纳米SiO2对钢纤维/混凝土高温后力学性能及微观结构的影响

研究了掺纳米SiO₂的钢纤维混凝土(NSFC)、 钢纤维混凝土(SFRC)和普通混凝土(NC)三种材料在不同加热温度后的抗压、 劈裂和抗折强度等力学性能, 对不同温度热处理后的微观结构进行了SEM分析, 对钢纤维与过渡区界面的相结构进行了XRD分析。结果表明: 在测试温度范围内, NSFC的抗压、 劈裂和抗折强度均高于SFRC和NC的强度, 且在400 ℃时达到最大值。在常温下, NSFC的抗压、 劈裂和抗折强度较NC分别提高27.01%、 63.28%和54.12%, 400 ℃高温热处理后比NC分别高35.09%、 84.62%和87.23%; SEM分析表明, 在钢纤维与过渡区的界面处, 致密度提高, 显微硬度提高。由于固相反应, 使界面区结构发生变化, 在钢纤维表层形成扩散渗透层(白亮层), 即化合物层, 呈锯齿状, XRD分析证明, 白亮层主要由FeSi₂和复杂的水化硅酸钙组成, 从而增强了钢纤维与基体的粘结力, 提高了混凝土的高温力学性能。     

Design of SFRC structural elements: post-cracking tensile strength measurement

Utilisation of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) for designing structural members requires knowledge of the post-cracking tensile response. This paper reviews the experimental characterisation tests and subsequent analysis commonly used for determining the post-cracking tensile properties of SFRC. The experimental program supporting this investigation comprised five different SFRC mixes with fibre volumes ranging from 0.75 to 1.25% used to fabricate a set of characterisation specimens for uniaxial tension tests, notched beam tests and round panel tests carried out in parallel with an extensive experimental program on large scale beams. Characterisation test results allowed a comparison between direct stress–crack opening measurements and the stress–crack openings retrieved from the inverse analysis of bending tests. Discrepancies in post-cracking tensile results obtained with the three types of tests are analyzed and related mainly to test configurations, the presence of a predefined crack, support conditions, fibre orientation, and cracked surface size. Results obtained using material characterisations are then applied to the reproduction of the structural behaviour of large scale beams, documented in a companion paper.     

单向受拉状态下的钢纤维混凝土本构模型

在混凝土中添加随机分布的钢纤维能有效提高混凝土力学性能。为了更好地考虑纤维对单向受拉状态下钢纤维混凝土（SFRC）的增强作用，提出一个钢纤维混凝土的弥散开裂本构模型。在弹性阶段，纤维混凝土被视为简单复合材料，基于两相复合材料理论，对SFRC的弹性刚度矩阵进行修正；在受拉开裂后，混凝土的塑性变形量被视为纤维与混凝土界面脱粘过程中滑移量，利用粘结滑移模型计算纤维在混凝土开裂面上的桥接作用。该文通过有限元软件ABAQUS中子程序二次开发接口Umat，进行Fortran编程，在ABAQUS中实现该本构模型。通过数值模拟结果与受拉实验数据进行对比，验证了该本构模型的准确性。通过数值模拟分析，进一步探究钢纤维混凝土相关参数对抗拉性能的影响，为钢纤维混凝土在实际的工程中的应用提供建议。     

钢纤维混凝土多轴损伤比强度准则EI北大核心CSCD

以损伤比强度理论为基础,建立了钢纤维混凝土真三轴损伤比强度准则,并根据钢纤维混凝土试验资料,推荐了钢纤维混凝土损伤比变量表达式中的6个经验参数。利用钢纤维混凝土在单轴、双轴和三轴受力状态下的应力-应变曲线试验结果验证了损伤比取值合理性,对比了单轴受拉、单轴受压和双轴等压等典型受力状态下钢纤维混凝土和普通混凝土损伤比变量取值的差异。通过与国内外共104组钢纤维体积率为0.5%~2.5%的钢纤维混凝土三轴强度试验资料的比较,表明六经验参数钢纤维混凝土损伤比强度准则的三维破坏包络面接近已有认识;通过与国内外强度准则比较,表明损伤比强度准则与钢纤维混凝土三轴试验数据有较高的吻合度。对于围压三轴受力状态,提出简化的钢纤维混凝土常规三轴强度准则,并与已有常规三轴强度准则进行比较分析。此外,对于材料处于二轴受力,推荐了简化的损伤比二轴强度准则中的经验参数取值。     

Response of steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete beams: Experiments and code predictions

The shear-flexure response of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams was investigated.Thirty-six reinforced concrete beams with and without conventional shear reinforcement (stirrups) were tested under a four-point bending configuration to study the effectiveness of steel fibers on shear and flexural strengths, failure mechanisms, crack control, and ductility.The major factors considered were compressive strength (normal strength and high strength concrete up to 100 MPa), shear span-effective depth ratio (a/d = 1.5, 2.5, 3.5), and web reinforcement (none, stirrups and/or steel fibers).The response of RC beams was evaluated based on the results of crack patterns, load at first cracking, ultimate shear capacity, and failure modes.The experimental evidence showed that the addition of steel fibers improves the mechanical response, i.e., flexural and shear strengths and the ductility of the flexural members.Finally, the most recent code-based shear resistance predictions for SFRC beams were considered to discuss their reliability with respect to the experimental findings. The crack pattern predictions are also reviewed based on the major factors that affect the results.     

