岩爆模拟材料的筛选试验研究

根据岩爆模拟试验的要求,进行了相似材料的配合比试验,筛选出若干适合作为岩爆模型的相似材料。试验过程中就试验设备、材料配合比、模型制作、典型试验等方面进行了有益的探讨。     

开挖诱发隧道围岩变形的红外热像试验研究

采用相似材料模拟试验方法,借助红外热像仪等红外设备,对岩爆诱发的深埋隧道围岩变形破坏规律进行试验研究。配制强度较高的脆性相似材料,模型采用三轴向约束,通过单轴加载,模拟三维初始地应力状态。试验采用先加载后开挖方式,对开挖过程中深埋隧道围岩变形破坏情况进行红外热像分析,研究考虑开挖速度和支护条件等因素影响的岩爆诱发过程中深埋隧道围岩变形破坏时温度变化规律,试验结果表明：开挖速度越快,模型表面温度变化越大,隧道围岩弹性能积聚越剧烈,围岩岩爆倾向越高;提高支护强度对降低深埋隧道围岩的岩爆倾向具有一定的作用;隧道围岩表面热辐射温度的快速升高引起的红外异常可作为发生岩爆前期征兆。试验揭示深埋隧道变形破坏与温度场变化之间的对应关系,为深埋隧道的合理开挖和安全支护提供参考依据。     

岩爆的相似材料物理模拟研究

 根据不同配合比相似材料的物理力学性质测试结果,选取最具岩爆倾向的相似材料,结合一水电站引水隧洞典型断面,制作大尺寸模型,采取后开孔的隧洞成洞方式进行岩爆物理模拟试验研究。结果表明：在模型的边界条件保持工程区天然应力状态下,隧洞开挖过程中拱顶、拱肩和边墙部位在不同的时间段内分别有较明显的应力、应变突变现象,围岩声发射次数也表现出剧烈增大现象,说明围岩出现明显的岩爆表征。模型在超载条件下出现围岩剥落、鼓折和开裂现象,表明原型隧道段以剥落、鼓折式张性岩爆为主。     

岩爆物理模拟试验研究现状及思考

 岩爆受岩性、应力条件、开采条件等因素影响,发生机制极其复杂,而物理模拟试验研究岩爆具有独特优势。在总结前人研究成果的基础上,从岩爆物理模拟研究的试验仪器、相似材料、加载、开挖、支护和监测测量方法等方面,详细论述当前岩爆物理模拟研究存在的不足和未来的发展方向。主要得到以下结论：建立适合于岩爆的脆性相似判据并研制“低强度、高脆性”的相似材料,是岩爆物理模拟试验成功的基础;分别在理论上和试验方法上解决硬性结构面的相似性判别方法和制作工艺,是研究结构面型岩爆的关键;在保证加载的准确性和受力的均匀性基础上,研制大吨位的加载装置和可考虑复杂岩–机相互作用的TBM掘进机及钻爆法施工工艺,是研究不同岩爆影响因素的保证;开发能够与“硬岩”岩爆以开裂为主的典型变形破坏特征相适应的多元信息监测和测试系统,是成功解译岩爆孕育演化特征和规律的先决条件。研究结论将有助于改进岩爆的物理模拟试验研究现状,为建立岩爆风险的合理评估、准确预测及防控方法提供科学依据。     

岩石结构面力学原型试验相似材料研究

基于岩体结构面抗剪强度机制及相似材料的选择原则和要求,研制以高强水泥、硅粉、高效减水剂、标准砂、水等原料混合而成的模拟材料,并利用其制得的试样及结构面模型进行大量物理力学试验的对比分析,研究结果表明:相似材料的抗压强度与原岩结构面相近,调整不同混合材料的配合比,相似材料可以覆盖中低强度的岩石类型;利用相似材料及多尺度试样模具可制作与原岩结构面表面形态及起伏度近似一致的模拟结构面;利用模拟结构面代替原岩结构面进行直剪试验,模拟结构面表面的磨损程度、粗糙度系数衰减规律及破坏形式均与原岩结构面相似,且模拟结构面抗剪强度直剪试验结果与理论计算值相差不大;模拟材料具有物理力学性能稳定、制作方便、成本低廉的优点,可代替原岩结构面进行不同尺寸、可重复性的破坏性试验。     

