂状态的H13倾斜冲击时磨损形式以切削为主,垂直冲击时磨损形式为磨料冲击使靶材发生塑性变形而脱落为主。本试验为除砂器耐蚀件选材提供了参考。     

Cl~-,CO_2和微量H_2S共存时13Cr不锈钢的腐蚀性能

通过高温高压釜模拟油气田现场环境,采用扫描电镜、能谱和X射线衍射方法对油气田现场水样腐蚀后1Cr13和OCr13两种钢的表面形貌及成分进行了分析,对比研究了Cl~-,CO_2和微量H_2S共存时在气、液两相中的耐蚀性能。结果表明:1Cr13和0Cr13钢在气、液两相中的平均腐蚀速率均较小,但均有不同程度的点蚀发生,且0Cr13钢点蚀比1Cr13钢点蚀严重;1Cr13和0Cr13钢主要靠钝化膜中铬的化合物降低腐蚀速率。并探讨了影响不锈钢耐蚀性能的因素,包括化学成分、夹杂、晶粒度、显微组织和腐蚀介质,并采用金相分析法进行了验证。     

Effect of Poly-Alkylene-Glycol Quenchant on the Distortion,Hardness, and Microstructure of 65Mn Steel

Currently, the 65Mn steel is quenched mainly by oil media. Even though the lower cooling rate of oil compared to water reduces the hardness of steel post quenching, the deforming and cracking of parts are often minimized. On the other hand, the oil media also has the disadvantage of being flammable, creating smoke that adversely affects the media. The poly alkylene glycol (PAG) polymer quenchant is commonly used for quenching a variety of steels based on its advantages such as non-flammability and flexible cooling rate subjected to varying concentration and stirring speed. This article examines the effect of PAG polymer quenching solution (with concentrations of 10% and 20%) on deformation, hardness, and microstructure of C-ring samples made of 65Mn steel. Furthermore, the performance of PAG polymer quenchant is also compared with those of two common quenching solutions: Water and oil. When cooling in water, the C-ring samples had the largest deformation and 2 times higher than the results obtained when a 10% PAG solution was used. In particular, similar levels of deformation on the C-ring samples were observed in both cases of 20% PAG solution and oil as the primary quenching media. Furthermore, the hardness level measured between the sampled parts quenched in the 20% PAG solution appeared to be more uniform than that obtained from the oil-quenched sample. The study of the microscopic structure of steel by optical microscopy combined with X-ray diffraction showed that the water hardened sample exhibited cracks and comprised of two phases, martensite and retained austenite. According to the results of Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) analysis and backscattering electronic image (BSE), the content of austenite residue in the sample when the sample was cooled in PAG 10 and 20% solution was 3.21% and 4.73%, respectively and smaller than the measurements obtained from oil quenching solution. Thus, the 65Mn steel is cooled in 20% PAG solution for high hardness and more evenly distributed than when it is quenched in oil while still ensuring a small level of deformation. Therefore, the PAG 20% solution can completely replace oil as the main media used to quench the 65Mn steel.     

Application of polymeric quenchant in heat treatment of crack-sensitive steel mechanical parts: Modeling and experiments

Success or failure of a quenching process is determined by selecting an appropriate quenchant. In this work, the quenching process of the automobile tie rods in different media including water, oil, and a polymeric solution was investigated. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the rods were predicted by a finite element simulation model. Several specimens were cut from the tie rods and heat treated by quenching in five different quenching media including water, oil, and PAG aqueous solutions with polymer concentrations of 10, 20, and 30%. The hardness tests and metallographic analyses were performed on the specimens. Considering the results of the simulations and the experiments, the optimum quenchant was selected and the tie rods were heat treated using this quenchant. The results showed that the use of Poly Alkylene Glycol (PAG) solution quenchants, with respect to its unique cooling mechanism, outperformed water and oil quenchants. The distortion and cracking was reduced compared to water quenching and, on the other hand, the mechanical properties which were not achievable by oil quenching were resulted using polymer-based quenching medium.     

淬火温度对含铜5Cr15MoV马氏体不锈钢性能的影响

将含铜5Cr15MoV马氏体不锈钢在不同温度热处理并使用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、硬度测试和电化学测试等手段对其表征,研究了淬火温度对其组织、硬度以及耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,铜元素的添加提高了材料中残余奥氏体的体积分数,而使其硬度降低。淬火后钢中的未溶碳化物为fcc结构的富铬M₂₃C₆型碳化物,铜元素的添加对5Cr15MoV马氏体不锈钢中碳化物的尺寸和形貌没有明显的影响,但是使其耐蚀性能略微降低。随着淬火温度从1000℃提高到1100℃,未溶碳化物逐渐减少,耐蚀性提高。残余奥氏体的含量也随着淬火温度的提高而增多,碳化物与残余奥氏体的共同作用使淬火后钢的硬度曲线呈抛物线状并在1050℃达到最大值。     

The effect of tempering temperature on mechanical properties and microstructure of low alloy Cr and CrMo steel