纤维对超高性能混凝土残余强度及高温爆裂性能的影响

采用普通原材料制备56 d龄期抗压强度为140~160 MPa的空白组超高性能混凝土、钢纤维超高性能混凝土及混杂纤维超高性能混凝土,测定其遭受高温作用后的残余抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度,并对100%含湿量的混凝土试块进行高温爆裂试验。此外,测定大小2种加热速率对超高性能混凝土高温爆裂行为的影响。结果表明:所配制混凝土的残余抗压强度均随着目标温度的升高呈现先增大再降低的趋势,800℃高温后的残余抗压强度约为常温强度的30%。钢纤维与混杂纤维混凝土的残余劈裂抗拉强度亦呈现先升高再降低的趋势,800℃高温后的残余劈裂抗拉强度分别为常温强度的15.1%和35.4%。空白组混凝土的残余劈裂抗拉强度随着目标温度的升高而单调下降,800℃高温后的强度值约为常温强度的20.3%。7.5℃/min加热速率下,100%含湿量的3种混凝土试块均发生了严重高温爆裂,单掺钢纤维可以改善超高性能混凝土的高温爆裂,但不能避免爆裂的发生,而混杂纤维对超高性能混凝土高温爆裂的改善效果并未显著优于钢纤维。2.5℃/min加热速率下,混杂纤维可避免部分超高性能混凝土试块发生爆裂。      

Fatigue behaviour of steel fiber reinforced concrete

The results of an experimental investigation on the fatigue characteristics and residual strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) are reported. The testing program included flexural specimens as well as split-cylinders and cubes reinforced with two fiber types at a low volume content. One of the fibers was of the deformed slit-sheet type available at aspect ratios of 45 and 60. It is shown that SFRC has a better fatigue response than plain concrete and that the deformed slit-sheet fiber has an effect almost identical to hooked-end fiber of similar dimensions. There is no increase in residual strength measured by split-tension when specimens are subjected to fatigue stress above the endurance limit. Fatigue characteristics of SFRC from this testing program as well as previous works can be interpreted as a function of the fiber factor (i.e. a parameter accounting for volume fraction, aspect ratio and fiber type) to provide design charts. More experimental work is needed to provide an acceptable database for fatigue design of SFRC.     

Modélisation de la réponse en traction du béton renforcé de fibres métalliques

To date there has been no model really able to predict the behaviour of steel fiber reinforced concrete. By referring to the experimental design theory, which allows us to adopt a formal procedure in terms of test definition and to assess the reliability of the experimental results we analyse the behaviour of steel fiber reinforced concrete when subjected to uniaxial tension. The influence of 8 characteristic parameters (factors) of the material on the ultimate tensile strength f_t and the fracture energy G_f is analysed. Particular attention is devoted to the study of the heterogeneity and anisotropy of the material.     

混杂纤维增强应变硬化水泥基复合材料的拉伸本构关系

钢纤维与聚乙烯醇纤维混杂增强应变硬化水泥基复合材料(SF-PVA/SHCC)的力学性能研究是近年来的热点问题之一,但目前依然欠缺能够完整描述SF-PVA/SHCC拉伸本构关系的理论模型。本文基于混凝土断裂力学和细观力学理论,通过考虑拉伸应力-应变曲线软化段及SF-PVA混杂纤维对SHCC拉伸性能的影响,提出一种新的可适用于SF-PVA/SHCC材料的单轴拉伸本构模型。为了验证模型的有效性,开展了SF-PVA/SHCC单轴拉伸性能试验,分析了纤维种类和掺量对SHCC拉伸强度、拉伸应变及拉伸韧性的影响。通过与试验数据对比发现,本文所提出的拉伸本构模型可以较好地预测SF-PVA/SHCC的拉伸应力-应变关系。      

Characterization of the orientation profile of steel fiber reinforced concrete

The orientation of fibers has a pronounced influence on the tensile behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and, consequently, this aspect should be considered in modeling the material constitutive law. Previous works have shown that the tensile strength of SFRC is directly related to the average orientation of the fibers. However, few studies have investigated the correlation between the variation of distribution of fiber orientation and material strength. This paper introduces a new concept of orientation profile in order to characterize fiber orientation through an unambiguous method. From the investigation on experimental data it could be observed that fiber orientation follows a Gaussian law and that the distribution and average values of single fiber orientations are correlated with each other. Conclusions from this paper are particularly relevant for the development of micromechanical models for SFRC.     