白砂岩相似材料配比试验及特性分析

岩爆已成为隧道工程中的常见灾害,物理模型试验是模拟和解决岩爆问题的一种有效科学手段。制作物理模型,材料选取和配比是关键。选取成昆铁路峨米段月直山隧道白砂岩为模拟对象配制白砂岩相似材料,引入弹性能指数、脆性指数和剩余弹性能指数,采用正交设计法配比相似材料,结合影响因素敏感性分析法对试验结果进行分析研究。以石英砂、铁粉、石膏、水泥、缓凝剂和减水剂为主要材料,选取石英砂含量、铁粉含量、石膏水泥比和砂子粒径4个影响因素,每个因素设定4个设计水平,一共16组配比方案。测定每组试验方案材料的单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量、弹性能指数、脆性指数和剩余弹性能指数,对比分析这些指数随着4个影响因素的变化规律。最终挑选出合理的材料配比方案,得到满足要求的白砂岩相似材料。试验结果表明:基于弹性能指数、脆性指数和剩余弹性能指数,配制出的材料能够满足白砂岩相似材料模型试验的要求;以水泥作为胶结材料可以使相似材料峰后曲线变缓,有效增加材料储能能力;预配制出中等强度岩爆倾向性白砂岩相似材料的关键是要合理地控制好石英砂的含量和石膏水泥比两个因素,再根据实际情况调节铁粉含量和石英砂粒径大小。     

新型地质力学模型试验相似材料的研制

正确选择相似材料是能否正确模拟工程原型的关键。在调研相似材料研究现状的基础上，分析相似材料选择与组合的原则。借鉴前人的经验，通过大量的配比试验，研制出一种新型的相似材料铁晶砂胶结料（IBSCM），这种材料用铁精粉、重晶石粉、石英砂作为骨料，松香、酒精溶液作为胶结剂，石膏作为调节剂混合而成。材料力学试验表明，新材料具有容重高、抗压强度与弹性模量低、性能稳定、易于购买，价格便宜、易干燥、易于加工堆砌以及可重复使用的特点，可模拟范围较广的岩体材料，是一种比较理想的地质力学模型相似材料。     

新型固流耦合相似材料的研制及其应用

 在固体模型材料研究的基础上,应用固流耦合相似理论,通过大量的配比试验,研制出一种新型的固流耦合相似材料(PSTO),这种材料用砂和滑石粉作为骨料,石蜡作为胶结剂,并配以适量调节剂混合而成。通过大量的室内试验,系统研究不同相似材料配比和装模温度对试件性能的影响规律,得到影响相似材料性质的若干因素。该材料的力学特性与岩石性质相似,且在水的作用下不发生软化,非亲水性良好,可模拟不同渗透性的低强度和中等强度的岩体材料,是一种非常理想的固流耦合相似模拟材料。将该材料应用于隧道涌水模型试验,可有效地揭示了位移、应力、渗压等多场信息的变化规律。     

岩爆模拟试验及岩爆机理研究

在岩爆模拟材料筛选试验的基础上，选取了最具岩爆倾向的材料制作含孔试件进行了含洞室岩体的岩爆模拟试验，试验中考察了加载条件，开孔方式、几何特性等诸因素的影响，探讨了岩爆发生机理，得到了一些规律性的结果。     

灰岩特性之小比尺模拟试验研究

在总结灰岩相似材料特性研究现状的基础上,借鉴前人的经验,通过大量的配比试验,利用重晶石粉、膨润土、石蜡油为主要材料,对小比尺模型试验中灰岩特性进行了模拟,对其力学特性进行了测试,并且探讨了各材料含量对相似材料试件力学性质指标的影响。材料的力学试验表明,提出的相似材料配比范围,试验得出的力学参数范围及破坏特征符合实际,证明该相似配比范围满足小比尺模型试验的要求,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

稳定性动力准则的圆形洞室岩爆分析

本文根据一般稳定性理论,提出了洞室岩爆发生的扰动响应判别准则,得到了发生岩爆的洞室临界塑性区深度及临界作用应力。认为洞室失稳是其本身结构固有的性质,只要外界应力达到临界值,洞室就可能在扰动下失稳,并指出岩石弹性模量E和峰值后降模量λ之比E/λ是决定洞室稳定性的重要参数。     