Two low alloy Cr and CrMo steels with similar levels of carbon, manganese and chromium have been studied to determine the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure. The quenching and tempering of steels were carried out using a high-speed dilatometer. The steels were quenched at the average cooling rate of 30 K s-1 in the temperature range from 1123 to 573 K by flowing argon and tempered at 673, 823 and 973 K. The martensite of steels formed during quenching was of entire lath morphology with 2 vol% retained austenite. It was found that after tempering at 973 K the Cr steel contained only orthorhombic cementite, while the CrMo steel contained the cementite and hexagonal Mo2C particles in the ferrite matrix. At the same tempering conditions, the CrMo steel shows higher strength but lower ductility as compared to those of Cr steel. It is shown that this difference results from finer prior austenite grain, substructure within matrix and precipitate dispersion strengthening, primarily by Mo2C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) bright- and dark-field micrographs as well as selected area diffraction pattern analysis of orientation relationship showed that the cementite precipitated from the ferrite matrix. Fractography analysis showed that the morphology fracture surface was changed by increasing tempering temperature. Tempering at 973 K obtained ductile fracture by the microvoid coalescence mechanism.     

Enhancing mechanical properties and avoiding cracks by simulation of quenching connecting rods

If the service load onto a part is heavy, e.g. for the connecting rods of high-power diesel engine, high mechanical properties are critically required. When quenched in oil, it cannot meet the requirements. While quenching it in aqueous polymer quenchant or water, the mechanical properties could be higher than that required but cracking would occasionally happen. In order to obtain the expected mechanical properties and avoid cracking by quenching and tempering, the heat transfer coefficients of quenchants were measured and calculated, and the quenching process of connecting rods was simulated by using finite element method so that its processing parameters were determined. The results show that the mechanical properties of the treated rods have been enhanced and cracks were avoided.     

真空分级淬火对8Cr4Mo4V钢组织和性能的影响

在真空条件下对航空轴承用8Cr4Mo4V钢进行不同温度的分级淬火并采用扫描电镜观察其微观组织、用XRD谱进行相分析并测试洛氏硬度、冲击性能和旋转弯曲疲劳性能,研究了真空分级淬火对其微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,真空分级淬火后的8Cr4Mo4V钢其微观组织由下贝氏体、马氏体/残余奥氏体和碳化物组成;随着分级淬火温度的提高,淬火和回火态钢中析出碳化物的数量增加,残余奥氏体的含量降低。分级淬火温度为580℃时淬火态钢中贝氏体的含量最高(达到13.87%),残余奥氏体的含量为28.59%。回火后析出碳化物的含量和洛氏硬度均为所有分级温度中的最大值,分别为4.37%和62.38HRC。真空分级淬火能提高8Cr4Mo4V钢的综合力学性能。与未分级真空淬火相比,进行580℃×10 min真空分级淬火的8Cr4Mo4V钢的冲击韧性提高了23.3%,旋转弯曲疲劳极限提高了110 MPa。     

超级13Cr不锈钢在磷酸盐完井液中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性研究

超级13Cr不锈钢常应用于高温井段,为明确其在高温磷酸盐完井液中的腐蚀及断裂风险,通过慢速率应变拉伸试验(SSRT)和高温高压电化学测试等,结合扫描电镜研究了超级13Cr不锈钢在高温磷酸盐完井液环境中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性。结果表明:超级13Cr不锈钢在高温磷酸盐完井液环境下具有一定的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性,其应力腐蚀开裂机制为阳极溶解型;随温度升高,超级13Cr不锈钢表面的钝化膜稳定性下降,点蚀敏感性增加,应力腐蚀开裂敏感性增大。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of 12 wt.% Cr ferritic stainless steel with Ti and Nb dual stabilization

TCS stainless steel is a 12 wt.% Cr ferritic stainless steel with 0.040 wt.% Ti and 0.096 wt.% Nb dual stabilization. This paper investigated the microstructures and mechanical properties of TCS stainless steel heated at 600–1300 °C for 10 min and followed water quenching. Results show the increasing of both tensile strength and hardness meanwhile the ductility and toughness have experienced the decreasing due to formation of martensitic phase and grain coarsening. In the unheated and heated TCS stainless steel, there are mainly two kinds of particles: Ti-rich particles in size of 2–5 μm; Nb-rich particles in size of 20–50 nm.     

1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢输油管道开裂原因分析

通过化学成分分析、宏观检验、金相检验和断口分析等方法对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢液压油输送管道开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:不锈钢管开裂为应力腐蚀开裂,裂纹起源于管道外壁并逐渐向内壁扩展;产生开裂的主要原因是工业水中氯、硫和氧等腐蚀性物质不断在钢管外壁沉积,在管道压力和腐蚀介质共同作用下,不锈钢管发生应力腐蚀开裂。     

淬火温度对42CrMo高强度钢应力腐蚀断裂抗力的影响

用俄歌能谱和电子显微镜研究了淬火温度对４２ＣｒＭｏ高强度钢在３．５％ＮａＣｌ水溶液中的应力腐蚀断裂性能的影响，结果表明，高温淬火和分级淬火可使应力腐蚀断裂抗力Ｋｉｓ∝值得到明显提高，对晶粒尺寸、杂质贪等因素的分析表明，Ｋｉｓ∝升高的主要原因是晶粒尺寸的增大所致。