钢纤维混凝土带裂状态下抗弯承载力的计算方法

在混凝土中加入钢纤维,可使开裂后的混凝土仍能在开裂面传递拉应力,但钢纤维所传递的拉应力随裂缝宽度的增加而发生变化.因此以前认为钢纤维混凝土抗拉强度与裂缝宽度无关的设计方法,并未反映钢纤维混凝土的真实受力特性.本文通过四点弯曲试验,得到荷载与裂缝张开位移的关系.然后用受力平衡的方法,反算出钢纤维混凝土开裂后拉应力与裂缝宽度的关系,即拉伸软化曲线.通过分析发现,典型的钢纤维混凝土拉伸软化曲线,可以用其四个关键点的直线段描述.并根据实验数据,给出各段直线的确定方法.最后根据裂缝宽度和拉伸软化曲线,可以确定在指定裂缝宽度下,钢纤维混凝土的抗弯承载力.     

聚丙烯-钢纤维/混凝土柱大偏心受压承载力计算

对270个聚丙烯纤维掺量(体积分数)分别为0vol%、0.1vol%、0.2vol%、0.3vol%、0.4vol%、0.5vol%、钢纤维掺量(体积分数)分别为0vol%、0.5vol%、1vol%、1.5vol%、2vol%的聚丙烯-钢纤维/混凝土试块进行立方体抗压试验、轴心抗压试验和劈裂抗拉试验,基于复合材料力学理论,考虑纤维的取向系数、长度有效系数和界面黏结系数,对其建立强度预测模型并进行机制分析,同时选取掺量分别为0vol%、0.1vol%、0.3vol%的聚丙烯纤维、掺量分别为0vol%、1.5vol%的钢纤维制作6根聚丙烯-钢纤维/混凝土柱,对其进行大偏心受压试验,在强度预测模型的基础上进行承载力计算,提出聚丙烯-钢纤维/混凝土承载力计算方法。结果表明:钢纤维对聚丙烯-钢纤维/混凝土立方体抗压强度、轴心抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度均有提高;聚丙烯纤维可提高聚丙烯-钢纤维/混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度,但不能提高聚丙烯-钢纤维/混凝土的抗压强度;聚丙烯-钢混杂纤维加入混凝土柱可有效提高其极限承载力。      

Strength and fracture properties of industrially prepared steel fibre reinforced concrete

The paper reports on a study of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) which was prepared using normal industrial mixing, compaction and curing conditions. Both strength (compressive and tensile) and fracture (toughness measurements) characteristics have been investigated with test specimens prepared from 5 m long SFRC piles. The piles contained only steel fibre reinforcement and were manufactured in exactly the same way as ordinary piles.Slight differences in the tensile strengths (determined via torsion tests) were observed due to the existence of preferential fibre orientation. Flexural tests on notched beams (to evaluate fracture characteristics) produced a much more stable, reproducible, test than that observed for un-notched beams. Hence, it is concluded that the notched beam is a better geometry in terms of test stability and reliability. The results showed that tests specimens taken from industrially prepared SFRC displayed similar characteristics compared to that observed with test specimens prepared under laboratory conditions, with regards to the strength, fracture characteristics and, in particular, the variation observed.     

Predicting the flexural response of steel fibre reinforced concrete prisms using a sectional model

The material characterisation of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) continues to be an ongoing topic of debate in the scientific community. When designing a structural element made of SFRC, its defining characteristic is its post-cracking residual tensile strength. Theoretically, a uniaxial tension test is the ideal test in gathering these parameters; however these tests are expensive in time and testing. Consequently, much effort has been placed on inferring the post-cracking properties of SFRC from simpler tests, such as a notched prism in bending. In this paper, the sectional analysis procedure of Zhang and Stang (1998) is adapted with the inclusion of the variable engagement model to describe SFRC in tension. The model is shown to accurately capture the load–deformation characteristics of the tested specimens and allows for the explicit identification of the components resisting load.     

Shear Strength Evaluation of Concrete Beams Reinforced with BFRP Bars and Steel fibers without Stirrups

This paper presents experimental and analytical investigations on concrete beams reinforced with basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) and steel fibers without stirrups. Independent behaviour of BFRP reinforced beams and steel fiber reinforced beams were evaluated and the effect of combining BFRP bars and steel fiber was investigated in detail. It is found that combining steel fibers with BFRP could change the shear failure of BFRP reinforced beam to flexural failure. Further, the existing analytical models were reviewed and compared to predict the shear strength of both FRP reinforced and steel fiber reinforced beams. Based on the review, the appropriate model was chosen and modified to predict the shear strength of BFRP reinforced beam along with steel fibers.     