Studies on the evolution process of rockbursts in deep tunnels

This paper focuses on the evolution processes of different types of rockbursts occurring in deep tunnels. A series of laboratory tests and in-situ monitoring in deep tunnels excavated by tunnel boring machine (TBM) and drill-and-blast (D&B) method have been conducted to understand the mechanisms and processes of the evolution of different types of rockbursts, including strain rockburst, strain-structure slip rockburst, immediate rockburst and time-delayed rockburst. Three different risk assessment methods are proposed to evaluate the intensity and potential failure depth of rockbursts. These methods can be applied before excavation and the results can be updated according to the real-time information during excavation. Two micro-seismicity based real-time warning systems have been established for predicting various intensities of rockbursts, such as slight, moderate, intensive and extremely intensive rockbursts. Meanwhile, the probability and intensity of the rockburst are also given. The strategy for excavation and support design has been suggested for various intensities of rockbursts before excavation. The strategy for dynamic control of the rockburst evolution process is also proposed according to the monitoring results. The methodology has been successfully applied to rockburst risk reduction for deep tunnels at Jinping II hydropower project. The results have illustrated the applicability of the proposed methodology and techniques concerning rockbursts.     

深埋硬岩矿床岩爆控制研究

冬瓜山铜矿是我国开采的首家有岩爆倾向的深埋硬岩金属矿山，对此开展了岩爆控制研究。应用该矿床典型岩石的变形全过程试验及峰值荷载变形条件下的松弛试验等室内试验结果和现场岩爆调查资料，分析了该矿矿岩的岩爆倾向性和井巷岩爆特性，从岩爆控制角度，采用数值分析方法以能量释放率为衡量指标，对采场结构参数、开采步骤等进行了优化。在此基础上，提出该矿床开采采用控制能量释放、减少能量储存、合理支护和进行岩爆监测等岩爆控制的原则和措施。     

褶皱构造体中深埋隧道岩爆机制与隧道断面适宜性研究

地质构造对岩爆具有重要的影响。以大瑞铁路高黎贡山深埋隧道为工程实例,在野外地质调查、岩石力学测试分析、地应力测试分析等研究基础上,采用ANSYS大型有限元数值软件模拟分析在现今构造应力场中,在褶皱构造带岩体中开挖隧道所引起的隧道围岩应力重分布特征,对不同工况组合条件下深埋隧道的岩爆特征进行深入分析和研究,并就可能发生岩爆的部位和岩爆强度进行预测。研究表明,岩爆发生强度与隧道所在地质构造体中的不同部位和隧道形状具有较大关系:当马蹄形隧道位于向斜核部、圆拱直墙形隧道位于背斜核部和褶皱翼部且隧道轴线与褶皱轴线相平行时发生岩爆的可能性最大,而当隧道轴线与褶皱轴线相垂直时发生岩爆的可能性较低。隧道规划建设宜选择在隧道轴线与褶皱轴线相垂直等部位,或当隧道轴线平行于褶皱轴线时选择适宜性较好的隧道断面,以减弱岩爆对隧道工程的影响。     

基于微震监测的锦屏二级水电站深埋隧洞岩爆孕育过程分析

为研究锦屏二级水电站深埋隧洞岩爆孕育及发展过程,利用构建的微震监测系统对^#3引水洞的TBM掘进过程进行全天候连续实时监测。通过获取大量微震监测数据,分别从微震事件的时空序列分布、事件活动率、微震能量、能量密度及视体积对隧洞岩爆前各参数变化特征进行分析,并从动态裂纹扩展角度揭示了岩爆孕育过程中微破裂的萌生、发展、扩展直至相互贯通的宏观破坏机制,初步探讨了微震活动演化规律与岩爆间的时空内在联系。监测与分析结果表明：多数岩爆都存在有可被微震监测定位的微破裂前兆,微震活动率、微震能量及累积视体积均有不同程度的上升趋势。部分岩爆的驱动源由本地岩爆能量与转移能量之和获得,即E_驱动=E_本地+E_转移,强岩爆可再次诱发邻近位置产生岩爆。研究结果,初步证明了利用微震监测系统对深埋隧洞岩爆进行实时监测的可行性。     

考虑损伤的圆形洞室岩爆分析

 假设岩石在峰值强度前无损伤, 峰值强度后为线性损伤, 根据Lemaitre 的应变等效原理, 严格地导出圆形洞室发生岩爆的解析解, 给出了洞室发生岩爆的临界载荷及临界损伤区大小, 研究了升降模量比E/λ对岩爆的影响。     

Preliminary engineering application of microseismic monitoring technique to rockburst prediction in tunneling of Jinping Ⅱ project