钢管钢纤维高强混凝土抗冲击压缩性能的试验研究与数值模拟

遮弹层的建成及优化对防护工程的发展尤为重要。钢管钢纤维高强混凝土蜂窝遮弹层是一种具有高强抗力的新型遮弹层,文章对其组成构件钢管钢纤维高强混凝土进行霍普金森压杆(SHPB)动态力学性能试验,并借助动力有限元分析软件LSDYNA进行数值模拟。冲击压缩试验中,试件的钢纤维掺量分别为0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%,钢管壁厚分别为2mm、3mm。结果表明钢管钢纤维高强混凝土具有应变率强化效应,应变率越高,试件的动态抗压强度越大。当气压为1.0 MPa时,壁厚3mm、钢纤维掺量1.5%的试件强度达258.3 MPa。与钢纤维高强混凝土相比,钢管钢纤维高强混凝土的抗冲击压缩性能更好,动态抗压强度最大增幅达35.4%,且具备承受多次冲击压缩作用的能力。数值模拟与试验结果吻合度高,表明数值模拟方法具有可行性。     

Experimental evaluation of fiber reinforced concrete fracture properties

Concrete is now universally recognized a construction material vital and essential for the regeneration and rehabilitation of the infrastructure of a country. The last few decades have now shown that high strength concrete, with a compressive strength of 100–120 MPa can be readily designed and manufactured. There have also been several advances made in the development of fiber reinforced concrete to control cracking and crack propagation in plain concrete, and to increase the overall ductility of the material. However, there are now many types of fibers with different material and geometric properties, and the exact fracture behavior of fiber reinforced concrete materials is not clearly understood. The overall aim of this paper is to establish the fracture properties and fracture behavior of concrete containing two widely used types of fibers, namely, steel (high modulus) and polypropylene (low modulus). The experimental investigation consisted of tests on cubes and notched prismatic specimens made from plain concrete and fiber concrete with 1% and 2% of steel or polypropylene fibers. The cube tests and the three point bending tests on notched specimens were carried out according to RILEM specifications, and extensive data on their compressive and flexural tensile behavior and fracture energy were recorded and analyzed. The results obtained from the tests are critically assessed, and it is shown that fibers contribute immensely to the structural integrity and structural stability of concrete elements and thereby improve their durable service life.     

Stress-strain characteristic of SFRC using recycled fibres

This paper presents work from a comprehensive study on the development of a flexural design framework for concrete reinforced with steel fibres that are recovered from used tyres. The experimental flexural behaviour of notched concrete prisms reinforced with these fibres is initially presented. For comparison purposes, prisms reinforced with industrially produced fibres are also considered. An attempt to adopt an existing RILEM design framework to derive appropriate tensile stress-strain blocks is made, but problems are identified with key parameters of the framework. The influence of crack propagation and location of neutral axis depth on the tensile stress distribution is examined. Following an analytical study, it is concluded that the uniaxial stress-strain model, proposed by RILEM overestimates the load-carrying capacity and should be modified by utilising more advanced analytical techniques.     

Effect of steel fibres on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete

Steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) became in the recent decades a very popular and attractive material in structural engineering because of its good mechanical performance. The most important advantages are hindrance of macrocracks’ development, delay in microcracks’ propagation to macroscopic level and the improved ductility after microcracks’ formation. SFRC is also tough and demonstrates high residual strengths after appearing of the first crack. This paper deals with a role of steel fibres having different configuration in combination with steel bar reinforcement. It reports on results of an experimental research program that was focused on the influence of steel fibre types and amounts on flexural tensile strength, fracture behaviour and workability of steel bar reinforced high-strength concrete beams. In the frame of the research different bar reinforcements (2∅6 mm and 2∅12 mm) and three types of fibres’ configurations (two straight with end hooks with different ultimate tensile strength and one corrugated) were used. Three different fibre contents were applied. Experiments show that for all selected fibre contents a more ductile behaviour and higher load levels in the post-cracking range were obtained. The study forms a basis for selection of suitable fibre types and contents for their most efficient combination with regular steel bar reinforcement.     

应力状态下离心成型钢纤维混凝土耐硫酸腐蚀研究

对1组未受侵蚀和4组不同初始拉应力状态下经受侵蚀后的离心成型钢纤维混凝土环形截面试件进行了侧压力学试验,对经受侵蚀后的试件进行了化学分析研究.结果表明硫酸的腐蚀降低了构件的极限荷载和极限变形,降低了钢纤维混凝土的弹性模量,初始拉应力的增加使腐蚀破坏进一步加剧,受拉区的硫酸根含量和中性化深度随之增加.根据试验结果分析,推导了应力状态下离心成型钢纤维混凝土中性化深度与硫酸根含量的数学预测模型.