Monitoring and prediction of rockburst remain to be worldwide challenges in geotechnical engineering.In hydropower,transportation and other engineering fields in China,more deep,long and large tunnels have been under construction in recent years and underground caverns are more evidently featured by ＂long,large,deep and in group＂,which bring in many problems associated with rock mechanics problems at great depth,especially rockburst.Rockbursts lead to damages to not only underground structures and equipments but also personnel safety.It has been a major technical bottleneck in future deep underground engineering in China.In this paper,compared with earthquake prediction,the feasibility in principle of monitoring and prediction of rockbursts is discussed,considering the source zones,development cycle and scale.The authors think the feasibility of rockburst prediction can be understood in three aspects：（1） the heterogeneity of rock is the main reason for the existence of rockburst precursors;（2） deformation localization is the intrinsic cause of rockburst;and（3） the interaction between target rock mass and its surrounding rock mass is the external cause of rockburst.As an engineering practice,the application of microseismic monitoring techniques during tunnel construction of Jinping II Hydropower Station was reported.It is found that precursory microcracking exists prior to most rockbursts,which could be captured by the microseismic monitoring system.The stress concentration is evident near structural discontinuities（such as faults or joints）,which shall be the focus of rockburst monitoring.It is concluded that,by integrating the microseismic monitoring and the rock failure process simulation,the feasibility of rockburst prediction is expected to be enhanced.     

Rockburst characteristics and numerical simulation based on a new energy index: a case study of a tunnel at 2,500 m depth

Rockburst is one of the most difficult problems encountered in the pilot tunnels of the Jinping II hydropower station, where the rock cover is up to 2,500 m. Some typical characteristics of the rockburst events are summarized. These events indicate the intrinsic reason of rockburst is energy release. In order to understand the outburst mechanism, a new energy index, the Local Energy Release Rate (LERR), is put forward to simulate the conditions causing rockburst. By tracking the peak and trough values of elastic strain energy intensity before and after brittle failure, the LERR was developed to help understand rockburst from the viewpoint of energy release. To test its reliability, the brittle breakage of Mine-by tunnel rock in Canada and two rock bursts in the Jinping pilot tunnels were simulated. The results showed that LERR can satisfactorily predict the intensity of a rockburst and the depth of the outburst pit. Although it is not yet possible to determine thresholds at which rockbursts will occur, the study indicates the potential of LERR for evaluating rockbursts in deep underground excavations.     

Numerical modeling for rockbursts:A state-of-the-art review

As the depth of excavation increases,rockburst becomes one of the most serious geological hazards damaging equipment and facilities and even causing fatalities in mining and civil engineering.This has forced researchers worldwide to identify different methods to investigate rockburst-related problems.However,some problems,such as the mechanisms and the prediction of rockbursts,continue to be studied because rockburst is a very complicated phenomenon influenced by the uncertainty and complexity in geological conditions,in situ stresses,induced stresses,etc.Numerical modeling is a widely used method for investigating rockbursts.To date,great achievements have been made owing to the rapid development of information technology(IT)and computer equipment.Hence,it is necessary and meaningful to conduct a review of the current state of the studies for rockburst numerical modeling.In this paper,the categories and the origin of different numerical approaches employed in modeling rockbursts are reviewed and the current usage of various numerical modeling approaches is investigated by a literature research.Later,a state-of-the-art review is implemented to investigate the application of numerical modeling in the mechanism study,and prediction and prevention of rockbursts.The main achievements and problems are highlighted.Finally,this paper discusses the limitations and the future research of numerical modeling for rockbursts.An approach is proposed to provide researchers with a systematic and reasonable numerical modeling framework.     

Rockburst characteristics of several hard brittle rocks:A true triaxial experimental study

Rockburst is a typical rock failure which frequently threatens both human life and construction equipment during highly stressed underground excavation.Rock lithology is a control factor of rockburst.In this paper,rockburst tests were conducted on rectangular prismatic specimens of six types of intact hard brittle rocks,i.e.granodiorite,granite,marble,basalt,sandstone and limestone,under one-free-face true triaxial loading conditions.With the use of high-speed cameras,an acoustic emission(AE)system and a scanning electron microscope(SEM),rockburst of different rocks was investigated.The results show that the strainbursts of granodiorite,granite and marble were accompanied by tensile splitting near the free face,and consequently were relatively strong with a large amount of fragment ejection and kinetic energy release.For basalt,sandstone and limestone,failure was primarily dominated by shear rupture.The strainbursts of basalt and sandstone were relatively small with minor fragment ejection and kinetic energy release;while no burst failure occurred on limestone due to its relatively low peak strength.Rock strength,fracturing and fragmentation characteristics,and failure modes of different rocks can significantly affect rockburst proneness and magnitude.The AE evolution coupled with SEM analysis reveals that the differences in the inhe rent microstructures and fracture evolution under loading are the primary factors accounting for different rockbursts in various rock types.